What s their meal. Narudee Kashemsant, DVM, PhD. Fac. Vet. Med. Kasetsart University

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1 What s their meal Narudee Kashemsant, DVM, PhD. Fac. Vet. Med. Kasetsart University

2 Back to basis before moving on.. Digestion and absorption time Why it has to be complex carbohydrate Why it has to be high fiber If we go deeper, why it has quite low fat So main source of energy come from high quality protein

3 Type of nutrient Digestion and absorption time Time of digestion Time of absorption Simple CARB min min Complex CARB min min Protein >1 hour 1-3 hours Fat >2 hours 2-4 hours Why it so important?

4 Insulin working how long it needs before being effective Type of insulin Latent time Peak effect Effective duration Short acting : Pure intermediate Long acting 2-4 N/A 12-24

5 Putting them together

6 Putting them together Type Latent time (hr) Type of nutrient Time of absorption regular 30 min Simple CARB min intermediate 1 Complex CARB min Glargine 2-4 Protein 1-3 hours 30:70 30 min-1hr Fat 2-4 hours

7 Why it has to be complex carbohydrate

8 Why it has to be high fiber

9 If we go deeper, why it has quite low fat

10 Which formula is good for my DM pets? What the DM dietary looks like? Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0%

13 Start with the body weight: Playing between present weight and ideal weight If present weight < ideal weight used ideal weight If present weight > ideal weight used present weight One step of score difference means 5% (9 score system) or 10% more or less ( 5 score system)

14 Energ y re q u i re men t Re s ti n g e n e rg y re q u i re men t Energ y th at o n e n e e d fo r a day to d i s p e n d at re s t 3 0 xbw ( i n k g ) +7 0 ( 2 <BW <2 5 ) 7 0 x B o d y we i g h t ( i n Kg s ) x BW 0.67 ( In l e an c at ) 7 0 x BW 0.4 ( O v e r wt c at) Dai l y e n e rg y re q u i re me nt Energ y that re q u i re d fo r av e rag e d ai l y ac ti v i ty DER = K R ER K= l i fe s tag e fac tor L i fe s tag e fac tor d e p e n d ed o n p e ts ac ti v i ty ( )

15 R e s ting e n e r gy r e q u i rement (1 0 k g ) 7 0 x B o d y w e i g ht (in K g s ) =3 9 3 kc al D aily e n e rg y r e q ui reme nt D E R = K R E R =1. 2 R E R =1. 2 x 3 93 kcal kc al P r e s cr iption d i e t ( 3327 kcal of ME/ Kg)=142 g / d ay H o m e m ad e d i e t B r o wn r i c e kc al (/1 0 0 g), w hite r i c e 1 30 kc al (/1 0 0 g) Ch i c ke n b r e ast m e at an d s k i n kc al (/1 0 0 g) Ve g g i es kc al (/1 0 0 g)

16 Does home made diet work? Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0% How about vitamin and mineral?

17 Is DM dietary good for all condition? DM with pancreatitis DM formula Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 30 % pancreatitis formula Crude Protein (min) 20.0% Crude Fat (min) 4.5% Crude Fat (max) 8.5% Crude Fiber (max) 3.6% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 56.9%

18 Is DM dietary good for all condition? DM with diarrhea DM formula Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 30 % diarrhea formula Crude Protein (min) 20.0% Crude Fat (min) 4.5% Crude Fat (max) 8.5% Crude Fiber (max) 3.6% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 56.9%

19 Is DM dietary good for all condition? DM with azotemia DM formula Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 30 % Renal formula Crude Protein (min) 12.0% Crude Protein (max) 16.0% Crude Fat (min) 16.0% Crude Fiber (max) 4.5% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 52.5%

20 Is DM dietary good for all condition? hepatic DM DM formula Crude Protein (min) 35.0% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% Moisture (max) 10.0% CARB 30 % Liver formula Crude Protein (min) 14% Crude Fat (min) 14% Crude Fiber (max) 3.6% Moisture (max) 10.0% Copper (max) 7 mg/kg CARB 53.4%

21 Is DM dietary good for all condition? DM with azotemia DM Renal Liver Crude Protein (min) 35.0% 12.0% 14% Crude Fat (min) 10.0% 16.0% 14% Crude Fat (max) 14.0% Crude Fiber (max) 10.0% 4.5% 3.6% Moisture (max) 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% CARB 30 % 52.5% 53.4%

22 Glucometer : glucose biosensor

23 Glucometer

24 Glucometer: glucose biosensor Biosensor : a number of devices either used to monitor living systems or incorporating biotic elements Basic Principles of Glucose Biosensors (i) the biological recognition elements that differentiate the target molecules in the presence of various chemicals, (ii) a transducer that converts the biorecognition event into a measurable signal, and (iii) a signal processing system that converts the signal into a readable form

25 Glucometer: glucose biosensor

26 Glucometer: glucose biosensor The five principal transducer classes are electrochemical, optical, thermometric, piezoelectric, and magnetic The majority of the current glucose biosensors are of the electrochemical type, because of their better sensitivity, reproducibility, and easy maintenance as well as their low cost glucose measurements are based on interactions with one of three enzymes: hexokinase, glucose oxidase (GOx) or glucose-1- dehydrogenase (GDH). The hexokinase assay is the reference method for measuring glucose using spectrophotometry in many clinical laboratories

27 Glucometer: glucose biosensor GOx is the standard enzyme for biosensors; it has a relatively higher selectivity for glucose. GOx is easy to obtain, cheap, and can withstand greater extremes of ph, ionic strength, and temperature than many other enzymes immobilized GOx catalyzes the oxidation of β-d-glucose by molecular oxygen producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide Glucose + O2 glusoce oxidase Gluconic acid + H2O2 Glucose + GOx + FAD Glucolactone + GOx + FADH2 H2O2 2H+ + O2 + 2e

28 Glucometer: glucose biosensor The number and types of GDH-based amperometric biosensors have been increasing recently. The GDH family includes GDHpyrroquinolinequinone (PQQ) and GDH-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) The enzymatic reaction of GDH is independent of the dissolved oxygen Glucose + PQQ(ox) gluconolactone + PQQ(red) Glucose +NAD+ gluconolactone + NADH NADH NAD+ +H++2e

29 Glucometer: glucose biosensor Basic characteristics of a biosensor- 1. Linearity Linearity of the sensor should be high for the detection of high substrate concentration. 2. Sensitivity Value of the electrode response per substrate concentration. 3. Selectivity Chemicals Interference must be minimized for obtaining the correct result 4. Response time Time necessary for having 95% of the response

30 Glucometer: glucose biosensor

31 Glucose compartment in solid and liquid phase

32 Thank you for your attention and questions are welcome

Narudee Kashemsant, D.V.M. Ph.D. Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University

Narudee Kashemsant, D.V.M. Ph.D. Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Glucose curve: definition A useful tool in the stabilization and monitoring