KS4 Physical Education

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1 KS4 Physical Education Prevention of Injury These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates that the slide contains activities created in Flash. These activities are not editable. 1 of 31 For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Started presentation.

2 Learning objectives Learning objectives 2 of 31 What we will learn in this presentation: What factors cause injuries Safety precautions which prevent injuries The importance of choosing correct clothing, footwear and equipment for different sports How body conditioning helps to prepare the body for activity Why and how we should warm-up and cool-down The need for balancing competition according to grading, skill levels, weight, age and gender The importance of rules and laws in sport and the role of officials in preventing injuries.

3 Question 3 of 31 Using two different examples, explain how safe practice can reduce the risk of injury when taking part in physical activity. Award up to two marks for each example up to a maximum of four marks.

4 Answer 4 of 31 Activity examples could include: Do not throw a javelin/ until instructed to do so or the hooter sounds Do not dive into a pool/ into the shallow end or without checking depth of the pool Do not lift equipment/ without a straight back and bending the knees Have spotters at the side of the trampoline/ at all times Use equipment/ to reduce the effect of impact or to protect body parts Wear appropriate clothing correctly/ so that it is not caught in equipment or does not cause tripping or does not obstruct vision Carry out a warm-up/ to ensure that the body is prepared for exercise Carry out a risk assessment/ to identify potential hazards Use correct technique/ to reduce impact or stress on the body

themselves, for example lack of proper conditioning, poor technique or failure to complete an effective warm-up or

5 What causes injury? 5 of 31 Injury can be caused by internal or external factors: Internal factors These are factors to do with the performer themselves, for example lack of proper conditioning, poor technique or failure to complete an effective warm-up or cool-down. External factors These are factors from outside that affect a performer on the day, for example the condition of the playing area, the equipment used and the actions of competitors. How can risks from these factors be minimized?

6 What causes injury? 6 of 31

7 7 of 31 What happens in your PE lessons? Think about the safety precautions that are taken in your PE lessons. These may include: Kit checks Use of safety equipment like crash mats A warm-up and cool-down Pitch inspection Instructions about technique and safety Which of these procedures are followed before every lesson? Which additional procedures are followed before: Rugby? Cricket? Tennis? Athletics? Football? Netball?

8 8 of 31 Before the game Many precautions must be taken before participation. Make a list of everything you can think of that can be done before sport to prevent injury, then look at the selection below. Inspection of playing conditions Correct technique Training Pre-event precautions Fitness, strength and flexibility Warm-up Correct clothing Kit Appropriate equipment in good condition Describe the importance of each item.

9 Correct clothing what not to wear 9 of 31

Correct clothing what you should wear 10 of 31 What should you wear?

full range of movement. Warm clothing should be worn before competing.

temperature. Protective gear appropriate to the activity should be worn.

10 Correct clothing what you should wear 10 of 31 What should you wear? Generally speaking, you should wear comfortable clothing that allows a full range of movement. Warm clothing should be worn before competing. During the activity you need clothing that will keep you the correct temperature. Protective gear appropriate to the activity should be worn. Some dangerous sports require protective equipment like body armour, gum shields or helmets.

11 Correct clothing 11 of 31

12 Correct equipment 12 of 31 The equipment you play with needs to be in good condition, up-to-date and used correctly. Javelin What are the possible issues around using the items shown opposite? 5-a-side goal Gym mats

13 Fit to play 13 of 31 It is said that: You must make sure that you are fit to play sport and don t just play sport to get fit What does this mean? Body conditioning is important in preventing injury. An athlete should prepare their body for the demands of their activity.

Weight training can: increase tendon strength increase ligament

14 Body conditioning 14 of 31 One way of preparing your body for sport is weight training. Weight training can: increase tendon strength increase ligament strength increase bone strength. Tougher tendons, ligaments and bones are harder to damage, therefore the risk of injury is reduced.

15 Body conditioning 15 of 31 Some sports require a high degree of flexibility. Flexibility training can help participants to prepare for sports like gymnastics, diving, martial arts and climbing, where the body is required to perform extreme movements. Increasing a participant s range of movement reduces the risk of injuries like sprained and pulled muscles. The easiest way to increase flexibility is by stretching. Yoga and similar activities can also help.

Body conditioning 16 of 31 Endurance training can also help to prevent injury. Improved fitness helps to prevent performers becoming excessively fatigued during their activity.

16 Body conditioning 16 of 31 Endurance training can also help to prevent injury. Improved fitness helps to prevent performers becoming excessively fatigued during their activity. Fatigue is associated with problems like cramp and dehydration. Fatigue can also lead to a loss of proper technique, causing injuries. What could happen to a rock climber if they became very fatigued? What could happen to a swimmer?

17 Body conditioning 17 of 31

Over a long period, poor technique in sports like rowing and weightlifting can cause

18 Correct technique 18 of 31 EMPICS Ltd Poor technique can lead to injury. It can cause you to have a sudden accident like a crash or a fall. Over a long period, poor technique in sports like rowing and weightlifting can cause strains or joint damage. Think of four sports where injuries can be caused by poor technique. What sort of injuries could be caused?

19 19 of 31 Warm-up By warming-up properly you will reduce the risk of soft tissue injuries like pulled muscles, strains and sprains. The aim of a good warm-up is to gradually prepare the body for exercise. This is done by: increasing body temperature, making muscles, tendons and ligaments more elastic stretching to increase the range of movement around joints. A thorough warm-up should consist of three main stages:

20 Warm-up 20 of 31 Stage 1: light aerobic work Pulse Raiser Light continuous activity such as slow jogging, is used to increase heart rate and blood flow. Muscles, ligaments and synovial fluid in the joints are warmed, increasing flexibility. Stage 2: stretches Stretching the main muscle groups and joints increases their elasticity and mobility so that they are less likely to be strained. Stage 3: sport specific stretches and skills-related exercises The final stretches and exercises will tackle the muscles that come under particular stress during the planned activity, for example, a javelin thrower may do some throws at 50% of maximum effort.

21 Warm-up 21 of 31

22 Balanced competition 22 of 31 Would you allow these two individuals to compete against each other in a boxing match? Why not? In order to make a competition safe for participants, it is important that the organizers balance it.

23 23 of 31 Balanced competition It is particularly important in contact sports that competitors are reasonably evenly matched. This reduces the risk of injury to younger or weaker competitors. There are many different ways of balancing competition. AGE Many sports have junior leagues or competitions. SKILL Most sports have separate competitions for beginners. GENDER Women and men compete separately in most sports. WEIGHT Many combative sports like boxing and wrestling have different weight divisions.

24 24 of 31

25 The rules of the game 25 of 31 Rules and laws in sport are not just there to ensure fair play they are also designed to protect participants. The rules of each sport depend on a number of factors, including the level of contact and the equipment used. Think of how the rules in the following sports help to protect participants. 1. Ice hockey 2. Boxing 3. Track cycling

26 of 31 The rules of the game Referees and officials play an important role in ensuring safety, by enforcing the rules. There are a number of ways in which offending players can be dealt with: 1.

26 26 of 31 The rules of the game Referees and officials play an important role in ensuring safety, by enforcing the rules. There are a number of ways in which offending players can be dealt with: 1. Warning from the referee 2. Advantage/points given to opponents 3. Sending players off, either permanently or temporarily. 4. Disciplinary proceedings, including lengthy bans. How do these punishments help to improve safety?

27 The rules of the game 27 of 31

The rules of the game: a case study 28 of 31 During the 2005 Lions rugby tour of New Zealand, Brian O Driscoll, the Lions captain, suffered a dislocated shoulder when he was tackled by two New

28 The rules of the game: a case study 28 of 31 During the 2005 Lions rugby tour of New Zealand, Brian O Driscoll, the Lions captain, suffered a dislocated shoulder when he was tackled by two New Zealand players. Video footage later showed that O Driscoll had been lifted off his feet and driven into the ground head-first in what is termed a spear-tackle Why is this type of tackle particularly dangerous?

29 The rules of the game: a case study 29 of 31 The IRB rules state that: A player must not tackle an opponent early, late or dangerously. Although the evidence emerged too late to take action against the New Zealand players, the footage was presented to a conference of referees. Referees have been instructed to be vigilant against this kind of tackle and punish offenders harshly. Players found guilty of spear-tackling can be suspended for up to 6 months. Do you think that this will deter players from spear-tackling opponents?

30 30 of 31 Is the playing area safe? Before sporting activity commences, teachers or match officials must check that the playing area is safe. Pitches must be checked for glass and other sharp objects, and sports halls need to be checked for wet or damaged floors. What other factors could affect the playing area? For each of the following sports, consider the safety implications of freezing temperatures, strong winds and the permanent fixtures required (e.g., goals, nets). Javelin Sailing Basketball Rugby Long jump Ski jumping

31 Cool-down 31 of 31 A proper cool-down after activity prevents muscles and joints becoming stiff and sore. It helps you to recover more quickly so that you are ready to take part in activity again sooner. A cool-down should consist of some light aerobic work followed by stretches. Keeping the blood moving prevents it pooling in the limbs which can cause light-headedness. Stretching helps to disperse lactic acid.

32 Preventing injury 32 of 31

33 Lifting 33 of 31 (b) It is important to lift and carry equipment safely. Describe the technique that you should use when doing this. Award up to three marks for a correct response. Each response should consider the back position, the leg position and the location of the item to be carried. Examples:! The back should be kept straight; / the legs should be bent; / the item to be carried should be held close to, and secure to, the body! Other factors which might be considered include wearing the correct footwear, using more than one person for particularly heavy equipment, not lifting or lowering until told to do so! Accept sport/activity-specific examples, eg carrying a javelin.

34 34 of 31 Safety legislation as applicable to specific events or activities. Safety and risk assessment; prevention of injury to self and others; general rules which apply to all sporting situations and activities. Students should show knowledge and understanding of: correct actions, clothing, footwear to prevent injury correct technique when performing a skill or when landing. Particular reference to lifting and lowering actions to include sports equipment, eg trampoline wings; use of appropriate footwear, eg studded boots; spiked running shoes and protective clothing in appropriate activities, eg hockey, cricket, soccer, etc.

35 35 of 31 Exam-style questions 1. Pablo is about to play volleyball in a sports hall. a) List three things that he should do before playing to reduce the risk of injury. b) Explain the importance of body conditioning in preventing injury. Pablo often has stiff hamstrings the day after playing. c) How could Pablo prevent this? 2. Explain the roles of rules and officials in ensuring the safety of competitors. 3. Give a detailed description of a warm-up that is appropriate for a squash player.

36 Glossary of keywords 36 of 31 Warm-up Cool-down Blood pooling Correct technique Body conditioning Balanced competition Flexibility

KS4 Physical Education

KS4 Physical Education Prevention of Injury These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates that the slide contains activities created