Urinalysis (Testing Urine Samples)

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Period: Urinalysis (Testing Urine Samples) Case Studies: Patient 1: Patient 2: Patient 3: Patient 4: Mr. Bob has normal looking urine. He has regular yearly checkups and has no visible symptoms. Ms. Nagaishi noticed that she has an increased urine output, increased appetite and constantly thirsty. She has also experienced unexplained weight loss. Mr. Au has been unusually tired for several weeks. He occasionally feels dizzy. Lately he finds it increasingly difficult to sleep at night. He has swollen ankles and feet, and his face looks puffy. He experiences a burning pain in his lower back, just below the rib cage. He also notices that his urine is dark in color, has an elevated blood pressure and his kidney region is sensitive to pressure. Mr. Andrews has been experiencing painful urination, frequency of urination and urgency. His urine has a milky color. He also has a fever and feels like he is getting sick. Using Urine to Diagnose Illness: When using urine to diagnose an illness, several factors are examined: color, appearance, ph, and presence of glucose and proteins. The normal color of urine is pale yellow to amber. The normal ph of urine is Fevers can lower the ph. Table 1: Color of Urine Urine Color Pale Yellow Milky Reddish Brown-Black Diabetes insipidus Dilute Urine Possible Diagnoses Fat Present in Urine Pus Present in Urine (shows fever) Blood Present Certain Drugs Present Food Pigments (ex: beets) Metal Poisoning Hemorrhages (kidney injury)

2 Procedure: Part 1: Forming a Hypothesis: Using the information from the case studies and what symptoms are associated with different disorders, what condition(s) do you think each patient is likely to have: Patient 1: Patient 2: Patient 3: Patient 4: Part 2: Coming Up With a Plan 1. What type of factors are examined when analyzing a urine sample? 2. Which patient sample will be used as a control? Explain why. Part 3: Observations and Records 1. Put on safety goggles. 2. Label the test tubes as follows: Patient 1, Patient 2, Patient 3, and Patient. Obtain 2 pipets full of each patient s urine sample in the correctly labeled test tube. 3. Begin filling out the medical chart for Patient 1. Include the patient s name and symptoms. 4. Observe the color and clarity of the urine sample from Patient 1 and record your observations in the medical chart for Patient Perform each test on the urine sample for Patient 1. The procedures for how to carry out each test are provided below. 6. Repeat steps 3-5 for each patient. Part 4: ph of Urine 1. Test the ph by dipping the test strip into the urine sample. 2. Compare the color of the test strip to the ph color chart. Determine the ph of the urine by noting whether it is an acid (ph 4-6), neutral (ph 7), or alkaline (ph 8 and up). Record the ph in the patient s medical chart.

3 Urine ph and Crystal Type ph Crystal type Possible disorders Alkaline Calcium phosphate Kidney stone formation Alkaline Triphosphate Urinary tract infection (UTI) Alkaline Calcium carbonate Kidney stone formation Acid Calcium oxalate Diabetes mellitus Acid Uric acid Chronic kidney inflammation Testing Urine for Sugar and Protein The kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the body. They filter waste products form the blood into the urine for excretion. Kidneys also return necessary molecules, such as proteins and sugars, back to the blood. The presence of sugars, such as glucose, in the urine may indicate diabetes mellitus. The presence of red blood cells and protein in the urine can sometimes indicate chronic kidney failure, this occurs as kidneys lose their ability to function. As chronic kidney diseases progress, blood levels of creatinine (a type of protein) rise. Part 5: Testing Urine for Glucose (Benedicts Test) 1. Using a clean pipette, add 3 ml of the Benedict s solution to one test tube of each patient. 2. Look at the color of the solution in the test tubes. 3. Place the test tubes in a hot water bath and leave for two minutes. Remove the tube from the hot water bath using a test tube holder. Record any color change in the medical chart for each patient. A positive reaction will result in a yellow, orange or red color. 4. Pour all liquids out of the test tubes and into waste containers. Part 6: Testing Urine for Protein () 1. Obtain 2 pipettes full of each patients urine sample in the correctly labeled test tube. 2. Use a pipette to add 1 ml of biuret solution drop by drop to each test tube. Swirl each tube after you add the biuret solution. 3. Record the initial color of the solution in the medical chart for each patient. After just a few seconds, record the final color. A positive reaction results in a pinkish color.

4 Medical Charts Patient 1 Name: Symptoms: _ Disorder(s): Patient 2 Name: Symptoms: _ Disorder(s):

5 Patient 3 Name: Symptoms: _ Disorder(s): Patient 4 Name: Symptoms: _ Disorder(s):

6 Lab Write-Up You are a doctor who must inform your patient of a problem with their urinary system. Choose patient #2, 3 or 4 to write a letter explaining their disorder. Be sure to include the function of the urinary system and its parts and how this system works with the circulatory system. Explain the disorder and what the patient will need to do in order to bring their body back to homeostasis. Your patient has NEVER had a Biology course so explain everything in simple terms. Remember you are the doctor. INCLUDE Tell the patient what the urinary system does and why it is important. (how it removes waste) Points 10 Your Points How the urinary system is connected to the circulatory system. 5 What tests were positive? What tests were negative? 5 What is the diagnosis...what do they have? 5 What should they do? Treatment. 5 TOTAL 30