a. Magnitude, direction, point of application, line of action a. Weight is a force and mass is the quantity of matter in the body

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Reynold Johnston
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1 1. The four characteristics of a force include a. Magnitude, direction, point of application, line of action 2. Mass differs from weight because a. Weight is a force and mass is the quantity of matter in the body 3. Impulsive loading refers to a. An imposed force that reaches a relatively high magnitude in a relatively short period 4. Wolff of Wolff s law is a. A German scientist 5. Impulsive loads maybe applied to the body by a. Impact with another body b. A ground reaction force c. Muscle activityyy d. All of the above ANSWER IS ALL OF THE ABOVE 6. Choose the correct statement regarding the development of chronic osteoporosis a. Genetics may pre-dispose you to osteoporosis but lifestyle can control the extent of debilitation 7. In the linked segment model of the human body a. Bones are rigid lengths b. Joints are frictionless hinges c. Muscles work in groups and pull on segments d. Motion at one joint affects motion at the next joint e. All of the above ANSWER IS ALL OF THE ABOVE 8. The difference between the symptom and the cause of an error is a. The symptom is related to the motion of the body and the cause is related to the force acting on the body 9. Altering the dimensions of an altering bike to fit the anthropometrics of women riders is an example of

2 a. Remedying the problem 10. An example of a critical ability lacking when batting in baseball is a. Not able to swing the bat because the bat is too heavy 11. Instructing base runners in baseball to lightly touch the thumb to the forefinger is a useless instructional cue because hand position is a. Idiosyncrasy 12. As defined in class the term critical ability lacking a. Refers to a mismatch between some physical aspect of the performer and the performance environment 13. When a parent working with a child gives the cue you need to follow through the parent is focusing on a. A symptom of the error 14. Using the performance of rising from the floor as required to prevent a long lie is an example of Hoffman s critical ability lacking could be a. Lack of flexibility in the hips b. Lack of flexibility in the arms c. Lack of strength in the legs d. Lack of strength in the arms e. Any of the above THIS IS THE ANSWER 15. Poor performance of a skill may be caused by a. Lack of motivation b. Lack of strength c. Improper technique d. All of the above THIS IS THE ANSWER 16. Using the impulse momentum relationship as the basis of skill analysis is justified because a. The process of every skill performance can be considered in terms of impulse b. The process of every skill performance can be considered in terms of momentum

3 For the diagram above use the characters on the figure to identify the following terms. If the term is not indicated on the diagram fill in E on the scansheet. 17. Torque (E) 18. Force (C) 19. Moment arm (A) 20. Axis of rotation (B) 21. Line of action (D) 22. The sense of the torque created by the force is a. Clockwise 23. Which force exerts a pull on the body acted upon a. Tension 24. Which force exerts a squeezing effect on the body acted upon a. Compression 25. Identify the true statement a. Decreasing the surface area over which the force is distributed increases the amount of stress acting on the surface 26. The type of loading most associated with stress fractures a. Repetitive loading 27. Which of the following effects the mechanical behavior of bone a. Material constituents b. Structural organization c. Both A and B THIS IS THE ANSWER 28. Which of the following effects the mechanical behavior of bone a. In healthy bone the minerals comprise 80-90% of the bone weight

4 b. The relative percentages of bone mineral, collegian, and water very with bone age and heredity c. Both A and B are true THIS IS THE ANSWER 29. Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity a. Spongy b. Trabecular c. Cancellous d. All of the above THIS IS THE ANSWER 30. Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length a. Strength Use the figure to answer the questions The figure represents a. The stress- strain relationship 32. Which portion of the curve represents the elastic region (A) 33. Which portion of the curve represents the plastic region (C) 34. Which portion of the curve represents the ultimate yield (D) 35. Which portion of the curve represents the elastic limit (B) If this figure was created for a ligament which portion of the curve represents 36. Physiologic loading zone for the ligament (A) 37. Pathological overload zone (C) 38. Third degree ligament sprain (D) 39. Bone is strongest in resisting a. Compressive stress 40. Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton

5 a. Skull b. Vertebra c. Sternum d. All of the above THIS IS THE ANSWER 41. Articular cartilage covers a. All bone surfaces at articulations 42. Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true a. Longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses is open b. Circumferential growth may continue through the lifespan c. Both A and B are true- THIS IS THE ANSWER 43. Bone atrophy occurs when there is a predominance of activity of the a. Osteoclasts 44. Bones typically respond to mechanical stress in the physiological overload zone by a. Hypertrophying 45. Bones typically respond to decreased mechanical stress by a. Atrophying 46. Loss of bone mass is typically found among a. Bedridden patients b. Astronauts c. Both A and B THIS IS THE ANSWER 47. In a child sever injury to an epiphyseal plate make cause a. Premature closure of the epiphyseal junction b. Termination of longitudinal bone growth c. Both A and B THIS IS THE ANSWER 48. Osteoporosis is most likely to occur among a. Elderly women

6 49. A possible symptom of osteoporosis is a. Vertebral crush fractures b. Reduced body height c. Dowager hump d. All of the above THIS IS THE ANSWER 50. An apportion strategy to lessen the likelihood of acquiring osteoporosis includes a. Adequate dietary calcium intake b. Regular weight bearing exercises c. Both A and B THE IS THE ANSWER 51. The author of your textbook is a. Peter McGinnis 52. To start in motion an object sitting at rest on a horizontal surface. The horizontal force applied must a. Be greater than the vertical force b. Be less than the vertical force c. Be greater than the weight of the object d. Be less than the weight of the object e. None of the above WE THINK THIS IS THE ANSWER 53. Which category of motion encompasses most human movement a. General 54. Chose the correct statement regarding the development of chronic health conditions with aging a. Genetics may predispose you to a chronic conditions but lifestyle can control the extent of debilitation 55. Another name for osteoarthritis is: a. Degenerative joint disease 56. Select the correct sequencing of events according to the Radin s Mechanical Model of OA development:

7 a. Loading, remodeling, increased stress, degeneration 57. OA in the lower extremities is likely to affect: a. Locomotion b. Posture c. Rising from a chair d. Flexibility e. All of the above will be affected all of the above is the answer!!! 58. The 2 most critical factors controlling the onset and progression of osteoporosis are: a. Peak bone mineral density and rate of bone mineral loss 59. Which of the following is NOT a critical factor in determining the rate of loss of bone mass: a. Dietary calcium b. Genetics c. Activity levels d. Estrogen e. All of the above are critical factors all of the above!!! 60. Resistance to fracture in osteoporotic bones is lost because of: a. A loss of trabecular integrity 61. Which statement related to bone remodeling is true? a. Remodeling creates stronger bones in response to higher levels of mechanical stress 62. In the figure to the right Fn is the net vertical force acting on the forearm. The muscle torque on the forearm will be in the direction. a. Positive 63. In the figure to the right, R represents a. Moment arm 64. In the figure to the right, if R=5 cm and Fn=100 N, the magnitude of the torque would be

8 a. 5 Nm (100x.05) Question relate to hard and soft landings. As demonstrated in class, when the instructor performed hard and soft landings following a jump from the same height. 65. At initial ground contact (the start of the landing) the momentum of the instructor s body was: a. Equal in both techniques 66. The instructors momentum at the end of the landing (max knee flexion) was: a. Equal in both techniques 67. The change in momentum of the instructor during landing (initial contact to max knee flexion) was: a. Equal in both techniques 68. The impulse exerted on the instructor during landing was a. Equal in both techniques 69. The average force exerted on the instructor during landing was a. Greater in hard than soft landings 70. The average force exerted on the ground during landing was a. Greater in hard than soft landings 71. The time of landing was a. Greater in soft than hard landings 72. The moment arm is defined as a. The perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to a specified axis of rotation 73. Torque is defined as a. Tendency of a force to cause rotation b. Turning effect of a force c. Product of force and moment arm d. All of the above All of the above is the answer!!! 74. An eccentric force

9 a. Does not pass through an axis of rotation 75. A centric force a. Passes through an axis of rotation 76. To perform an arm curl exercise Lori holds the DB in her hand with her elbow extended to 180 degrees. As her joint is flexed through its range of motion, the moment arm for the single equivalent muscle crossing the joint on the anterior side will get a. Longer 77. The force produced by a muscle can be a. Pull 78. During training, to increase muscle strength, an overload can be imposed by a. Altering the speed of the exercise b. Adding mass to the exercise c. Altering the posture of the segments during the exercise d. Any of the above the answer is ANY OF THE ABOVE 79. The prefix bio in biomechanics refers to a. Life Johnson Lewis 10 m m m m m m m m m

10 100 m Calculate Lewis average speed over the entire 100 meters. a m/s d/t= 100/9.86= Calculate Johnson s average speed between 60 and 70 meters a m/s d/t=10/.83= The vertical press consists of a decent and ascent phase (bar starts with arms fully extended brought to shoulders raised back up) or an ascent and decent phase (bar starts on shoulders pressed above head and lowered back down). Obviously depend on the initial starting position of the bar. The figure shows: a. The decent phase alone 83. For the lift represented with solid line the bar increase speed between points a. A and F 84. For the lift represented with the dash line the bar decreases speed between points a. A and C b. A and F c. F and G d. F and H e. None of the above THIS SHOULD BE THE ANSWER 85. The average force exerted on the bar during the lift is a. Equal in both lifts Label the diagram:

11 161. D- Pathologic under load zone 167. A- Distress 162. A- Distress 168. J- Stress continuum 163. F- Physiologic loading zone 164. B- Eustress 165. G- Physiologic over load zone 166. C- Pathologic over load zone 175. G- Articular cartilage 176. D- Synovial cavity 177. E- Synovial membrane 178. F- Articular capsule

Major Functions of the Skeletal System

Skeletal System Major Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Provide shape and support. 2. Enables you to move 3. Protects your organs 4. Produces blood cells 5. stores minerals and other materials until