Ultrasound of the Renal Arteries

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1 Ultrasound of the Renal Arteries Greg Curry Vascular Ultrasound Workshop Aug 2017

2 The Examination Technique Pathophysiology Role of US then and now Background Live Scanning Ultrasound

3 Population: 20% Hypertensive Increase risk: Heart attack/stroke <1-5% Renovascular cause Renal Artery stenosis (RAS) RAS Renal failure Need: Screening Test!

4 Pathophysiology

5 Pathophysiology RAS Hypertension Decrease blood volume Enzyme renin is secreted Activates angiotensin mechanism Salt / H20 retention Increase in blood volume Vasoconstriction Accessory RA Intrarenal Vessels

6 Pathophysiology Atherosclerosis Fibro-Muscular Dysplasia (FMD) Mid sized vessels Non-atherosclerotic Non-inflammatory Abnormal intimal growth Inflammatory

7 EVERYONE GETS A STENT Background

8 Key Points We now know that Unselected stenting does not improve outcomes Degree of renal artery stenosis is not the most important determinant of outcome (Ritchie et al 2014) Why do we bother looking for RAS? Better medical management May still be influenced by the presence and severity of RA disease Intervention? Flash pulmonary edema Preserving of Kidney Function

9 Background Nuc. Med DPTA, Mag 3? >90% sens. spec. MRA >95% sens. spec. Knopp, 1999 CT Angio 90-98% sens. spec. Prokop,1999 Angiography % est. gold standard Ultrasound?

10 Background RESISTANT HT Clinical Index of Suspicion Resistant HT Low/Moderate High Continued high blood pressure At least 3 antihypertensive agents Negative Colour Doppler Ultrasound?? Positive Functional Testing Captopril Renal Scan Renal Vein Renin Angiography (+/-PTA Stenting) Stop MRA /CTA

11 The Dilemma Intrinsic Limitations Bowel gas Patient size, respiration Vessel Location, Tortuosity, Ca++ Good Technique can improve our chances (later)

12 The Examination DIRECT INDIRECT Local protocols

13 US technique Direct-Yes Kohler 1986, Moneta 1988, Direct- No Kletter 1990, Desberg 1990, Berland 1990 DIRECT INDIRECT Indirect-Yes Handa 1988 Stavros 1992 Indirect- No Kliewer 1993 etc Direct- Olin Annals of Int Medicine : % sensitivity, 98% spec

14 US technique RI >0.8 Rademacher INDIRECT Resistive Indices Acceleration times Waveform shape RI = PSV-EDV/ PSV 5950 patients 138 angioplasty/ stenting Post Sx. Creatine clearance / Blood pressure 34/35 RI >0.8 V. poor outcome 74/80 RI< 0.8 Good outcome

15 1. Direct RA assessment V good when visualisation Visualisation improving 2. Intrarenal Very easy Still has a role as Marker Functional stenosis If intervention planned Predicts Success

16 The Examination

17 DIRECT Approx 75% visualisation in literature higher Technical Limitations B-mode (?atherosclerosis/ca2++) Colour (?Focal aliasing) Local Protocol

18 DIRECT 64 yo male Hypertensive PSV AA= 58 cm/s PSV RRA= 295 cm/s RAR > 3:1

19 60 yo male Hypertensive Hx of RAS Bil RA stents DIRECT

20 60 yo male Hypertensive Hx of RAS Bil RA stents DIRECT

21 INDIRECT Waveform Shape Tardus Parvus Resistive Indices Superior, mid, inferior

22 INDIRECT Early Systolic Peak AT > 0.07sec AI < 3.0 Variation RI > 0.05 AI = ΔV \ ΔT RI = PSV-EDV/ PSV ΔV ΔT

23 INDIRECT Normal Abnormal Early Systolic Peak Tardus Parvus

24 Early Systolic Peak INDIRECT

25 INDIRECT Normal/ Abnormal? 33yo woman Severe hypertension

26 INDIRECT FMD 33yo woman Severe hypertension

27 INDIRECT Normal/ Abnormal? 21yo female Severe hypertension Hx of Takayasu Arteritis

28 INDIRECT Occluded RA - Collaterals 21yo female Severe hypertension Hx of Takayasu Arteritis

29 21yo female Severe hypertension Hx of Takayasu Arteritis INDIRECT

30 INDIRECT Normal/ Abnormal? 55yo Male Acute severe hypertension

31 55yo Male BMI++ Acute severe hypertension INDIRECT

32

33 The Examination 1. Renal Ultrasound 2. Intrarenal evaluation 3. Main Renal A. 4. Accessory Renal A 5. Aorta: PSV level of SMA 6. Worksheet

34 The Examination

35 0 = Non visualisation, No Spectral 1 = V. poor colour, Angle Uncertainty 5 Grades 0,1 = Sub- optimal examination 2 = Segmental colour, Angle certainty 3 = Full colour visualisation, Angle certainty 4 = As per 3 + Colour enabling assessment of aliasing

36 The Examination Important 5mins B-mode 5 mins Intrarenal 20 mins Direct

37 The Examination Renal Size > 9.0 cm > 2.5cm difference Cortical volume Co-existent pathology

38 The Examination Lobules Cortical Rim Medullary Pyramid Calyces (not seen) Capsule Cortex Sinus fat Pelvic-calyceal

39 The Examination

40 The Examination SET UP IMPORTANT ENLARGE IMAGE FAST SWEEP SPEED REDUCE SCALE NO FILTER

41 The Examination 10 windows- Rt 5, Lt 5 Gentle Compression B-mode! Dynamic Range Transducer Frequency Fasted! Other parameters: Filters Persistence Power etc

42 The Examination 20% of kidneys? Prevalence of isolated ARA stenosis Windows > 50 % visualisation

43 R4 view Coronal view

44 The 10 MAGIC WINDOWS ASA March 2002 Ask the Experts section Renal Arteries by Peter Coombs

45 The Examination

46 US has important role in screening Less common test Integrate: Intrarenal/ Extrarenal Intrarenal debate Emphasis on Direct Structured technique: Windows = Success

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