Verification and Validation Methodologies for Prosthetic Heart Valves: Review and Considerations. ASME V&V40 Subcommittee Heart Valve Subgroup
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1 Verification and Validation Methodologies for Prosthetic Heart Valves: Review and Considerations. ASME V&V40 Subcommittee Heart Valve Subgroup
2 ASME V&V 40 Heart Valve Subgroup Members Andrew Rau (Exponent Failure Analysis Associates) Tina Zhao (Edwards Lifesciences) Shiva Arjunon (Georgia Tech) Marc Horner (ANSYS) Xue Mei Li (St. Jude Medical) Brandon Lurie (W.L. Gore) Christine Scotti (W.L. Gore) Min Yun (Georgia Tech)
3 Goal: Review State of the Art for V&V of Prosthetic Heart Valve Models Review V&V methodologies used in current heart valve modeling efforts Identify reoccurring V&V methodologies and level of V&V Gap Analysis: Identify missing elements/practices
4 Current Group Focus: Surgical Tissue Valve Anatomical location (Triscupid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic) Surgical Tissue Mechanical Transcatheter Tissue
5 V&V methodologies can be grouped by type of analysis Solid Mechanics Stress/strain Fatigue Frame integrity Leaflet motion FSI Fluid Mechanics Blood damage Thrombosis Cavitation potential
6 Problems for Surgical Tissue Valves Solid Mechanics Frame Fracture Large-scale deformation Leaflet Calcification Closure Tearing (stress-strain) Thrombosis (kinematics)
7 Solid Mechanics - Current standards can be leveraged for frame analysis ISO 5840 Cardiovascular Implants Cardiac Valve Prostheses FDA Guidance: Non-Clinical Engineering Tests and Recommended Labeling for Intravascular Stents and Associated Delivery Systems ASTM F Standard Guide for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Metallic Vascular Stents Subjected to Uniform Radial Loading Material property verification Mesh convergence study Radial force-displacement relationship Commissure-displacement relationship (no guidance) Dynamic failing mode verification (no guidance)
8 Common Target Parameters for Leaflet Model V&V (1) Calibration of constitutive models to material tests (2) Opening Area (GOA, EOA) (ISO 5840) (3) Leaflet deformation/displacement Qualitative vs. Quantitative
9 Common Target Parameters for Leaflet Model V&V (1) Calibration of constitutive models to material tests Labrosse et al., 2010 Smuts et al, 2011 Li and Sun, 2010
10 Common Target Parameters for Leaflet Model V&V (2) Opening Area (GOA, EOA, A EO ) Labrosse et al., 2010 Labrosse et al., 2010
11 Common Target Parameters for Leaflet Model V&V (3) Leaflet deformation Stevanella et al., 2011 Stevanella et al., 2011
12 Solid Mechanics (Leaflets) V&V Gap Analysis Leaflet testing/analysis Leaflet deformations and kinematics (more quantitative) Deformations while opening vs. closing Commissure displacement (assembly level)
13 Fluid Mechanics current standards (ISO 5840) Focus on measured or derived parameters from testing Steady flow conditions Pressure drop, Effective orifice area (EOA) under steady forward flow conditions Leakage volume (Regurgitant, paravalvular) under steady backpressure conditions Pulsatile conditions Pressure drop, EOA, closing volume, leakage volume (across different heart rates and cardiac outputs) Bernoulli relationship for the flow through the valve
14 Definitions from ISO 5840 Closing volume: component of the regurgitant volume that is associated with the dynamics of the valve closure during a single cycle is the sum of the transvalvular leakage volume and paravalvular leakage volume Leakage Volume: component of the regurgitant volume that is associated with leakage during closed phase of a valve in a single cycle and is the sum of the transvalvular leakage volume and paravalvular leakage volume Paravalvular Leakage Volume: component of the leakage volume that is associated with leakage around the close heart valve substitute during a single cycle Regurgitant Volume: volume of fluid that flows through a heart valve substitute in the reverse direction during one cycle and is the sum of the closing volume and leakage volume Transvalvular Leakage Volume: component of the leakage volume that is associated with leakage through the closed valve during a single cycle
15 Common Target Parameters for Fluids V&V (1) Pressure drop (2) Velocity profiles (quantitative/qualitative) (3) Opening Area (GOA, EOA) (ISO 5840) or other opening parameter
16 Common Target Parameters for Fluids V&V Valve Opening Velocity Profiles (qualitative/quantitative) Guivier-Curien et al., 2009 Guivier-Curien et al., 2009 Guivier-Curien et al., 2009 Suzuki et al., 2011
17 Fluid Mechanics V&V Gap Analysis Couple experimentation/computation to ensure consistency Spatial and temporal resolution of experimental systems may not be able to resolve hemodynamic flow characteristics Exploration/identification of additional computational parameters to validate models Better validation for biological/clinical outcomes, i.e. how we interpret our results and predict clinical effects Shear stresses, recirculation zones, etc.
18
19 Backup
20 Fluid Mechanics Recommendations for numerical modeling All current experimental fluid mechanics parameters (measured and derived) can be computed through numerical models Fluid-structure interaction models should be developed and validated to make this feasible Additionally, blood element damage models can be developed
21 FDA Draft Guidance: Heart Valves Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and Premarket Approval (PMA) Applications
22 Dynamic Failure Modes Commisure Displacement under hydro-pressure Valv e Assembly Level TBD (e.g. Commisure Force-Displacement Relationship) TBD (e.g. Fabric wrapped stent) Sub-Assembly Level Frame (Metal, Polymer, etc.) Special to Valve application (e.g. Commisure Force- Displacement Relationship) Leverage V&V from stent group (e.g. Radial Force-Diameter relationship in crimping experiment) Leaflet (Tissue, Pyrolytic Canbon, etc.) A Load-Displacement Relationship with a piece of material constrained similar to the leaflet Cuff (Tissue, Fabric, etc.) Similar to Leaflet Bound (Suture, Glue, etc.) TBD (e.g. Suture: Tensile test) Component Level (Material property verification and mesh convergence study could be carried in this level)
23 Calculation of relevant parameters 1 P mean ( P) dt T peak systole P max( P) 1 P T P dt steady ( ) Q EOA 51.6 rms P mean systole
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