Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Transcription

1 Cardiovascular System at a Glance Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes

2 Cardiovascular System at a Glance Organs of Cardiovascular System Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins

3 Cardiovascular Combining Forms angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o vessel aorta artery fatty substance atrium heart

4 Cardiovascular Combining Forms coron/o hemangi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o heart blood vessel vein pulse chest clot

5 Cardiovascular Combining Forms valv/o valvul/o vascul/o vas/o ven/o ventricul/o valve valve blood vessel vessel, duct vein ventricle

6 Cardiovascular System Suffixes manometer ole tension ule instrument to measure pressure small pressure small

7 Anatomy and Physiology Also called circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout body Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination

8 Anatomy and Physiology Is composed of: Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

9 Systemic Circulation Between heart and cells of body Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart

10 Pulmonary Circulation Between heart and lungs Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

11 Figure 5.1 A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.

12 Heart Muscular pump Made up of cardiac muscle fibers Could be called a muscle instead of an organ Beats an average of beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day Each time the muscle contracts: Blood is ejected from heart Pushed throughout body within blood vessels

13 Heart Located in the mediastinum More to left side of chest Directly behind sternum About size of a fist Shaped like upside-down pear Tip of heart at lower edge Called the apex

14 Heart Layers Endocardium Myocardium Inner layer Lines heart chambers Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers Middle layer Thick muscle Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels Epicardium Outer layer Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

15 Figure 5.3 Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.

16 Heart Chambers Divided into four chambers Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum

17 Atria Left and right upper chambers Receiving chambers Blood returns to atria in veins Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins

18 Ventricles Left and right lower chambers Pumping chambers Thick myocardium Blood exits ventricles into arteries Aorta Pulmonary artery

19 Heart Valves Four valves in heart Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow Found at entrance and exit to ventricles Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber

20 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava

21 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2. Right atrium contracts Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle

22 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3. Right ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery Carries blood to lungs

23 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins

24 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5. Left atrium contracts Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle

25 Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6. Left ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta Largest artery in the body Carries blood to all parts of body

26 Figure 5.6 The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart.

27 Systole and Diastole Heart chambers alternate between: Relaxing to fill Contracting to push blood forward Relaxation phase is diastole Contraction phase is systole

28 Blood Vessels Pipes that circulate blood through body Three types: Arteries Capillaries Veins Lumen is the channel within blood vessels

29 Arteries Large thick-walled vessels Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles

30 Arteries Carry blood away from heart Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body Coronary arteries supply myocardium

31 Capillaries Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed Connecting unit between arteries and veins Arterial blood flows into capillary bed Venous blood flows out of capillary bed Location for: Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in

32 Veins Much thinner walls than arteries Much lower pressure system than in arteries Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart Smallest veins are called venules

33 Veins Carry blood towards the heart From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body

34 Blood Pressure Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels Elasticity of arteries Diameter of blood vessels Viscosity of blood Volume of blood Amount of resistance to blood flow

35 Blood Pressure During ventricular systole Blood is under great pressure Gives highest pressure systolic Top number of blood pressure reading During ventricular diastole Blood isn t being pushed from heart at all Blood pressure drops to lowest point diastolic Bottom number of blood pressure reading

36 Word Building with angi/o gram angiogram record of a vessel itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel spasm angiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel

37 Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o ic aortic pertaining to the aorta al arterial pertaining to an artery ole arteriole small artery rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery

38 Word Building with ather/o & atri/o ectomy oma atherectomy atheroma surgical removal of fatty substance fatty substance tumor/growth al atrial pertaining to the atrium inter al interatrial pertaining to between the atrium

39 Word Building with cardi/o ac cardiac pertaining to the heart brady ia bradycardia electr/o gram electrocardiogram state of slow heart record of heart s electricity megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart my/o al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle ologist cardiologist heart specialist rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy ia tachycardia state of fast heart

40 Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o ary coronary pertaining to the heart itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel

41 Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve ar valvular pertaining to a valve

42 Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o ous venous pertaining to veins ule venule small vein gram venogram record of a vein ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles inter ar interventricular pertaining to between ventricles

43 Cardiovascular Vocabulary auscultation cardiology catheter listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels

44 Cardiovascular Vocabulary infarct ischemia murmur orthostatic hypotension area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly

45 Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitations plaque regurgitation pounding, racing heartbeats yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve

46 Cardiovascular Vocabulary sphygmomanometer stent stethoscope blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen instrument for listening to body sounds

47 Heart Pathology angina pectoris arrhythmia bundle branch block (BBB) severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called heart block

48 Heart Pathology cardiac arrest cardiomyopathy complete stopping of heart activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital septal defect (CSD) hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

49 Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) coronary artery disease (CAD) endocarditis left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation

50 Figure 5.15 Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery.

51 Coronary Artery Disease Animation Click here to view an animation about coronary artery disease. Back to Directory

52 Heart Pathology fibrillation flutter heart valve prolapse heart valve stenosis extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation

53 Heart Pathology myocardial infarction (MI) myocarditis pericarditis tetralogy of Fallot occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack inflammation of heart muscle layer inflammation of pericardial sac combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery

54 Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries arteriosclerosis hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall

55 Figure 5.17 Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured.

56 Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (CoA) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region

57 Figure 5.19 Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.

58 Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) hypotension patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth

59 Blood Vessel Pathology peripheral vascular disease (PVD) polyarteritis Raynaud s phenomenon abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation inflammation of several arteries periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure

60 Blood Vessel Pathology thrombophlebitis inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs

61 Cardiovascular Pharmacology ACE inhibitor drugs antiarrhythmic anticoagulant antilipidemic produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias prevents blood clot formation reduces blood cholesterol level Lotensin, Capoten Tambocor, Corvert Warfarin, Coumadin Lipitor, Zocor

62 Cardiovascular Pharmacology Betablocker Calcium channel blocker cardiotonic lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure increases force of heart contraction to treat congestive heart failure Lopressor, Inderal Cardizem, Procardia Lanoxin

63 Cardiovascular Pharmacology diuretic thrombolytic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure dissolves existing blood clot Lasix Plavix, Activase

64 Cardiovascular Pharmacology vasoconstrictor vasodilator contracts smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area Aramine Nitro-Dur, Vasodilan

65 Cardiovascular Abbreviations AFB AMI AS ASD ASHD AV, A-V BBB BP atrial fibrillation acute myocardial infarction arteriosclerosis atrial septal defect arteriosclerotic heart disease atrioventricular bundle branch block blood pressure

66 Cardiovascular Abbreviations bpm CABG CAD cath CC CCU CHF CoA beats per minute coronary artery bypass graft coronary artery disease catheterization cardiac catheterization, chief complaint coronary care unit congestive heart failure coarctation of the aorta

67 Cardiovascular Abbreviations CP CPK CPR CSD CV DVT ECC ECG, EKG chest pain creatine phosphokinase cardiopulmonary resuscitation congenital septal defect cardiovascular deep vein thrombosis extracorporeal circulation electrocardiogram

68 Cardiovascular Abbreviations ECHO GOT HTN ICU IV LDH echocardiogram glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase hypertension intensive care unit intravenous lactate dehydrogenase

69 Cardiovascular Abbreviations LVAD LVH MI mmhg MR MS MVP left ventricular assist device left ventricular hypertrophy myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency millimeters of mercury mitral regurgitation mitral stenosis mitral valve prolapse

70 Cardiovascular Abbreviations P PAC PDA PTCA PVC S1 S2 pulse premature atrial contraction patent ductus arteriosus percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty premature ventricular contraction first heart sound second heart sound

71 Cardiovascular Abbreviations SA, S-A SGOT SK tpa Vfib VSD VT sinoatrial serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase streptokinase tissue-type plasminogen activator ventricular fibrillation ventricular septal defect ventricular tachycardia