Index. B Babinsky sign, 133 Biventricular hypertrophy, 50, 66 68, 80, 144 Bradyarrhythmias, 55

Transcription

1 A Action potential (AP), Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 17, 126 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 10 Adams-Stokes syndrome, 4 Angina pectoris, 37 Anterior accession time (AAT), 43, 44 Anterior conduction delay, 15, 33, 36 Antero-medial divisional block (AMDB), 36 Anteroseptal myocardial infarction, 37, , 137 Aortic stenosis, 12, 119 Aortic valve disease, 12, 37, 119 Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM), cardiac actin gene, mutations in, 78 chest pain, patients with, 80 CHF, ECG of, 76 features of, 78 FP and HP, ECG/VCG in, 77 Japanese patients with, 77, 80 left ventricular hypertrophy ECG of, 64 ECG/VCG correlation of, 64, 65 type IV LVH, VCG characteristics of, 64 maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, 78 in non-japanese population, 77 non-spade ApHCM, 78 refractory atrial fibrillation, 79 sarcomere gene defects, 77 sudden cardiac death, 78, 79 sustained cavity obliteration, 80 ventricular aneurysm, 80 ventricular fibrillation, induction of, 79 Athletic heart syndrome, 50, Atrial fibrillation (AF), 18 ApHCM, 79 preexcitation WPW syndrome, 74 Atrial septal defect (ASD), 68, 69 Atrioventricular (AV) connecting system, 2 3 B Babinsky sign, 133 Biventricular hypertrophy, 50, 66 68, 80, 144 Bradyarrhythmias, 55 C CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) Cardiac conduction system blood supply, 17 His bundle, 14, 15 LAD artery, LAF, LCX artery, 13 LPF, 16 LSF, 16 RBB, 15 RCA, quadrifascicular/uhley s concept, 4 Sunao-Tawara concept, 2 3 Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial infarction, 57 non-spade ApHCM, 78 CCW rotation. See Counterclockwise (CCW) rotation CHF. See Congestive heart failure (CHF) Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 A.R. Pérez-Riera et al., Left Septal Fascicular Block: Characterization, Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Signifi cance, DOI /

2 148 Chronic chagasic myocarditis, 37, 144 with bifascicular block and LVH, case report, 104 ECG/VCG correlation in FP, 108 in HP, 107 in RSP, 109 ECG-1 vs. ECG-2 in frontal plane, in horizontal plane, intermittent LSFB, 110 intermittent trifascicular block, 110 LAFB with variable degree, 110 RBBB, 110 Chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), 69 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 69 CLBBB. See Complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) Clockwise rotation (CW), 51 Combined/biventricular hypertrophy, 50, 66 68, 80 Complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB), 12, 38 Complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB), 50, 135, 136, 139 LAD, septal perforating branches, 12 LSFB Cabrera/Kennedy type II, 69 electrovectorcardiographic characterization of, 40 Grishman/Kennedy type I, 68, 69 isolated LSFB, QRS loop, Kennedy type III/C, 69 RECD, 69 ventricular activation, sequence of, 39 Concertina effect, 73 Conduction System of the Mammalian Heart (1906), 2 3 Congestive heart failure (CHF), Coronary artery disease (CAD), 16, 37, 61, 144 Coronary heart disease, Counterclockwise (CCW) rotation, 33, 45, CRBBB. See Complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) D Dextroposition, 50, 144 dextrocardia and dextroversion, 85, ECG of, 88 FP and HP, ECG/VCG correlation in, 88 and true dextrocardia, differential diagnosis between, 89 Diabetic mellitus, 37 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 81 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 50, 144 cardiomyopathy and cerebral anomalies, 81 in childhood, 80 dilated cardiomyopathy, 81 ECG of, ECG/VCG correlation in HP, 83 end-stage cardiac disease, 81 heart failure, 81 and LSFB, differential diagnosis between, 85 muscle weakness and atrophy, 81 prevalence of, 80 rapid progressive disease course, 81 respiratory infections, 81 segment involved in, 84 X-linked recessive disorder, 80 Durrer concept, 23 E Early repolarization pattern (ERP), 55 Electrical endocardial catheter mapping, Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), 50, 144 atrial enlargement, 84 dromotropic disorders, 84 early post-operative arrhythmias, 84 ECG of RV, 84, 86 ECG/VCG correlation in FP, 84, 86 in HP and LSP, 84, 87 features, 83 heart failure, cause of, 84 supraventricular arrhythmia, 84 tropical zone, prevalence in, 83 H Half-area vector (HAV), 43, 44 Heart block, 4 Heart failure (HF) in DMD patients, 81, 82 EMF, 84 Hemiblock, 5, 19, 36, 143 His, Wilhelm, Jr., 3 4

3 149 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 50, 144 left septal mass hypertrophy, NO-HCM (see Non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (NO-HCM) ) obstructive HCM, 75 RVH, 74, 75 R waves, 74 I Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 79 Incomplete left bundle branch block (ILBBB), 38, 77 Incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB), 18, 70, 131, 132 DMD patients, 81 RECD of, 69 Interventricular septum (IVS), 1, 6, 11 12, 14 Intraventricular aberrant conduction, 36 Isolated left septal fascicular block, 144 and CRBBB, QRS loop, diagnosis of, 137 ventricular activation in (see Ventricular activation ) K Katz-Wachtel phenomenon, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 37 with cardiac disease, 131 clinical manifestations, 131 CRBBB, 135, 136, 139 deep hyperreflexia and Babinsky sign, 133 IRBBB, 131, 132 LAFB, 135, 136, 139 left septal fascicle, 137 LSFB, , 139 progressive muscular weakness, 131 vectorcardiogram, 134 L LAF. See Left anterior fascicle (LAF) LBB. See Left bundle branch (LBB) LBBB. See Left bundle branch block (LBBB) LCX artery. See Left circumflex (LCX) artery Left anterior descending (LAD) artery aortic stenosis, 12 diagonal arteries, 12 epicardial, 11 intramuscular, 11 LMCA, origin from, 11 O-HCM, 12, 13 ramus intermedius, 13 septal perforating branches, Left anterior fascicle (LAF), 1 blood supply, conduction velocity and action potential, 30, 32 distribution and trajectory of, 9, 10 ventricular distributions of, 9 Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), 5, 11, 16, 135, 136, 139 Left bifascicular block, Left bundle branch (LBB) blood supply, 15 bundle branches, fan-like interconnected network, 1, 143 His bundle, 14, 15 LAF (see Left anterior fascicle (LAF) ) LAFB, 5 left His system, trifascicular nature of, 2 4, 15, 16, 18 19, 143 LPF (see Left posterior fascicle (LPF) ) LSF (see Left septal fascicle (LSF) ) origin, 1 quadrifascicular/uhley s concept, 4 subdivision block, 36 Sunao-Tawara concept, 2 3 Left bundle branch block (LBBB), 12, 38, 53, 121 atypical LBBB, 18, 144 in CHF patients, 82 Left circumflex (LCX) artery, 5, 11, 13, 16, 57 Left His system, trifascicular nature of, 2 4, 15, 16, 18 19, 144 Left intraventricular conduction disturbances, Left main coronary artery (LMCA) LAD artery, 11 obstruction in, Left maximum spatial voltage (LMSV), 47 Left median hemiblock, 36 Left posterior fascicle (LPF), 1 blood supply, 16 conduction velocity and action potential, 30, 32 distribution and trajectory of, 9, 10 ventricular distributions of, 9

4 150 Left septal fascicle (LSF), 1 anatomic variants, 143 type I, 6 type II, 5, 6 type III, 7 type IV, 7 type V, 5, 8 type VI, 8 9 blood supply, 16 conduction velocity and action potential, distribution and trajectory of, 9 10 ventricular distributions of, 9 Left septal fascicular block (LSFB) anteroseptal myocardial infarction, chronic chagasic myocarditis (see Chronic chagasic myocarditis ) coronary heart disease, differential diagnosis, PAF causes (see Prominent anterior QRS forces (PAF) ) electrocardiographic criteria for, 38 electrovectorcardiographic characterization of, 40 etiological causes for, 37, 144 Kearns-Sayre syndrome (see Kearns-Sayre syndrome ) LAD lesions, 17 left bifascicular block, LMCA obstruction, nomenclature, old anterior wall MI, progressive intraventricular conduction disturbances, transient left bi-fascicular block (see Transient left bi-fascicular block ) transient left septal fascicular block (see Transient left septal fascicular block ) vectorcardiographic criteria for, 39 ventricular activation in basal final vectors/forces (60 100/110 ms), 30 CRBBB characteristics, 39 ECG/VCG correlation, 28 electrical endocardial catheter mapping, initial activation vectors/forces (0 20 ms), 27 initial-intermediate vectors/forces (20 40 ms), 28, 39 intermediate-final vectors/forces (40 60 ms), 28, 29 Wellens syndrome, Left septal Purkinje network block, 36 Left ventricular enlargement (LVE), 52, 67 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 50 ApHCM ECG of, 64 ECG/VCG correlation of, 64, 65 type IV LVH, VCG characteristics of, 64 heart CCW rotation, longitudinal axis, 52, 62, 63 secondary to augmentation of 1 AM vector, 62, 63 VCG classification of, 62, 63 LMCA. See Left main coronary artery (LMCA) LPF. See Left posterior fascicle (LPF) LSF. See Left septal fascicle (LSF) LSFB. See Left septal fascicular block (LSFB) LVH. See Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) M Maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, 78 Maximal anterior voltage (Mx. A. V.), 47, 48 Maximal posterior voltage (Mx. P. V.), 47, 49 Maximal QRS vector (V. Mx), 47, 48 Middle fascicle block, 36 Myocardial infarction (MI), 10 11, 16 AMI, 10 intermittent PAF, 38 lateral MI, PAF, 144 elements for, 59 inferolateral MI, ECG/VCG correlation of, 60 inferolateral MI in acute phase, 57, 58 lateral-apical-inferior MI in chronic phase, 58 lateral wall MI, 57 mid-anterior wall MI, 57 modified Chou s vectorcardiographic criteria, 57 posterior wall, 57 old anterior wall MI clinical diagnosis, 97 ECG diagnosis, 97 ECG/VCG correlation, 98 Myocardial ischemia, 38, 79 Myocardial necrosis, 37, 79

5 151 N Non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (NO-HCM), 37 ApHCM (see Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) ) LSFB, electrovectorcardiographic features of, 75 76, 78 Non-spade apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 78 O Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (O-HCM) LAD artery, 12, 13 LSFB, 37 PAF, 75 Öhnell accordion phenomenon, 73 P PAF. See Prominent anterior QRS forces (PAF) Papillary muscle dysfunction, 37 Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), 73 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 114, 115 Permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation, 120, 121, 136 Pneumonia, 81 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 82 Programmed electrical stimulation (PES), 23, 79 Progressive intraventricular conduction disturbances echocardiogram, 119 left posterior fascicular block, 119 left septal fascicular block, 119 left ventricular hypertrophy with strain pattern, 119 physical examination, 119 valve replacement, Prominent anterior QRS forces (PAF), 18, 50, clockwise rotation, 51 combined/biventricular hypertrophy, 66 68, 80 CRBBB Cabrera/Kennedy type II, 69 Grishman/Kennedy type I, 68, 69 and isolated LSFB, Kennedy type III/C, 69 RECD, 69 dextroposition, 50 dextrocardia and dextroversion, 85, ECG of, 88 FP and HP, ECG/VCG correlation in, 88 and true dextrocardia, differential diagnosis between, 89 diastolic/eccentric LVH ApHCM, heart CCW rotation, longitudinal axis, 52, 62, 63 VCG classification of, 62, 63 Duchenne s cardiomyopathy (see Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ) electrocardiographic parameters anterior/anteroseptal wall (V1 V4) location, 41 R waves, normal amplitudes of, EMF (see Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) ) HCM ECG abnormalities in, left septal mass hypertrophy, NO-HCM (see Non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (NO-HCM) ) obstructive HCM, 75 RVH, 74, 75 R waves, 74 IRBBB, 69, 70 lateral myocardial infarction elements for, 59 inferolateral MI, ECG/VCG correlation of, 60 inferolateral MI in acute phase, 57, 58 lateral-apical-inferior MI in chronic phase, 58 lateral wall MI, 57 mid-anterior wall MI, 57 modified Chou s vectorcardiographic criteria, 57 posterior wall, 57 misplaced precordial leads, 56 normal variant with athletic heart syndrome, 50, CCW rotation, longitudinal axis, preexcitation WPW anomalous accessory pathway, locations of, 72

6 152 Prominent anterior QRS forces (PAF) (cont.) concertina effect/öhnell accordion phenomenon, 73 ECG/VCG correlation, modified Rosenbaum classification of, 71, 72 tachyarrhythmias, 73 right ventricular hypertrophy and LSFB, differential diagnosis between, types A and B, ECG/VCG of, 60, 61 vectorcardiographic parameters AAT, 43, 44 example, 43 HAV, 43, 44 maximal anterior voltage in HP, 47, 48 maximal posterior voltage in HP, 47, 49 maximal QRS vector in HP, 47, 48 normal QRS loop in HP, T-loop in HP, 46 TRV in HP, 47, 49 Pulmonary stenosis (PS), 69 Purkinje cells, 3 action potential of, characteristics of, 31 Y shape of, 32, 33 Q Quadrifascicular concept, 4, 144 R Right bundle branch (RBB) blood supply, 15 transcatheter ablation, 18 Right bundle branch block (RBBB), 53 athletic heart syndrome, 54 LAD, septal perforating branches of, 11 Right coronary artery (RCA), 8, 13 14, 114 Right end conduction delay (RECD), 39, 46, 69, 107, 134 Right maximum spatial voltage (RMSV), 47 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), 50, 74, 75, 104, 119, 137, 144 and LSFB, differential diagnosis between, types A and B, ECG/VCG of, 60, 61 S Septal branch disease, 12 ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS), 114 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) ApHCM, 78, 79 in DMD patients, 82 Sunao-Tawara concept, 2 3 Supraventricular arrhythmia DMD, 81 EMF, 84 T Tachyarrhythmias WPW pattern, 73 Tawara, Sunao, 2 3 Terminal right voltage (TRV), 47, 49, 62 Three vessel coronary disease, 97, 99 Transient bifascicular block, 130 Transient intraventricular conduction disturbance, Transient left bi-fascicular block ECG-1 vs. ECG-2, hemodynamic cardiac-coronary catheterization, 122 sublingual nitrate and acetylsalicylic acid, 123 typical chest pain, 122 Transient left septal fascicular block chest pain, 114 PTCA, 114, 115 stent placement, before and after typical angor pectoris, 114, 115 U Uhley s concept, 4 V Ventricular activation biventricular chamber normal initial activation sequence (0 20 ms), 25 normal total activation sequence (0 90 ms), 26 Durrer concept, 23 first 1 AM ms, 26 heart wall and precordial leads, correlation of, 25 in LSFB basal final vectors/forces (60 100/110 ms), 30 CRBBB characteristics, 39

7 153 ECG/VCG correlation, 28 electrical endocardial catheter mapping, initial activation vectors/forces (0 20 ms), 27 initial-intermediate vectors/forces (20 40 ms), 28, 39 intermediate-final vectors/forces (40 60 ms), 28, 29 LSF, conduction velocity and action potential, normal initial ventricular activation (0 10 ms), 24 RV apex activation, 25 ventricular depolarization, four vectors of, 24 Ventricular arrhythmias, 82 Ventricular fibrillation (VF), 74, 79 W Wellens syndrome, 17, 37, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 38, 50, 144 anomalous accessory pathway, locations of, 72 concertina effect/öhnell accordion phenomenon, 73 ECG/VCG correlation, modified Rosenbaum classification of, 71, 72 tachyarrhythmias, 73