Assignment 2: Human Anatomy

Transcription

1 Assignment 2: Human Anatomy Chapter 2 Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Anatomy? 1. Which of the following is not a feature of the anatomical position: A) The body stands erect. B) The body is facing forward. C) The arms are hanging at the sides. D) The heels and feet are together. E) None of the above. 2. Your nose is to your ears. 3. (True/False)Your abdomen is inferior to your thorax. 4. Which of the following planes bisects the body into right and left halves: A) transverse B) median C) coronal D) midsagittal E) both B and D 5. The point at which the median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect represents the body s. 6. Movements that are lateral occur in the frontal plane. 7. To perform a biceps curl, you must the palm and the elbow. A) pronate; flex B) supinate; flex C) pronate; extend D) abduct; extend E) supinate; invert 8. Lifting the arm away from the side of the body is an example of, and returning it is an example of. 9. (True/False) Spongy bone is also known as cortical bone. 10. Bone marrow is: A) located inside the bone cavity B) yellow in children C) red in adults D) typically found in short bones 1

2 E) all of the above 11. The epiphyseal growth plate eventually ossifies and becomes the. 12. (True/False)The gastrointestinal tract is made up of smooth muscle. 13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscle: A) very fatigue resistant B) under voluntary control C) attached to bone D) can benefit from fitness training E) none of the above 14. A muscle s origin is also known as its attachment. 15. (True/False)In a condyloid joint, the joint surfaces are usually oval. 16. What are the characteristics of synovial joints? Short answer 8 marks. Multiple Choice Questions 1. We study human anatomy because: A) It is a subject that binds all humans together. B) It is important to understand how our bodies are structured to perform. C) It helps us attain our full potential in sport and physical activity. D) The human body has fascinated humankind for centuries. E) All of the above. 2. Which of the following is a correct directional term to describe the relative position of the rib cage to the heart: A) inferior B) medial C) deep D) superficial E) distal 3. Which of the following is a correct directional term to describe the relative position of the hands to the arms: A) proximal B) anterior C) distal D) superficial E) ventral 4. Your brain is to your feet and to your skull. A) distal; proximal 2

3 B) anterior; deep C) inferior; superficial D) superior; deep E) superficial; medial 5. The plane that divides the body into right and left sections is: A) the sagittal plane B) the coronal plane C) the median plane D) the transverse plane E) both A and C 6. The plane divides the body into upper and lower sections. A) transverse B) coronal C) frontal D) median E) none of the above 7. A jumping jack takes place in the plane. A) sagittal B) horizontal C) transverse D) median E) coronal 8. Which of the following statements about flexion is false: A) It usually occurs in the sagittal plane. B) The opposite movement is extension. C) It increases the angle between two bones at a joint. D) It can be modified at the ankle joint (e.g., plantar flexion). E) None of the above. 9. Which motion involves movement away from the midline of the body: A) abduction B) adduction C) supination D) lateral rotation E) both A and D 10. Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton: A) atlas B) scapula C) hyoid bone D) rib cage E) lacrimal bone 3

4 11. The C2 vertebra (the axis) is: A) an irregular bone B) a short bone C) a long bone D) a flat bone E) a sesamoid bone 12. The patella is: A) a sesamoid bone B) a knee bone C) a flat bone D) both A and B E) both B and C 13. Which bones protect underlying organs and provide areas for muscle attachment? A) sesamoid B) long C) flat D) irregular E) short 14. Cortical bone: A) is highly porous B) has a honeycomb structure C) is very flexible D) is largely found in long bones E) both B and D 15. Cancellous bone: A) is also known as spongy bone B) is highly porous C) is a good shock absorber D) is more flexible than cortical bone E) all of the above 16. Which of the following is not a major component of bone: A) calcium carbonate B) calcium phosphate C) collagen D) water E) none of the above 17. Which of the following statements about bones is false: A. The periosteum covers most of a long bone s surface. B) The epiphyseal line allows long bones to lengthen. C) The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis. 4

5 D) Bone gets its flexibility from collagen. E) The end of a long bone is called the epiphysis. 18. Which of the following statements about muscle types is false: A) Cardiac muscle is very fatigue resistant. B) Smooth muscle forms the walls of blood vessels and body organs. C) The contraction of skeletal muscle is initiated by motor neurons and is usually under voluntary control. D) Like smooth muscle, the contractile activity of cardiac muscle can be graduated. E) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both under involuntary control. 19. The attachment closer to the centre of the body is the muscle s (also known as its attachment). A) origin; distal B) insertion; proximal C) insertion; medial D) origin; proximal E) insertion; distal 20. Which of the following statements about joint types is true: A) Fibrous and cartilaginous joints are the most mobile. B) Synovial joints are supported by extrinsic ligaments. C) Fibrous joints are the most common in the body. D) Synovial joints absorb shock and are slightly movable. E) The pubic symphysis is an example of a fibrous joint. 21. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a synovial joint: A) a joint capsule B) a synovial membrane C) extrinsic ligaments D) synovial fluid E) none of the above 22. A joint with one convex articulating surface and one concave articulating surface is a joint. A) hinge B) plane C) knuckle D) condyloid E) A, C, and D 23. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a joint. A) pivot B) saddle C) knuckle D) ginglymus 5

6 E) condyloid 24. Another name for the knuckle joint is the joint. A) pivot B) saddle C) hinge D) ginglymus E) condyloid 25. Which joint allows the most movement? A) ginglymus B) saddle C) ball and socket D) condyloid E) pivot Fill in the Blank Questions Answer: anatomy, Answer: dorsal, Answer: horizontal, Answer: systemic; system, Answer: proximal, Answer: sagittal, Answer: irregular Answer: harden Answer: axia Answer: long Answer: porous Answer: harden Answer: diaphysis, Answer: joint Answer: cartilage, Answer: synovial, Answer: ginglymus,answer: anatomical position; forward, Answer: superficial, Answer: prone, Answer: anterior; posterior Answer: pronation; supination, Answer: circumduction, Answer: ball and socket, Answer: Cortical, Answer: cortical; spongy or cancellous 1. The study of the structures that make up the human body, and how those structures relate to each other, is called human. 2. In a approach to the study of the human body, a is followed throughout its entirety in the body. 3. Human anatomy is always described in relation to the, in which the body is erect and facing forward, with the palms of the hands facing. 4. Your skin lies to your muscles. 5. When describing a blood vessel, the term means toward the origin. 6. Another word for posterior is. 7. A person lying face down is said to be in a position. 8. The transverse plane is also known as the plane. 6

7 9. The frontal plane is any vertical plane dividing the body into and sections. 10. A forward roll occurs in the plane. 11. Moving the palm so it faces downward is known as ; moving the palm so it faces upward is known as. 12. Flexion extension movements combined with abduction adduction movements produce a cone of movement known as. 13. The skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum make up the skeleton. 14. The femur is an example of a bone. 15. The vertebrae are examples of bones. 16. Bones that are more have a smaller proportion of calcium phosphate and carbonate and greater non-mineralized tissue. 17. Bone can be classified into two general categories: bone and bone. 18. bone is largely found in long bones (such as the bones of the arms and legs). 19. The term ossify means to. 20. The shaft of a long bone is called the. 21. A is the point of connection between two or more bones. 22. In synovial joints, bone ends are covered with smooth hyaline. 23. The greatest amount of movement is seen at joints. 24. Another name for the hinge joint is the joint. 25. The shoulder is a joint. True or False Questions 1. (True/False) A systemic approach to human anatomy combines the various systems involved in a particular part of the body. 2. (True/False) In the anatomical position, the feet are parallel to each other. 3. (True/False) Your nose is lateral to your eyes. 7

8 4. (True/False) A person lying on his or her back is prone. 5(True/False). The term ventral is interchangeable with the term anterior. 6. (True/False) The term distal means farther from the surface of the body. 7. (True/False) The term lateral means farther from the median plane. 8. (True/False) Directional terms are based on the assumption that the body is in the prone position. 9. (True/False) The transverse plane is any plane at right angles to both the sagittal and frontal planes. 10. (True/False) The frontal plane is also known as the horizontal plane. 11. (True/False) Cycling and running occur in the sagittal plane. 12. (True/False) In general, extension increases the angle between two bones. 13. (True/False) Movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane is known as adduction. 14. (True/False) Ankle sprains are usually the result of eversion of the joint. 15. (True/False) When you are standing on your toes, the ankle joint is in plantar flexion. 16. (True/False) The pectoral and pelvic girdles are part of the axial skeleton. 17. (True/False) The bones of the skull are classified as flat. 18. (True/False) Irregular bones are found in the wrist and ankle. 19. (True/False) Typically, long bones have a marrow cavity filled with red marrow in children and yellow marrow in adults. 20. (True/False) The end of a long bone is called the diaphysis. 21. (True/False) During growth, the epiphyseal growth plate ossifies. 22. (True/False) When subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, bones tend to become denser. 23. (True/False) A muscle s insertion is the more proximal attachment (farther from the body). 8

9 24. (True/False) The stability and integrity of joints are maintained by strands of connective tissue called tendons. 25. (True/False) Pivot or gliding joints permit movement in the wrist. Other Types of Questions 1. Match the following planes and directional terms with their corresponding definitions. Term Frontal plane Superficial Median plane Lateral Proximal Sagittal plane Coronal plane Deep Distal Transverse plane Inferior Medial Superior Horizontal plane Midsagittal plane Answer Definition A) A plane dividing the body into upper and lower sections B) Nearer to the feet C) A plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections D) Farther from the median plane E) Nearer to the head F) Farther from the surface of the body G) A plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves H) Nearer to the trunk I) Nearer to the surface of the body J) Nearer to the median plane K) Farther from the trunk L) A plane dividing the body into unequal right and left sections 2. Match the following joint movements with their corresponding definitions. Movement Abduction Flexion Dorsiflexion Supination Extension Inversion Adduction Pronation External rotation Answer Definition A) A cone of movement that occurs when flexion extension movements are combined with abduction adduction movements B) Increases the angle between two bones at a joint C) Movement of the palm to face downward D) Movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane E) Movement of the sole of the foot outward, away from the median plane of the body F) Movement of the ankle so that the dorsal surface of the foot moves inferiorly G) Movement of the palm to face upward H) Reduces the angle between two bones at a joint I) Movement of the ankle so that the dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly 9

10 Plantar flexion Eversion Circumduction Internal rotation J) Rotation of a bone along its longitudinal axis toward the median plane K) Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane L) Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane of the body M) Rotation of a bone along its longitudinal axis away from the median plane 3. Identify whether the following bones belong to the axial skeleton (AX) or the appendicular skeleton (APP) Answer Jaw bone Pelvis Collarbone Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Forearm bones Sternum Shoulder blade 4. Bones are classified into two general categories based on what characteristic? Identify these two types of bone, describe their individual properties, and indicate where they are generally found. 5. What are the four major components of bone?. 6. Cardiac muscle has characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle. For each characteristic, circle whether cardiac muscle is like smooth or skeletal muscle. (high, low, voluntary, involuntary, gradual contraction force) Characteristic Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Contractile activity Same contraction force Fatigue resistance Neural activation 7. Label the following diagram of a synovial joint. 10

11 8. In synovial joints, how is friction between articulating bone surfaces reduced? 9. Match the following synovial joints with their corresponding characteristics. The joints can be matched with more than one characteristic. Can be 1 or 2 per joint! Joint Saddle joint Ginglymus joint Elbow joint Knuckle joint Hinge joint Ball and socket joint Pivot joint Answer Characteristic A) Both bone surfaces are nearly flat B) The shoulder joint is an example C) Joint surfaces are usually oval (one convex and one concave), with movement in more than one plane D) Same movement as at condyloid joint but with greater range of motion E) The bones in the wrist are an example F) The bones are set together as in sitting on a horse G) The radioulnar joint is an example 11

12 Plane joint Carpometacarpal joint (thumb) Condyloid joint Gliding joint Hip joint H) A joint with one articulating surface that is convex and another that is concave, with movement in one plane only I) A joint with a rounded bone fitted into a cuplike receptacle J) The interphalangeal joints of the fingers are examples K) A joint in which one bone rotates around one axis 10. The knee and the jaw are difficult to classify because their structure allows them to function as more than one type of joint. Research the following synovial joints to determine their primary joint classification (e.g., pivot, saddle). (hinge, saddle, Condyloid) Answers are in italics. Joint Knee joint Primary Classification Sternoclavicular joint Radiocarpal joint (wrist) Talocrural joint (ankle) Temporomandibular joint (jaw) 12