Semiautomated Segmentation of the Choroid in Spectral- Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Volume Scans MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
|
- Hollie Oliver
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Retina Semiautomated Segmentation of the Choroid in Spectral- Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Volume Scans Zhihong Hu, 1 Xiaodong Wu, 2 Yanwei Ouyang, 1 Yanling Ouyang, 1 and Srinivas R. Sadda 1 PURPOSE. Changes in the choroid, in particular its thickness, are believed to be of importance in the pathophysiology of a number of retinal diseases. The purpose of this study was to adapt the graph search algorithm to semiautomatically identify the choroidal layer in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) volume scans and compare its performance to manual delineation. METHODS. A graph-based multistage segmentation approach was used to identify the choroid, defined as the layer between the outer border of the RPE band and the choroid-sclera junction. Thirty randomly chosen macular SD-OCT ( voxels, Heidelberg Spectralis) volumes were obtained from 20 healthy subjects and 10 subjects with non-neovascular AMD. The positions of the choroidal borders and resultant thickness were compared with consensus manual delineation performed by two graders. For consistency of the statistical analysis, the left eyes were horizontally flipped in the x-direction. RESULTS. The algorithm-defined position of the outer RPE border and choroid-sclera junction was consistent with the manual delineation, resulting in highly correlated choroidal thickness values with r¼0.91 to 0.93 for the healthy subjects and 0.94 for patients with non-neovascular AMD. Across all cases, the mean and absolute differences between the algorithm and manual segmentation for the outer RPE boundary was lm and lm; and for the choroid-sclera junction was lm and lm. CONCLUSIONS. Excellent agreement was observed between the algorithm and manual choroidal segmentation in both normal eyes and those with non-neovascular AMD. The choroid was thinner in AMD eyes. Semiautomated choroidal thickness calculation may be useful for large-scale quantitative studies of the choroid. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54: ) DOI: /iovs Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is an interference-based, noninvasive, in vivo imaging technique. It provides a three-dimensional, cross-sectional, micro- From the 1 Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and the 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Supported by the Beckman Macular Degeneration Research Center and a Research to Prevent Blindness Physician Scientist Award. Submitted for publication July 12, 2012; revised October 3 and November 17, 2012, and January 3, 2013; accepted January 17, Disclosure: Z. Hu, None;X. Wu, None;Y. Ouyang, None;Y. Ouyang, None;S.R. Sadda, CarlZeissMeditec(F,C),Optos(F), Optovue, Inc. (F), Allergan (C), Genentech (C), Regeneron (C), Optos (C) Corresponding author: Srinivas R. Sadda, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033; ssadda@doheny.org. scale depiction of the optical reflectance properties of biological tissues. 1 SD-OCT can directly access the spectrum, and thus provides a rapid acquisition of the three-dimensional images of interest. 2 Improvements to existing SD-OCT, such as frame averaging, despeckling, and enhanced image contrast, have provided even better definition of deeper intraocular structures, such as the choroidal stroma and choroidal vasculature structures. 3,4 The choroid is a major vascular layer of the eye and provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. 5 Recently, many commercial SD-OCT instruments have received software updates that enable enhanced depth imaging to better visualize the choroid. Changes in the choroid, in particular its thickness, have been hypothesized to be of critical importance in the pathophysiology of a number of retinal diseases Diseases for which changes in OCTdetermined choroidal thickness are of relevance including glaucoma, 7 high myopia, 8 neovascular and non-neovascular AMD, 9 11 central serous chorioretinopathy, 12 and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. 13 The choroidal thickness determinations in these studies, including a recent investigation of healthy subjects by our group, 14 were performed by manual delineation of the choroidal layer. This is potentially tedious and time-consuming, particularly for computing choroidal volumes from dense three-dimensional scans, and ultimately limits the application of these approaches to large-scale studies. With the broad availability of SD-OCT capable of volumetric scanning, an objective approach to identify the choroid and define its changes during disease progression and follow-up treatment is desirable and necessary. In 2006, Li et al. 15 presented a graph search framework for the multiple layer segmentation of mutually interacting surfaces in three-dimensional volumetric images. It was later adapted for the multiple retinal layer segmentation in SD-OCT volumes and has demonstrated a great suitability in several applications For instance, Garvin et al. 19 adapted it for seven retinal layers segmentation in SD-OCT volumes. Lee et al. 20 applied a fast multiscale scheme to segment four retinal layers. However, none of those has identified the choroidal layer, probably because the choroid is sometimes not as well visualized given its depth and distance from the zero delay, which challenges the segmentation. The purpose of this study was to adapt the graph search algorithm to semiautomatically identify the choroidal layer in SD-OCT volume scans in normal and diseased eyes, to quantify the choroidal thickness, and to compare the algorithm s performance to manual delineation by expert graders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subject Recruitment Twenty healthy subjects with healthy eyes and 10 subjects with bilateral non-neovascular AMD were enrolled in this study. For the Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 2013, Vol. 54, No Copyright 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
2 IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 Semiautomated Choroid Segmentation in SD-OCT 1723 FIGURE 1. Example illustration of the multistage layer segmentation in a B-scan of a healthy eye. (a) Original SD-OCT slice. (b d) Layer segmentation at stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In (b), the four surfaces from the top to bottom are ILM (magenta arrow), IS-OS junction (red arrow), outer RPE (blue arrow), and choroid-sclera junction (orange arrow), respectively. In (c) and (d), the five surfaces from the top to bottom are ILM (magenta arrow), IS-OS junction (red arrow), inner RPE (green arrow), outer RPE (blue arrow), and choroid-sclera junction (orange arrow), respectively. healthy subjects, the absence of any ocular disease in either eye was confirmed by ophthalmoscopic examination. Subjects with nonneovascular AMD (all with large drusen, with or without pigment epithelial changes, but no atrophy) were recruited from Medical Retina Clinics at the Doheny Eye Institute of the University of Southern California. Patients with non-neovascular AMD were chosen because they have known abnormalities in choroidal thickness and have a high prevalence in a retina clinic population. All subjects provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Southern California and adhered to the tenets set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. TABLE 1. Demographics of Subjects Normal Group 1 and Normal Group 2 Eyes (subjects) 20 (20) Age, y, mean 6 SD (range) (20~40) Refractive error, diopters, mean 6 SD (range) ( 6.38~þ2.00) Axial length, mm, mean 6 SD (range) (21.17~25.49) Eyes with Non-Vascular AMD Eyes (subjects) 10 (10) Age, y, mean 6 SD (range) (62~88) OCT Imaging For each subject, both eyes underwent volume OCT imaging using a Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) SD-OCT in accordance with the existing standardized image acquisition protocol used by the Doheny Imaging Unit. All scans consisted of a macular cube scan pattern of 1024 (A-scans) 3 37 (B-scans) voxels. The physical scan dimensions varied slightly between cases, but were on average mm. Scans were obtained with nine times averaging, with the scan oriented for vitreous zero delay. Choroidal zero delay was not selected, as that has generally been used only for individual B-scans and not volume scans by our imaging unit. However, scanning was performed close to the zero delay line to optimize choroidal sensitivity. The voxel depth was 8 bits in gray scale. For each subject, one eye was randomly chosen for subsequent segmentation analysis. Multistage Multisurface Retinal Layer Segmentation Overall, we approached the segmentation of the choroidal band - the layer between the outer RPE and choroid-sclera junction, using a graphbased multistage 20 multisurface segmentation approach. An additional three surfaces, specifically the internal limiting membrane (ILM), inner-outer segment junction (IS-OS), and the inner RPE surface were also segmented to facilitate the choroidal segmentation. The graph search approach used in this study was inspired by the strategy previously described by Li et al. 15 Multiple surface segmentation could be considered as an optimization problem with the goal being to find a set of surfaces with the minimum cost such that the
3 1724 Hu et al. IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 TABLE 2. Differences in Choroidal Thickness and Boundary Positions between Algorithm and Manual Segmentation from Normal Group 1 Difference in Choroidal Border Positions (Algorithm Manual) Absolute Mean Mean Mean Choroidal Thickness Voxels lm Voxels lm Voxels lm r (95% CI) Outer RPE border Choroid-sclera junction Algorithm (0.80~0.95) Manual Difference The negative value indicates the algorithm-segmented border is above the corresponding border from the manual delineation. CI, confidence interval; r, Pearson s correlation coefficient of algorithm- and manually defined choroidal thickness. found surface set was feasible. To find a set of surfaces with the minimum cost, a graph with a subset of graphs corresponding to each individual surface was constructed. The cost function was a signed edge-based term, favoring a dark-to-bright or bright-to-dark intensity transition based on different surfaces. Surface feasibility constraints (i.e., smoothness constraints within a particular surface and interaction constraints between different surfaces) were applied to limit the neighborhood searching. In Li et al. s 15 previous approach, both the smoothness and interaction constraints were of a constant value. In this study, however, the varying smoothness and interaction constraints were applied to allow more flexibility. 19 For the choroidal band segmentation, an estimated morphological model was employed to the interaction constraints. Based on a recent work from our group 14 that studied topographical changes in posterior pole choroidal thickness in a cohort of 55 normal eyes, we were able to infer normal, expected regional changes in the choroidal thickness. Specifically, relative to the foveal center, the choroidal thickness shows a significant reduction nasally ( 15%) and temporally ( 14%). In contrast, it shows a slight increase superiorly (þ4%) and is relatively stable/consistent inferiorly ( 1% decrease). To summarize, the choroidal thickness varies markedly relative to the foveal center in the nasal-temporal direction (x-direction in the OCT images) at a range of 14% to approximately 15%, but is relatively stable in the superiorinferior direction (y-direction in the OCT images) at a range of þ4% to approximately 1%. The normal and drusen datasets included in our present study demonstrated a similar regional trend in choroidal thickness. In designing the interaction constraints, using the A-scan (ydirection) located at the foveal center as a reference, we applied a mathematical model on the interaction constraints, which had a greatest value at the central foveal A-scan and linearly decreased bilaterally at each B-scan (x-direction). In each A-scan (y-direction), the interaction constraints remained the same. In this study, two OCT image datasets consisting of normal eyes and eyes with non-neovascular AMD containing drusen were used. We first segmented the multiple surfaces in the OCT images from normal eyes. To facilitate the surface segmentation, we also applied the multiscale graph search presented by Lee et al. 20 More specifically, as shown in Figure 1, the algorithm sequentially downsampled the original threedimensional SD-OCT image (Fig. 1a) to four, two, and one times and performed the multilayer segmentation in the three different stages. For stage 1 (Fig. 1b), the graph search approach was applied to first simultaneously segment the ILM (magenta arrow) and IS-OS junction (red arrow) and a penalty was applied to the region above the surface of the IS-OS junction. The double-surface graph search was then performed to simultaneously identify the outer RPE (blue arrow) and the choroid-sclera junction (orange arrow). Based on the segmented surfaces from stage 1, the cost function at the low probability positions for the search of the corresponding surfaces at stage 2 (Fig. 1c) was penalized. The same four surfaces segmented in stage 1 were refined in stage 2 based on the penalized cost function. In addition, in stage 2, an additional surface, namely the inner RPE (green arrow), was also defined using a single surface graph search. In stage 3 (Fig. 1d), the same penalizing strategy was applied in the original image space, and the segmentation of the five surfaces from stage 2 was defined more accurately in the high resolution (non-downsampled) image. To perform the segmentation in the non-neovascular AMD images containing drusen, the algorithm for the four-surface segmentation at stage 1 was the same as that in the normal eyes. At stages 2 and 3, the segmentation method for the surfaces of ILM, IS-OS junction, outer RPE, and choroid-sclera junction remained the same. However, for the segmentation of the inner RPE, possible drusen positions were estimated based on the combined presegmented layer of the IS-OS junction and outer RPE, and a tuned cost penalty and smoothness constraints allowing more flexibility were applied on the positions when t l61:6 * r ð1þ TABLE 3. Differences in Choroidal Thickness and Boundary Positions between Algorithm and Manual Segmentation from Normal Group 2 Difference in Choroidal Border Positions (Algorithm Manual) Absolute Mean Mean Mean Choroidal Thickness Voxels lm Voxels lm Voxels lm r (95% CI) Outer RPE border Choroid-sclera junction Algorithm (0.82~0.97) Manual Difference The negative value indicates the algorithm-segmented border is above the corresponding border from the manual delineation.
4 IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 Semiautomated Choroid Segmentation in SD-OCT 1725 TABLE 4. Differences in Choroidal Thickness and Boundary Positions between Algorithm and Manual Segmentation in Eyes with Non-neovascular AMD Difference in Choroidal Border Positions (Algorithm Manual) Absolute Mean Mean Mean Choroidal Thickness Voxels lm Voxels lm Voxels lm r (95% CI) Outer RPE border Choroid-sclera junction Algorithm (0.83~0.98) Manual Difference The negative value indicates the algorithm-segmented border is above the corresponding border from the manual delineation. where t is the thickness of the IS-OS junction and outer RPE at that position, and l and r are the mean thickness and SD of the IS-OS junction and outer RPE, respectively. For both the normal eyes and the eyes with AMD, a thin-plate spline fitting was applied to smooth the segmented surfaces. Comparison of the Algorithm-Defined Borders with Manual Segmentation Although the graph search-based algorithm permitted segmentation of multiple surfaces, only two (outer RPE band and the choroid-sclera junction) were relevant for choroidal segmentation and subsequent computation of choroidal thickness. Thus, to evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm segmentation, the two relevant surfaces of these same cases were manually segmented by two trained, certified OCT graders from the Doheny Image Reading Center who were masked to the algorithm-defined results. Because we desired a high level of precision, even a single pixel discrepancy in the position of the border at any location was deemed to constitute a discrepancy. The traditional approach in our image-reading center has been to determine one consensus result rather than average the results of two graders. For that reason, when both graders met to review the gradings, they were forced to come to agreement on the position of the boundaries at every A-scan location. In some cases, one or the other grader s assessment was accepted; in other cases, the two graders came up with a new consensus location during the adjudication process, and finally, in some cases the graders could not agree and the reading center medical director (SRS) had to make the final determination. Twenty normal eyes and 10 eyes with AMD were used in this study. The algorithm segmented all the B-scans in all the 30 images of the normal eyes and the eyes with AMD. The manual segmentation was performed for all the 10 eyes with AMD. However, for the 20 normal eyes, in some B-scans of eight cases, neither the graders nor the adjudicator could define the full extent of the outer border of the choroid (i.e., the choroid-sclera border) due to poor visibility. The eight eyes with such B-scans were still separately considered for comparative analyses with the algorithm-segmented boundaries, but the individual B-scans in which the full extent of the choroid (average number of B-scans with nonvisible outer boundary: eight B-scans/case) could not be seen were excluded from the comparative analyses. The 12 normal eyes with the full extent of the choroid in all the B-scans were all manually segmented and included in the comparative analyses. For the convenience of comparison, the 12 normal eyes with the full extent of the choroid in all the B-scans were labeled as normal group 1 and the remaining eight normal eyes in which the outer choroid was not visible in a portion of some B-scans was labeled as normal group 2. The mean differences in choroidal thickness (at each z position) between the algorithm and the manual segmentation were calculated for each case, and compared using Pearson s correlation coefficients. In addition, the mean and absolute differences in the z position of the two boundaries (for each case) were also computed. To allow consistent statistical analysis, all the left eyes were horizontally flipped in the x- direction. RESULTS Table 1 provides the demographics for the healthy subjects and subjects with AMD. Table 2 shows the mean and absolute mean border positioning differences between the algorithm-defined and manual-delineated choroidal borders, the thickness, and the thickness differences of the choroidal layers by the algorithm and manual segmentation for normal group 1. Table 3 provides the mean and absolute mean border positioning differences, thickness, and the thickness differences between the algorithm-defined and manual-delineated choroidal borders for normal group 2. Table 4 provides the mean and absolute mean border positioning differences between the algorithm-defined and manual-delineated choroidal borders, the thickness, and the thickness differences of the choroidal layers of the algorithm and manual segmentation for the 10 eyes with AMD. Although not the main focus of this study, Table 5 provides a summary of the mean age and the mean choroid thickness from the two normal groups and the group with AMD. Across all cases of the three groups, the mean and absolute border position difference for the outer RPE boundary was pixels ( lm) and pixels ( lm) and for the choroid-sclera junction was pixels ( lm) and pixels ( lm). The performance of the algorithm was better centrally when only the central 3-mm 2 circular region of the volume cube was considered. The mean and TABLE 5. Mean Age and Mean Choroid Thickness from Normal Eyes and Eyes with AMD Mean Age, y Mean Choroid Thickness from Algorithm Normal group (voxels) Range (20~40) (lm) Normal group (voxels) Range (20~40) (lm) Eyes with AMD (voxels) Range (62~88) (lm)
5 1726 Hu et al. IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 FIGURE 2. Example illustration of multilayer segmentation result in a healthy eye and diseased eye with non-neovascular AMD. Left column: B-scans from original SD-OCT volume. Right column: B-scans overlapping with the algorithm segmentation. Right column, top to bottom: A B-scan from a healthy eye, from an AMD eye with a large drusen under the foveola, and a smaller drusen in the region outside the foveal center. The five layers from the top to bottom are ILM, IS-OS junction, inner RPE, outer RPE, and choroid-sclera junction, respectively. absolute border position differences (all groups combined) were pixels ( lm) and pixels ( lm) for outer RPE boundary and pixels ( lm) and pixels ( lm) for the choroid-sclera junction. The thickness measurements between the algorithm-defined and manualdelineated choroid demonstrated a good correlation with r ¼ 0.91, 0.93, and 0.94 for the three groups, respectively, and r ¼ 0.93 for all three groups combined. Figure 1 provides an illustration of the multistage layer segmentation approach. Figure 2 illustrates the layer segmentation result in a healthy subject and a patient with nonneovascular AMD (drusen). Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the mean choroidal thickness and thickness ratio (relative to the choroidal thickness at the fovea center) from the algorithm and manual segmentation of 12 healthy subjects and 10 AMD patients respectively. DISCUSSION In this study, we adapted the graph search algorithm to semiautomatically identify the choroidal layer in SD-OCT volume scans and reported its performance in normal eyes
6 IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 Semiautomated Choroid Segmentation in SD-OCT 1727 FIGURE 3. Mean choroidal thickness and thickness ratio (relative to the choroidal thickness at the foveal center) from the algorithm and manual segmentation of 12 healthy eyes. and eyes with non-neovascular AMD. Good thickness agreement was observed between the algorithm and manual segmentation of the macular choroid, in both normal eyes (r ¼ 0.91 for the thickness measurement for normal group 1, as shown in Table 2, and r ¼ 0.93 for the thickness measurement for normal group 2, as shown in Table 3) and those with nonneovascular AMD (drusen) (r ¼ 0.94 for the thickness measurement as shown in Table 4). Although this was not the primary purpose of this study, we observed that, compared with normal eyes, the choroid was thinner in the AMD eyes. The thickness measurement was lower in the AMD eyes, and this finding was consistent throughout the macular region sampled by the OCT. This observation of a thinner choroid in AMD is in agreement with previously published reports. 23 However, the mean age of the healthy subjects was also considerably lower than the AMD patients, and choroidal thickness is also known to decrease with age. We hypothesized that the poor visibility of the choroidsclera junction in some B-scans in normal group 2 of the eight cases was due to a thicker choroid, limiting the penetration of light through its full extent. From the thickness measurement results in Tables 2 and 3, the average choroid thickness of normal group 2 was thicker than that in normal group 1, which supported this hypothesis. The algorithm performance was best centrally, with greater segmentation errors at the temporal and nasal edges of the scans. We suspect this is due to two reasons. One reason is that the image quality of the B-scans is poorer at the edges of the scan compared with the center, possibly due to the nature of the tracking technique. In this case, the confidence in the segmentation may not be as high for both the algorithm and manual delineation, leading to a greater apparent discrepancy. The second explanation is that the graph search of the surfaces was constrained by the neighborhood smoothness, but these same constraints could not be applied at the edge of the image. Despite these peripheral failures in some cases, the overall performance of the algorithm was good. Thus, it may be useful for large-scale quantitative studies, particularly for central choroidal thickness calculation. In addition, any errors or failures of the algorithm in selected B-scans could potentially be corrected manually. Despite the favorable performance of the choroidal segmentation algorithm, there are several limitations in this preliminary study. First, only anisotropic ( voxels) SD-OCT volumes were used in this study. In addition, only a limited number of B-scans were acquired for the SD-OCT volumes because of the additional time required to acquire volume scans when using a tracking OCT. As a result, the 37 B- scan volume cube (approximately 123 lm apart between
7 1728 Hu et al. IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 FIGURE 4. Mean choroidal thickness and thickness ratio (relative to the choroidal thickness at the foveal center) of the algorithm and manual segmentation from 10 eyes with non-neovascular AMD. adjacent B-scans) is the standard volume acquisition protocol used in the Doheny Imaging Unit. It is possible, however, that a more isotropic SD-OCT dataset could yield more accurate segmentation and resultant thickness measurements. A second limitation of the described approach is that a tuned cost penalty and smoothness constraints were applied for the drusen eye dataset. Application of these constraints could potentially affect the generalizability of this approach, as it will not be fully automated for all types of eyes and diseases. The true generalizability of the approach (or subsequent modifications) needs to be evaluated in much larger, heterogeneous datasets that will be the subject of our future studies. A third limitation of our study is the OCT scanning wavelength that was used. For the Spectralis OCT, the center wavelength is 870 nm. At this wavelength, there may be only partial penetration of the choroid even with enhanced depth imaging approaches, particularly in cases with thicker choroids. In fact, from the results presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4, the segmentation in the group with non-neovascular AMD eyes (Table 4) performed slightly better than that in the two normal groups (Tables 2, 3). The major reason was probably that the thinner choroid in the eyes with non-neovascular AMD allowed a deeper penetration of the light signal and better visualization of the choroid. However, as described previously, in the two normal groups, especially for the cases in normal group 2, the thicker choroid limited the light penetration. Although, the graders excluded B-scans in which the outer border of the choroid was not identifiable, there may have been other cases in which the visibility was poor but grading was still deemed to be possible. The accuracy of the manual segmentation may not have been as good in these cases. Similarly, the poor signal at the outer choroid in these cases, may have affected the performance of the algorithm. In these cases, the algorithm performed a best fit of the choroid-sclera junction, which may have undermined the accuracy of the segmentation. This problem, however, may be addressed in the near future, given the recent availability of Fourier Domain OCT devices with longer wavelengths (1050 nm), such as the Topcon swept-source OCT instrument (Topcon, Oakland, NJ). The final limitation of our algorithm is that it was evaluated only in normal and non-neovascular AMD eyes. The performance in a variety of other retinal and choroidal diseases remains to be determined. In summary, in this study, the graph-search algorithm was adapted to semiautomatically delineate and quantify the choroid in normal eyes and eyes with non-neovascular AMD. The algorithm showed excellent agreement with human expert manual segmentation, particularly in the central portions of the volume scans. The semiautomated choroidal thickness calculation may be useful for large-scale quantitative studies of the choroid in normal and diseased eyes in the future.
8 IOVS, March 2013, Vol. 54, No. 3 Semiautomated Choroid Segmentation in SD-OCT 1729 References 1. Drexler W, Fujimoto JG. State-of-the-art retinal optical coherence tomography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27: Nielsen FD, Thrane L, Black J, Hsu K, Bjarklev A, Andersen PE. Swept-wavelength source for optical coherence tomography in the 1lm range. Proc SPIE 5861 Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Techniques II. 2005;58610H: Sander B, Larsen M, Thrane L, Hougaard JL, Jorgensen TM. Enhanced optical coherence tomography imaging by multiple scan averaging. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89: Ferguson RD, Hammer DX, Paunescu LA, Beaton S, Schuman JS. Tracking optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 2004;29: Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Wolff s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. 8th ed. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29: Kubota T, Jonas JB, Naumann GO. Decreased choroidal thickness in eyes with secondary angle closure glaucoma. An aetiological factor for deep retinal changes in glaucoma? Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77: Fujiwara T, Imamura Y, Margolis R, Slakter JS, Spaide RF. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148: Manjunath V, Goren J, Fujimoto JG, Duker JS. Analysis of choroidal thickness in age-related macular degeneration using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152: Kaiser PK, Blodi BA, Shapiro H, Acharya NR. Angiographic and optical coherence tomographic results of the MARINA study of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2007;114: Chung SE, Kang SW, Lee JH, Kim YT. Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2011;118: Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2010;117: Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Retina. 2011; 31: Ouyang Y, Heussen FM, Mokwa N, et al. Spatial distribution of posterior pole choroidal thickness by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52: Li K, Wu X, Chen D, Sonka M. Optimal surface segmentation in volumetric images a graph-theoretic approach. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2006;28: Hu Z, Niemeijer M, Lee K, Abràmoff MD, Sonka M, Garvin MK. Automated segmentation of the optic disc margin in 3-D optical coherence tomography images using a graph-theoretic approach. Proc SPIE. 2009; Hu Z, Abràmoff MD, Kwon YH, Lee K, Garvin MK. Automated segmentation of neural canal opening and optic cup in 3-D spectral optical coherence tomography volumes of the optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51: Abràmoff MD, Lee K, Niemeijer M, et al. Automated segmentation of the cup and rim from spectral domain OCT of the optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50: Garvin MK, Abràmoff MD, Wu X, Russell SR, Burns TL, Sonka M. Automated 3-D intraretinal layer segmentation of macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images. IEEE Trans Med Imag. 2009;28: Lee K, Niemeijer M, Garvin M, Kwon Y, Sonka M, Abràmoff M. Segmentation of the optic disc in 3-D OCT scans of the optic nerve head. IEEE Trans Med Imag. 2010;29; Donato G, Belongie S. Approximate thin plate spline mappings. In: Sparr G, Nielsen M, Johansen P, eds. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2002), Part III, LNCS 2352, Heyden. New York: Springer; 2002: Duchon J. Splines minimizing rotation-invariant seminorms in Sobolev spaces. In: Constructive Theory of Functions of Several Variables. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1977: Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:325.
Measurement of Choroidal Thickness in Normal Eyes Using 3D OCT-1000 Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
pissn: 111-8942 eissn: 292-9382 Korean J Ophthalmol 212;26(4):255-259 http://dx.doi.org/1.3341/kjo.212.26.4.255 Original Article Measurement of Choroidal Thickness in Normal Eyes Using 3D OCT-1 Spectral
More informationChoroidal Mapping; a Novel Approach for Evaluating Choroidal Thickness and Volume
Imaging Technique Choroidal Mapping; a Novel Approach for Evaluating Choroidal Thickness and Volume Jila Noori 1, MD; Mohammad Riazi Esfahani 1,2, MD Fedra Hajizadeh 2, MD; Mohammad-Mehdi Zaferani 1, MD
More informationReproducibility of Choroidal Thickness Measurements Across Three Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Systems
Reproducibility of Choroidal Thickness Measurements Across Three Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Systems The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript JAMA Ophthalmol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 September 10.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 May ; 131(5): 693 694. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.692. Effect of Intravitreous Anti Vascular Endothelial
More informationThe choroid, a vascular meshwork between the retina and
Retina Spatial Distribution of Posterior Pole Choroidal Thickness by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Yanling Ouyang, 1 Florian M. Heussen, 1 Nils Mokwa, 1 Alexander C. Walsh, 1 Mary K. Durbin,
More informationCitation. As Published Publisher. Version
Effect of Intravitreous Anti Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy on Choroidal Thickness in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Spectral-Domain The MIT Faculty has made this article
More informationAdvances in OCT Murray Fingeret, OD
Disclosures Advances in OCT Murray Fingeret, OD Consultant Alcon, Allergan, Bausch & Lomb, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Diopsys, Heidelberg Engineering, Reichert, Topcon Currently Approved OCT Devices OCT Devices
More informationClinical Study Choroidal Thickness in Eyes with Unilateral Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 215, Article ID 62372, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/215/62372 Clinical Study Choroidal Thickness in Eyes with Unilateral Ocular Ischemic
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 June 24.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2014 ; 45(1): 32 37. doi:10.3928/23258160-20131220-04. Analysis of the Short Term Change in
More informationSwept-Source OCT Angiography: SS OCT Angio TM
Swept-Source OCT Angiography: SS OCT Angio TM Not available in all countries, please check with your distributor. 2015.09 Swept-Source OCT Angiography: SS OCT Angio TM Introduction Optical coherence tomography
More informationMeasurement of Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
c l i n i c a l s c i e n c e Measurement of Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Emily A. McCourt, MD; Brian C. Cadena, PhD; Cullen J. Barnett, CRA; Antonio
More informationIn 1990 our group first described reticular pseudodrusen as a. Choroidal Changes Associated with Reticular Pseudodrusen. Retina
Retina Choroidal Changes Associated with Reticular Pseudodrusen Giuseppe Querques, 1,2 Lea Querques, 1,2 Raimondo Forte, 1 Nathalie Massamba, 1 Florence Coscas, 1 and Eric H. Souied 1 PURPOSE. To analyze
More informationOCT Image Analysis System for Grading and Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases and its Integration in i-hospital
Progress Report for1 st Quarter, May-July 2017 OCT Image Analysis System for Grading and Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases and its Integration in i-hospital Milestone 1: Designing Annotation tool extraction
More informationTitle: OCT Analysis Workshop: Interpretation of OCT printouts
Title: OCT Analysis Workshop: Interpretation of OCT printouts Authors: David Yang, OD, FAAO Staff Optometrist, VA Palo Alto Health Care System Associate Clinical Professor, UC Berkeley School of Optometry
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Retina. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 August 30.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Retina. 2013 January ; 33(1): 160 165. doi:10.1097/iae.0b013e3182618c22. EXERCISE-INDUCED ACUTE CHANGES IN SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
More informationCirrus TM HD-OCT. Details define your decisions
Cirrus TM HD-OCT Details define your decisions 2 With high-definition OCT Carl Zeiss Meditec takes you beyond standard spectral domain Built on 10 years experience at the vanguard of innovation, Carl Zeiss
More informationMethod for comparing visual field defects to local RNFL and RGC damage seen on frequency domain OCT in patients with glaucoma.
Method for comparing visual field defects to local RNFL and RGC damage seen on frequency domain OCT in patients with glaucoma. Donald C. Hood 1,2,* and Ali S. Raza 1 1 Department of Psychology, Columbia
More informationDiabetic macular edema (DME) is the primary cause of
Retina Quantification of External Limiting Membrane Disruption Caused by Diabetic Macular Edema from SD-OCT Xinjian Chen,*,1 Li Zhang, 1 Elliott H. Sohn, 2,3 Kyungmoo Lee, 1 Meindert Niemeijer, 1,3 John
More informationComparison of cross sectional optical coherence tomography images of elevated optic nerve heads across acquisition devices and scan protocols
Patel et al. Eye and Vision (2018) 5:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-018-0112-3 RESEARCH Open Access Comparison of cross sectional optical coherence tomography images of elevated optic nerve heads across
More informationOCT Angiography in Primary Eye Care
OCT Angiography in Primary Eye Care An Image Interpretation Primer Julie Rodman, OD, MS, FAAO and Nadia Waheed, MD, MPH Table of Contents Diabetic Retinopathy 3-6 Choroidal Neovascularization 7-9 Central
More informationUltrahigh Speed Imaging of the Rat Retina Using Ultrahigh Resolution Spectral/Fourier Domain OCT
Ultrahigh Speed Imaging of the Rat Retina Using Ultrahigh Resolution Spectral/Fourier Domain OCT The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your
More informationEnhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography
Retina Macular Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Pediatric Individuals Measured by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Toshihiko Nagasawa, 1,2 Yoshinori Mitamura, 3 Takashi Katome, 3 Kayo
More informationCirrus TM HD-OCT. Details defi ne your decisions
Cirrus TM HD-OCT Details defi ne your decisions 2 With high-defi nition OCT Carl Zeiss Meditec takes you beyond standard spectral domain Built on 10 years experience at the vanguard of innovation, Carl
More informationGanglion cell complex scan in the early prediction of glaucoma
Original article in the early prediction of glaucoma Ganekal S Nayana Super Specialty Eye Hospital and Research Center, Davangere, Karnataka, India Abstract Objective: To compare the macular ganglion cell
More informationMark Dunbar: Disclosure
Important Things to Understand About OCT Mark T. Dunbar, O.D., F.A.A.O. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Miami, School of Medicine Mark Dunbar: Disclosure Optometry Advisory Board for: Allergan
More informationObservation of Posterior Precortical Vitreous Pocket Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Anatomy and Pathology Observation of Posterior Precortical Vitreous Pocket Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Hirotaka Itakura, Shoji Kishi, Danjie Li, and Hideo Akiyama Department of Ophthalmology,
More informationPRIMUS 200 from ZEISS The essential OCT
PRIMUS 200 from ZEISS The essential OCT Seeing beyond the surface. ZEISS PRIMUS 200 // INNOVATION MADE BY ZEISS Clear Visualization. Advanced Technology. Reliability. Essential elements of your first OCT.
More informationDOME SHAPED MACULOPATHY. Ιωάννης Ν. Βαγγελόπουλος Χειρ. Οφθαλμίατρος - Βόλος
DOME SHAPED MACULOPATHY Ιωάννης Ν. Βαγγελόπουλος Χειρ. Οφθαλμίατρος - Βόλος DOME SHAPED MACULOPATHY-DEFINITIONS The entity Dome Shaped Macula ( DSM ) was first described by Gaucher and associates in 2008
More informationParapapillary Gamma Zone and Axial Elongation Associated Optic Disc Rotation: The Beijing Eye Study
Anatomy and Pathology/Oncology Parapapillary Gamma Zone and Axial Elongation Associated Optic Disc Rotation: The Beijing Eye Study Jost B. Jonas, 1,2 Ya Xing Wang, 1 Qi Zhang, 1 Yuan Yuan Fan, 3 Liang
More informationAssessment of Effects of Different Mydriatics on Choroidal Thickness by Examining Anterior Chamber Parameters
Open Access World Journal of Ophthalmology & Vision Research Research Article Copyright All rights are reserved by Fahmy RM Assessment of Effects of Different Mydriatics on Choroidal Thickness by Examining
More informationOptical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Retinopathy. Mrs Samantha Mann Consultant Ophthalmologist Clinical Lead of SEL-DESP
Optical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Retinopathy Mrs Samantha Mann Consultant Ophthalmologist Clinical Lead of SEL-DESP Content OCT imaging Retinal layers OCT features in Diabetes Some NON DR features
More informationPRIMUS 200 from ZEISS The essential OCT
EN 00_00I The contents of the brochure may differ from the current status of approval of the product in your country. Please contact your regional representative for more information. Subject to change
More informationOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Uveitis Piergiorgio Neri, BMedSc, MD, PhD Head Ocular Immunology Unit
The Eye Clinic Polytechnic University of Marche Head: Prof Alfonso Giovannini November, 1991 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Uveitis Piergiorgio Neri, BMedSc, MD, PhD Head Ocular Immunology Unit
More informationIntroducing ANGIOVUE ESSENTIAL. Built on the Avanti Widefield OCT Platform. OCT Angiography for Primary Eye Care
Introducing ANGIOVUE ESSENTIAL Built on the Avanti Widefield OCT Platform OCT Angiography for Primary Eye Care Transform Your View of the Retina OCT Angiography (OCTA) is a quick non-invasive test that
More informationRETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM UNDULATIONS IN ACUTE STAGE OF VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM UNDULATIONS IN ACUTE STAGE OF VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE Biomarker for Functional Outcomes After High-Dose Steroid Therapy KOUHEI HASHIZUME, MD,* YUTAKA IMAMURA, MD, TAKAMITSU
More informationIncorporating OCT Angiography Into Patient Care
Incorporating OCT Angiography Into Patient Care Beth A. Steele, OD, FAAO OCT A: Introduction Isolates microvascular circulation from OCT image data Axial resolution = 5 microns (i.e. fine capillaries visible)
More informationClinical Trial Endpoints for Macular Diseases
Clinical Trial Endpoints for Macular Diseases Developed in collaboration Learning Objective Upon completion, participants should be able to: Summarize types of biomarkers of progression and treatment response
More informationOCT Interpretation in Retinal Disease
OCT Interpretation in Retinal Disease Jay M. Haynie, OD, FAAO Financial Disclosure I have received honoraria or am on the advisory board for the following companies: Carl Zeiss Meditec Advanced Ocular
More informationOCT Angiography. SriniVas Sadda, MD
OCT Angiography SriniVas Sadda, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Director, Medical Retina Unit Ophthalmic Imaging Unit University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA Disclosure Consulting
More informationIl contributo dell'angio-oct: valutazione integrata della componente nervosa e vascolare della malattia glaucomatosa
SIMPOSIO G.O.A.L. - LE NUOVE FRONTIERE DIAGNOSTICHE E LE LINEE DI INDIRIZZO AMBULATORIALI DEL GLAUCOMA Coordinatore e moderatore: D. Mazzacane Presidente: L. Rossetti Il contributo dell'angio-oct: valutazione
More informationBLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER MEASUREMENT ON RETINAL IMAGE
Journal of Computer Science 10 (5): 879-883, 2014 ISSN: 1549-3636 2014 doi:10.3844/jcssp.2014.879.883 Published Online 10 (5) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/jcs.toc) BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER MEASUREMENT ON
More informationSOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN JOURNAL of OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 1 (1) 34 40
Review article SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN JOURNAL of OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 1 (1) 34 40 Retinal nerve fiber layer versus peripapillary capillary density assessment A powerful tool for detecting optic nerve head
More informationAcquired vitelliform detachment in patients with subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2011 Acquired vitelliform detachment in patients with subretinal drusenoid
More informationAbstracts DRI OCT-1. DRI OCT-1 See, Discover, Explore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Jul 1;52(8): Print 2011 Jul.
Abstracts Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul 1;52(8):4971-8. Print 2011 Jul. Macular choroidal thickness and volume in normal subjects measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Hirata M,
More informationCase Report Peripapillary Intrachoroidal Cavitation in Myopia Evaluated with Multimodal Imaging Comprising (En-Face) Technique
Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine Volume 2015, Article ID 890876, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/890876 Case Report Peripapillary Intrachoroidal Cavitation in Myopia Evaluated with Multimodal
More informationAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading
Retina Quantification of the Therapeutic Response of Intraretinal, Subretinal, and Subpigment Epithelial Compartments in Exudative AMD during Anti-VEGF Therapy Isabelle Golbaz, Christian Ahlers, Geraldine
More informationStructural examina.on: Imaging
ManaMa: Glaucoma Structural examina.on: Imaging Luís Abegão Pinto, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology CHLC Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University 1 11-10- 2013 Structural changes Qualitative changes
More informationAutomated Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathy using Morphological Entropic Thresholding with Preprocessing Median Fitter
IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering Volume 1 Issue 3 September 2014 ISSN(online) : 2349-784X Automated Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathy using Morphological
More informationJMSCR Vol 07 Issue 01 Page January 2019
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.379 Index Copernicus Value: 79.54 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i1.64 Enhanced Depth imaging optical
More informationGanglion cell analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD
Ganglion cell analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD Figure 1. Normal OCT of the macula (cross section through the line indicated on the fundus photo)
More informationWhat Is O.C.T. and Why Should I Give A Rip? OCT & Me How Optical Coherence Tomography Changed the Life of a Small Town Optometrist 5/19/2014
OCT & Me How Optical Coherence Tomography Changed the Life of a Small Town Optometrist Email: myoder@wcoil.com Mark A. Yoder, O.D. 107 N. Main Street PO Box 123 Bluffton, OH 45817 @yoderod 115.02 Histoplasma
More informationMyopia is a major cause of visual impairment in many
Retina Association between Choroidal Morphology and Anti- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment Outcome in Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization Seong Joon Ahn, 1 Se Joon Woo, 1 Ko Eun Kim, 2 and
More informationIndividual A-Scan Signal Normalization Between Two Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Devices
Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Individual A-Scan Signal Normalization Between Two Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Devices Chieh-Li Chen, 1,2 Hiroshi Ishikawa, 1,2 Gadi Wollstein, 1 Yun
More informationAutomated segmentation and analysis of layers and structures of human posterior eye
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 2015 Automated segmentation and analysis of layers and structures of human posterior eye Li Zhang University of Iowa Copyright 2015 Li Zhang
More informationMacular Morphology and Visual Acuity in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials
Macular Morphology and Visual Acuity in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials Glenn J. Jaffe, MD, 1 Daniel F. Martin, MD, 2 Cynthia A. Toth, MD, 1 Ebenezer Daniel, MPH, PhD,
More informationOCTID: Optical Coherence Tomography Image Database
OCTID: Optical Coherence Tomography Image Database Peyman Gholami 1,*, Priyanka Roy *, Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan Theoretical & Experimental Epistemology Lab (TEEL), School
More informationRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) primarily affects the photoreceptor/pigment
Thickness of Receptor and Post-receptor Retinal Layers in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa Measured with Frequency-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Donald C. Hood, 1,2 Christine E. Lin, 1 Margot A.
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Arch Ophthalmol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 November 18.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 July ; 127(7): 875 881. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.145. Measurement of Local Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer
More informationSEGMENTATION OF MACULAR LAYERS IN OCT DATA OF TOPOLOGICALLY DISRUPTED MACULA
SEGMENTATION OF MACULAR LAYERS IN OCT DATA OF TOPOLOGICALLY DISRUPTED MACULA Athira S C 1, Reena M Roy 2 1 P G Scholar, L.B.S Institute of Technology for women Poojappura Trivandrum, 2 Assistant Professor,
More informationAnalysis of Peripapillary Atrophy Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Analysis of Peripapillary Atrophy Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters.
More informationChanges in Choroidal Thickness in Relation to the Severity of Retinopathy and Macular Edema in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Retina Changes in Choroidal Thickness in Relation to the Severity of Retinopathy and Macular Edema in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Jee Taek Kim, Dong Hoon Lee, Soo Geun Joe, June-Gone Kim, and Young Hee Yoon
More informationThe Quick Guide to OCT Mastery 50 Real Cases with Expert Analysis
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY The Quick Guide to OCT Mastery 50 Real Cases with Expert Analysis VOL 1 Sanjay Sharma, MD, FRCS, MSc (Epid), MBA Ophthalmologist, Epidemiologist Queen s University, Canada
More informationAutomated Retinal Fovea Type Distinction in Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Vein Occlusion
Automated Retinal Fovea Type Distinction in Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Vein Occlusion Jing Wu a, Sebastian M. Waldstein a, Bianca S. Gerendas a, Georg Langs b, Christian Simader
More informationKenji; Akiba, Masahiro; Yoshimura,
Macular choroidal thickness and vol Titlestreaks measured by swept source op tomography. Ellabban, Abdallah A; Tsujikawa, Ak Author(s) Ogino, Ken; Hangai, Masanori; Ooto, Kenji; Akiba, Masahiro; Yoshimura,
More informationNew Concepts in Glaucoma Ben Gaddie, OD Moderator Murray Fingeret, OD Louis Pasquale, MD
New Concepts in Glaucoma Ben Gaddie, OD Moderator Murray Fingeret, OD Louis Pasquale, MD New Concepts in Glaucoma Optical Coherence Tomography: Is it necessary and needed to diagnose and monitor glaucoma?
More informationMoving forward with a different perspective
Moving forward with a different perspective The Leader In Vision Diagnostics Offers A New Perspective Marco has served the eyecare community by offering exceptional lane products and automated high tech
More informationCLINICAL SCIENCES. Distribution of Damage to the Entire Retinal Ganglion Cell Pathway
ONLINE FIRST CLINICAL SCIENCES Distribution of Damage to the Entire Retinal Ganglion Cell Pathway Quantified Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis in Patients With Glaucoma Kyungmoo
More informationOptical Coherence Tomography Findings in Highly Myopic Eyes following Cataract Surgery
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Highly Myopic Eyes following Cataract Surgery Fedra Hajizadeh, MD 1 Mohammad Riazi Esfahani, MD 1,2 Hooshang Faghihi, MD 3 Mehdi Khanlari, MD 4 Abstract Purpose:
More informationRetinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements in Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Original Article Philippine Journal of OPHTHALMOLOGY Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements in Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography Dennis L. del Rosario, MD and Mario M. Yatco, MD University of Santo
More informationHHS Public Access Author manuscript Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 January 14.
High-Speed Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT of Bruch s Membrane in Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type 2 Mehreen Adhi, MD, Sarah P. Read, MD, PhD, Jonathan J. Liu, PhD, James G. Fujimoto, PhD, and Jay
More informationVisualize. Analyze. Personalize. OCT + OCTA
Visualize. Analyze. Personalize. OCT + OCTA A New Approach to Protecting Vision AngioVue OCT Angiography brings valuable new information to clinical practice. Non-invasive visualization of retinal vasculature.
More informationHistory/principles of the OCT What does the normal retinal OCT look like Vitreal disorders Retinal/RPE disorders Choroidal disorders
Nathan Lighthizer, O.D., F.A.A.O. Assistant Professor Assistant Dean for Clinical Care Director of Continuing Education Chief of Specialty Care Clinics Chief of Electrodiagnostics Clinic Oklahoma College
More informationMULTIMODAL RETINAL VESSEL SEGMENTATION FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY CLASSIFICATION
MULTIMODAL RETINAL VESSEL SEGMENTATION FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY CLASSIFICATION 1 Anuja H.S, 2 Shinija.N.S, 3 Mr.Anton Franklin, 1, 2 PG student (final M.E Applied Electronics), 3 Asst.Prof. of ECE Department,
More informationR&M Solutions
Mohamed Hosny El-Bradey, MD., Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Tanta University. Wael El Haig, MD., Professor of Ophthalmology. Zagazeeg University. 1 Myopic CNV is considered the most common vision
More informationFundus Autofluorescence
Brittany Bateman, BS Fundus autofluorescence imaging is used to record fluorescence that may occur naturally in ocular structures or as a byproduct of a disease process. This technique allows the topographic
More informationOptical Coherence Tomography: Pearls for the Anterior Segment Surgeon Basic Science Michael Stewart, M.D.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Pearls for the Anterior Segment Surgeon Basic Science Michael Stewart, M.D. Disclosure OCT Optical Coherence Tomography No relevant financial relationships I will refer to
More informationAcute (attack) primary angle-closure (APAC) is an important
Glaucoma Choroidal Thickness in Fellow Eyes of Patients with Acute Primary Angle-Closure Measured by Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Minwen Zhou, 1,2 Wei Wang, 1,2 Xiaoyan
More informationTranslating data and measurements from stratus to cirrus OCT in glaucoma patients and healthy subjects
Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 60, Issue 3, July-September 2016. pp:158-164 GENERAL ARTICLE Translating data and measurements from stratus to cirrus OCT in glaucoma patients and healthy subjects
More informationMacular Choroidal Thickness Profile in a Healthy Population Measured by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Macular Choroidal Thickness Profile in a Healthy Population Measured by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Jorge Ruiz-Medrano, 1 Ignacio Flores-Moreno, 2 Pablo
More informationComparison of Spectral/Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Instruments for Assessment of Normal Macular Thickness
Comparison of Spectral/Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Instruments for Assessment of Normal Macular Thickness The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access
More informationDehiscence of detached internal limiting membrane in eyes with myopic traction maculopathy with spontaneous resolution
Hirota et al. BMC Ophthalmology 2014, 14:39 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Dehiscence of detached internal limiting membrane in eyes with myopic traction maculopathy with spontaneous resolution Kazunari
More informationDiagnosis in AMD. Managing your AMD Patients
Managing your AMD Patients Robert W. Dunphy, O.D., F.A.A.O. Diagnosis in AMD Have suspicion Identify relative risk Conduct surveillance Biometry Utilize technology to facilitate detection of change / stability
More information8/6/17. Disclosures Aerie Pharmaceuticals Alcon BioTissue Diopsys Optovue Shire
Nathan Lighthizer, O.D., F.A.A.O. Associate Professor Assistant Dean for Clinical Care Director of Continuing Education Chief of Specialty Care Clinics Oklahoma College of Optometry Tahlequah, OK lighthiz@nsuok.edu
More informationIdentifying the Boundaries of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments Using Two Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Instruments
CLINICAL SCIENCE Identifying the Boundaries of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments Using Two Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Instruments Fernando M. Penha, MD, PhD; Giovanni Gregori, PhD;
More informationFlore De Bats, 1 Benjamin Wolff, 2,3 Martine Mauget-Faÿsse, 2 Claire Scemama, 2 and Laurent Kodjikian Introduction
Case Reports in Medicine Volume 2013, Article ID 260237, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/260237 Case Report B-Scan and En-Face Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for the Diagnosis
More informationComparative evaluation of time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements
Original article Comparative evaluation of time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements Dewang Angmo, 1 Shibal Bhartiya, 1 Sanjay K Mishra,
More informationCourse # Getting to Know Your OCT
Course # 140 Getting to Know Your OCT Course Title: Lecturer: Getting to Know Your OCT Brad Sutton, OD, FAAO IU School of Optometry Financial Disclosures No financial disclosures Optical Coherence Tomography-OCT
More informationOverview. Macular OCT Artifact Study
Imaging Artifacts Sarah Moyer, CRA, OCT-C Director, Ophthalmic Imaging Kittner Eye Center University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC Disclose financial interest now Overview Sarah s Thoughts on Artifacts
More informationThe fovea is the source of highest resolution vision. Its
Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Noninvasive Visualization and Analysis of the Human Parafoveal Capillary Network Using Swept Source OCT Optical Microangiography Laura Kuehlewein, 1,2 Tudor C. Tepelus,
More informationRetinal pigment epithelial atrophy over polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy lesions during ranibizumab monotherapy
Hikichi et al. BMC Ophthalmology (2016) 16:55 DOI 10.1186/s12886-016-0237-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy over polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy lesions during ranibizumab monotherapy
More informationAngio-OCT. Degenerazione Maculare Legata all Eta. Giuseppe Querques
Angio-OCT Degenerazione Maculare Legata all Eta Giuseppe Querques Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Financial Disclosure ADVISORY
More informationATLAS OF OCT. Retinal Anatomy in Health & Pathology by Neal A. Adams, MD. Provided to you by:
ATLAS OF OCT Retinal Anatomy in Health & Pathology by Neal A. Adams, MD Provided to you by: Atlas of OCT The OCT Atlas is written by Neal A. Adams, MD, and produced by Heidelberg Engineering, Inc. to help
More informationLEE EYE CENTRE. YOUR VISION, OUR PASSION LEC EyeNews
LEE EYE CENTRE YOUR VISION, OUR PASSION LEC EyeNews FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY www.lec.com.my ISSUE 51/003 SEPT OCT 2017 The American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery is one of the leading
More informationA Formula to Predict Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements Based on Time Domain OCT Measurements
pissn: 1011-8942 eissn: 2092-9382 Korean J Ophthalmol 2012;26(5):369-377 http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2012.26.5.369 Original Article A Formula to Predict Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
More informationOptical Coherence Tomograpic Features in Idiopathic Retinitis, Vasculitis, Aneurysms and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN)
Columbia International Publishing Journal of Ophthalmic Research (2014) Research Article Optical Coherence Tomograpic Features in Idiopathic Retinitis, Vasculitis, Aneurysms and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN)
More informationMacular Ganglion Cell Complex Measurement Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma
Med. J. Cairo Univ., Vol. 83, No. 2, September: 67-72, 2015 www.medicaljournalofcairouniversity.net Macular Ganglion Cell Complex Measurement Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma
More informationDiurnal variation of choriocapillaris vessel flow density in normal subjects measured using optical coherence tomography angiography
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-018-0140-0 International Journal of Retina and Vitreous ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Diurnal variation of choriocapillaris vessel flow density in normal subjects measured
More informationSwept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography A Color Atlas This page intentionally left blank Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography A Color Atlas Kelvin Y.C. Teo Wong Chee Wai Andrew S.H. Tsai Daniel
More informationResearch Article Comparison of Central Macular Thickness Measured by Three OCT Models and Study of Interoperator Variability
The Scientific World Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 842795, 6 pages doi:10.1100/2012/842795 The cientificworldjournal Research Article Comparison of Central Macular Thickness Measured by Three OCT Models
More informationClinical Study Spectral Domain OCT: An Aid to Diagnosis and Surgical Planning of Retinal Detachments
Ophthalmology Volume 2011, Article ID 725362, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2011/725362 Clinical Study Spectral Domain OCT: An Aid to Diagnosis and Surgical Planning of Retinal Detachments Graham Auger and Stephen
More information