Cardiovascular & Lymphatic. Anatomy

Transcription

1 Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Chapter Ten Medical Terminology HIT # 141 Anatomy Heart = muscular organ, circulates blood, two upper chambers = right & left atrium and two lower chambers, right & left ventricle, cardiac separates the right and left sides. Tricuspid valve = between right atrium and right ventricle. Bicuspid valve = located between the left ventricle and left atrium. Semilunar valves = between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and aorta. 1

2 Layers of the heart: Anatomy Pericardium = two-layer sac covering the heart. Visceral = closest to the myocardium. Parietal = lines the pericardium. Myocardium = middle thick muscular layer. Endocardium = inner lining of the heart. Arteries= carry blood containing oxygen away from the heart to the body cells. Arterioles= smallest arteries. Aorta= largest artery in the body Anatomy Veins= carry blood containing carbon dioxide back to the heart. Venules = smallest veins. Venae Cavae= largest veins in the body, inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from below the diaphragm, superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the upper part of the body. Capillaries = connect arterioles with venules. Plasma= liquid portion of blood. 2

3 Blood cell types Blood= composed of plasma and formed elements such as cells. Erythrocytes = red blood cells carry oxygen. Leukocytes = white blood cells fight infection. Platelets = thrombocytes platelets for coagulation. Lymphatic System Lymph= transparent, colorless, tissue fluid. Lymph nodes = small spherical bodies, act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood. Spleen= left side of abdominal cavity, largest lymphatic organ in the body. Thymus gland = behind the breast bone, important role in development of the body s immune system. 3

4 Combining Form Angi/o = vessel. Valv/o valvul/o = valve. Aort/o = aorta. Ventricul/0 = ventricle. Arteri/o = artery. Atri/o = atrium. Cardi/o Coron/o = heart. Lymph/o = lymph. Phleb/o = vein or Ven/o. plasm/o = plasma splen/o = spleen. Thym/o = thymus gland. Combining Form Ather/o = yellowish, fatty plaque. Bacteri/o = bacteria. Ech/o = sound. Electr/o = electricity. Isch/o = deficiency, blockage. Sphygm/o = pulse. Steth/o = chest. Therm/o = heat. Thromb/o = clot. 4

5 Prefixes & Suffixes Brady-= slow. Tachy- = fast, rapid. -ac = pertaining to. -apheresis = removal. -crit = to separate. -graph = instrument used to record. -odynia = pain. -penia = abnormal reduction in number. -poiesis = formation. -sclerosis = hardening. Disease & Disorder Terms Angiocarditis = inflammation of the blood vessels and heart. Angioma= tumor composed of blood vessels. Angiospasm = spasm of the blood vessels. Angiostenosis = narrowing of a blood vessel. Aortic stenosis = narrowing of the aorta. Arteriorrhexis = rupture of an artery. Arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis = hardening of the arteries, with a yellowish fatty plaque on the wall. 5

6 Disease & Disorder Terms Bacterial Endocarditis = caused by bacteria, inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Bradycardia= condition of a slow heart rate. Cardiodynia = pain in the heart. Cardiomegaly = enlargement of the heart. Cardiomyopathy = disease of heart muscle. Cardiovalvulitis = inflammation of the heart valves. Coronary Ischemia = deficient supply of blood to the heart s blood vessels. Disease & Disorder Terms Coronary thrombosis = clot in a blood vessel. Endocarditis = inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Myocarditis = inflammation of the muscle of the heart. Pericarditis = inflammation of the outer layer of the heart. Tachycardia = state of rapid heart rate. Hematocytopenia = reduction in the number of red blood cells. 6

7 Disease & Disorder Terms Hematoma = tumor of blood, caused by clotted blood. Lymphadenitis = inflammation of the lymph glands. Lymphoma = tumor of lymphatic tissue. Splenomegaly = enlargement of the spleen. Thymoma = tumor of the thymus gland. Anemia= reduction the amount of hemoglobin. Aneurysm = ballooning of a weakened arterial wall. Disease & Disorder Terms Angina Pectoris = chest pain, insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac arrest = sudden cessation of cardiac output, requires CPR. Coarctation of the aorta = congenital cardiac condition, narrowing of the aorta. Congenital heart disease = heart abnormality present a birth. Congestive heart failure = inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body. CHF Coronary occlusion = obstruction of an artery of the heart. 7

8 Disease & Disorder Terms Deep vein thrombosis = thrombus in a deep vein of the body, iliac and femoral veins. Dysrhythmia = any disturbance or abnormality of the heart s normal rhythmic pattern. Embolus = blood clot or foreign material, in the blood stream and lodges at another point. Fibrillation = rapid quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles. Hemophilia = inherited bleeding disease by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII. Hemorrhoid = varicose vein in the rectal area. Disease & Disorder Terms Hodgkin s disease =malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue, progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes. Hypertensive heart disease = disorder of the heart from high blood pressure. Leukemia= excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow. Myocardial infarction (MI) = death of a portion of the myocardial muscle, from loss of blood supply. Heart attack. 8

9 Disease & Disorder Terms Mitral valve stenosis = narrowing of the mitral valves from scarring, due to rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever = inflammatory disease occurring in children. Rheumatic heart disease = damage to the heart muscle of valves caused by rheumatic fever. Sickle cell anemia = hereditary chronic hemolytic disease, crescent shaped red blood cells, very painful. Varicose veins = distended or tortuous veins, usually in the legs. Surgical Terms Angioplasty = surgical repair of a blood vessel. Angiorrhaphy = suturing of a blood vessel. Artherectomy = surgical removal of plaque using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter. Endarterectomy = excision within of the thickened interior of an artery. Phlebectomy = excision of a vein. Splenectomy = excision of the spleen. Splenopexy = surgical fixation of the spleen. Thymectomy = excision of the thymus gland. 9

10 Surgical Terms Aneurysmectomy = surgical excision of an aneurysm. Cardiac pacemaker = battery powered or nuclear powered apparatus implanted under the skin to regulate the heart rate. Coronary artery bypass = surgical technique to bring new blood supply to the heart muscle, by detouring around the blockage. Coronary stent = supportive device implanted in the artery to prevent closure after angioplasty. Defibrillation = electric shock to restore normal cardiac rhythm. Surgical Terms Embolectomy = surgical removal of an embolus, or clot. Hemorrhoidectomy = excision of hemorrhoid. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty = a balloon is passed through a blood vessel and inflated and flattens the plaque against the vessel wall and allows free circulation. Angiography = x-ray filming of a blood vessel. Angioscope = instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel. 10

11 Surgical Terms Aortogram = x-ray film of the aorta. Arteriogram= x-ray film of the artery. Phlebography = x-ray filming a vein. Echocardiogram = record of the heart using sound. Electrocardiogram = record of the electrical activity of the heart. Electrocardiograph = instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart. Stethoscope = instrument used to examine chest sounds. Procedural Terms Erythrocyte count = RBC count per cubic millimeter of blood. Hematocrit = separated blood, % of erythrocytes in whole blood after separation. Leukocyte count = WBC count. Lymphangiogram = x-ray film of the lymphatic vessels. Cardiac catheterization = introduction of a catheter into the heart, to determine cardiac disease, through a blood vessel. 11

12 Procedural Terms Doppler flow studies = ultrasound to determine the velocity of the flow of blood within vessels. Thallium stress testing = nuclear medicine test used to determine blood flow to the myocardium while the patient is exercising. Used to diagnose coronary artery disease. Treadmill stress test = used to assess the ability of the coronary circulation to handle the increased load placed on the heart by exercise. Sphygmomanometer = used for measuring arterial blood pressure. Blood Pressure Normal 120/80 Bottom # is Diastolic = dilatation of the Heart, especially the ventricles Top # is Systolic = contraction of the Heart, especially the ventricles Readings are in increments of 2 Diastolic above 90 is bad Systolic above 160 is bad 12

13 Procedural Terms Complete blood count = CBC basic blood screening, RBC, WBC, morphology, hemoglobin, etc. Coagulation time = blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot. Hemoglobin= oxygen carrying components in red blood cells. Prothrombin time = test to determine coagulation activity defects. Bone marrow biopsy = needle puncture to remove bone marrow for study. Procedural Terms Cardiac = pertaining to the heart. Cardiogenic = originating in the heart. Cardiologist = physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart. Hematologist = physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood. Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells. Hemolysis = disolution of RBC. Hemostasis= stoppage of bleeding. Tachypena = rapid breathing. 13

14 Complementary Terms Thrombolysis = dissolution of a clot. Auscultation = hearing sounds within the body through a stethoscope. Blood pressure = pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation = CPR Diastole= phase in cardiac cycle, ventricles relax between contraction. Extravasation = escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue. Complementary Terms Heart murmur = short duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin. Hypertension = blood pressure that is above normal. Hypotension = below normal blood pressure. Occlude = to close tightly. Percussion = tapping of a body surface to determine density of the part beneath. Systole= phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contact. 14

15 Complementary Terms Vasoconstrictor = agent of nerve that narrows the lumen of blood vessels. Vasodilator = agent or nerve that enlarges the lumen of blood vessels. Venipuncture = puncture of a vein to remove blood, install medication or start and IV. Anticoagulant = slows down clotting process. Hemorrhage = rapid flow of blood. Plasma= liquid portion of the blood. Serum= liquid portion of the blood without the clotting factor. Abbreviations BP= blood pressure CABG= coronary artery bypass graft CAD= coronary artery disease CBC = complete blood count CCU = coronary care unit CHF= congestive heart failure CPR= cardiopulmonary resuscitation DVT = deep vein thrombosis EKGECG= electrocardiogram HCT= hematocrit 15

16 Abbreviations HgB= hemoglobin HHD = hypertensive heart disease MI= myocardial infarction PT= prothrombin time RBC = red blood cell WBC= white blood cell leukocyte PTCA= percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty SPECT = single photon emission computed tomography The end of Chapter 10 Study time 16