SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION IN SHOCK
|
|
- Lionel Merritt
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1967 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vo!' 52, No.2, Part 2 Printea in U.S.A. SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION IN SHOCK FOUAD A. BASHOUR, M.D., AND ROBERT MCCLELLAND, M.D. Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas Shock refers to a complex clinical picture manifested by signs and symptoms which result from an inadequate blood supply to the various organs of the body. A number of factors contribute to this clinical picture, but the main contenders for the site of the "central lesion" of shock are the splanchnic organs (intestines and liver) and the heart. It is, therefore, not surprising that so many investigators have stressed the vascular and anatomical changes in the splanchnic bed. In the normal state, the splanchnic bed plays an important role in the over-all circulatory adjustment in both human beings and animals. This bed, in general, receives 20% of the cardiac output and constitutes 25% of the total blood volume. In this regard, the liver and the portal vein function as blood reservoirs. The liver is endowed with specialized anatomical structures (sphincters) that control the outflow of blood from this reservoir.! Clinically and experimentally, the small intestines have been implicated in endotoxin shock. Penner and Bernheim 2 noted that congestion, edema, and hemorrhage appeared in the submucosa, with hemorrhagic necrosis as a later complication of endotoxin shock in man. Similarly, extensive hemorrhagic congestion and edema of the intestines were common findings in dogs but were not seen in the monkey. In the monkey, endotoxin resulted in a gradual and progressive fall in the systemic blood pressure. 3 The close, phylogenetic proxim- This work is supported by Grants HE and HE from the United States Public Health Service. The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. Gary Coffman, Constantine Kousari des, Willie McFarland, Paul Parker, and W. F. Howard. 461 ity of monkey to man would indicate that all the hemodynamic findings in dogs are probably not applicable to man. The behavior of the splanchnic vascular bed in dogs with endotoxin shock is different from that in hemorrhagic shock. We would like to review the observed hemodynamic and some of the metabolic changes that follow a sublethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin (2 mg per kg) and to contrast some of these changes with those seen in hemorrhagic shock. Our observations were made in fasting, adult mongrel dogs (12 to 20 kg) that were anesthetized with pentobarbital and paralyzed with succinylcholine. Their r e s p i r a ~ tory rate and tidal volume were controlled throughout the experiment by an electrically driven respirator. All of these studies were performed while the animals were breathing room air. Hepatic blood flow was estimated by the clearance and extraction method of Bradley, with either p31-rose Bengal or Bromsulphalein dye as the extractable substance. A simultaneous measurement of the cardiac output was made by the dye dilution method using cardiogreen dye. Splanchnic blood volume was determined from the mean circulation time and the estimated hepatic blood flow immediately before and 30 to 40 min after the intravenous injection of endotoxin. All pressure measurements were simultaneously recorded on heat-sensitive paper (Polyviso Sanborn). The hepatic vein and wedge pressures were obtained by introducing two cardiac catheters into the external jugular veins, and under fluoroscopic guidance each catheter was placed in a separate lobe of the liver. The hepatic wedge, or sinusoidal, pressure approximated the portal vein pressure, and the changes that are seen in the former paralleled those of the portal vein. All of
2 462 BA SHOUR AND McCLELLAND Vol. 52, No.2, Part 2 these circulatory parameters were determined b efore and at regular intervals of 10 min (labeled as period) after endotoxin administration, whereas the metabolic measurements were recorded once before and once after (30 to 60 min) endotoxin was given. Hemodynamic Changes in the Splanchnic Circulation Changes in the hepatic wedge, vein, and systemic arterial pressures. After the injection of endotoxin and 5 to 10 sec before the drop in the systemic arterial pressure, a rise in the hepatic wedge pressure occurred (fig. 1). The rise in the hepatic wedge pressure reached a peak in the first few minutes after endotoxin was given and returned gradually toward the baseline. At the 60th min, the hepatic wedge pressure averaged 118% of the control in a group of 9 dogs. The observed changes in the hepatic wedge pressure paralleled those seen in the mean portal vein pressure (fig. 2). The hepatic venous pressure, on the other hand, decreased in the immediate period following injection of endotoxin, reaching 88% of the control value 5 min later. In most instances, the hepatic vein pressure rose slightly above the control level at the 20th min, and it continued at this level for the rest of the period of observation. The maximal drop in the systemic arterial pressure occurred 2 to 3 min after endotoxin and averaged 45% of the control pressure. A gradual return of the systemic pressure became noticeable by the 5th to the 8th min and reached 70% of the control level by the end of 60 min of observation. Figure 3 represents a composite picture of the pressure changes that follow the administration of a sublethal dose of endotoxin in dogs. Hemorrhagic shock, on the other hand, decreased the systemic arterial, hepatic venous, and wedge pressures. 5 Changes in the total splanchnic (or the estimated hepatic) blood flow. In hemorrhagic shock, a marked reduction in the total splanchnic blood flow was reported by a number of observers,5. 6 but few observations have been made concerning the changes in the total splanchnic flow during endotoxin shock. The estimated hepatic blood flow was observed to increase after a pyrogenic febrile reaction,4 2 to 3 hi' after the administration of sub febrile doses of bacterial pyrogens, at a time when the cardiac output showed no significant change. 7 During endotoxin shock in the experimental animal, we found that both the cardiac output and the estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) dropped. The EHBF Femoral Artery Hepatic Wedge Hepatic Vein FIG. 1. Effect of endotoxin on splanchnic circulation (dog 503 a). Simultaneous recording of the femoral arterial pressure, hepatic wedge, and vein pressures before and after the injection of endotoxin (2 mg per kg).
3 February 1967 SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION IN SHOCK 463 min I/g Hepatic Wedge mmhg Portal Vein mmhg 1 0 : ~ : ~ F : Femoral Artery Superior Mesenteric Artery Flow mllmin --Continued---+- Effect Of Endotoxin On Superior Mesentery Arterial Blood Flow Dog # 401 (a) FIG. 2. Simultaneous recording of the hepatic wedge, portal vein, femoral arterial pressures, and superior mesenteric arterial blood flow before and after the injection of endotoxin (2 mg per kg). averaged 502 ml per min and corresponded to 19% of the cardiac output during the control period. In the first 10 min after endotoxin was given, the average EHBF dropped to 194 ml per min, which corresponded to 29% of the cardiac output. In the subsequent periods, the EHBF rose to 312, 314, and 288 ml per min during the 2nd, 3rd, and 6th period, respectively, after the administration of endotoxin. The fraction of the cardiac output represented by the EHBF remained above the control level in 5 of the 9 dogs, and it averaged 23% in the 6th period (50 to 60 min) after endotoxin. It would appear that during endotoxin shock the total splanchnic bed received a larger fraction of the reduced total cardiac output, resulting in a further decrease of the blood flow to other parts of the body. The changes that occurred in the hepatic arterial inflow during endotoxin shock were studied in 4 dogs with end to side portacaval shunts with gradual occlusion of the inferior vena cava just above the shunt. The inferior vena cava was gradually
4 464 BASHOUR AND McCLELLAND Vol. 52, No.2, Part 2 :'...,.... I... (n: 9 d.ogs) HEPATIC WEDGE I I... ((Sinusoidal), '-- HEP. VEIN \'SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL + E n C 1 o i c ; l ) < i n ( 2 m ~ / k g - - ~! ~ ~! ~ ~ ~! ~ ~! ~ ' I ' J - - ~! ~ Minu./;es FIG. 3. Effect of endotoxin on splanchnic circulation. Changes in the hepatic wedge, hepatic vein, and systemic arterial mean pressures during endotoxin shock ~ He{?a;fic At'ter>iaL (PC Shunt) o Total I-Iepa-l:ic , E'1dotO;l<!,.., (2 " I ~ / 1 < '? ', ) 1ST 2ND 31<:0 6 TH PERIODS FIG. 4. Effect of endotoxin on splanchnic circulation. Changes in the total hepatic and hepatic arterial blood flows during endotoxin shock. occluded by slow thrombosis by placing a hollow Tygon tube within it, cephalad to the shunt at the time that the shunt was made. In these dogs, the hepatic arterial inflow was greater than in simple portacaval shunt and averaged 15 to 18% of the cardiac output. s The hepatic arterial blood flow was estimated by the extraction and clearance method of Bradley. In figure 4, we represented graphically the mean changes of the hepatic arterial inflow in portacaval shunt dogs and compared it with the total hepatic blood flow in normal dogs following endotoxin. In the first period, the mean hepatic arterial inflow increased slightly to 103%, and the total hepatic blood flow decreased to 39% of the control. In the 2nd, 3rd, and 6th periods, the decrease in the hepatic arterial inflow was 9, 17, and 22%, respectively, and, in the total hepatic blood flow, 38, 37, and 43%. Elsewhere in this symposium, Fine discussed the intestinal circulation in shock. 9 Longerbeam et al.1 demonstrated previously that the superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) blood flow decreased promptly and markedly after the injection of endotoxin. The findings illustrated in figure 2 confirmed their observation and pointed to the marked reduction in the SMA blood flow, particularly in the early postendotoxin period. Changes in the peripheral, total splanchnic, and postsinusoidal resistances. The systemic as well as the splanchnic resistances increased after the injection of E. coli endotoxin, as diagrammed in figure 5. Although these resistances behaved in a similar fashion, differences in the magnitude of the change were apparent. The increase in the peripheral resistance, as compared to the control level, was consistently greater than the relative increase that was observed in the total splanchnic resistance. The average increase in a group of 9 dogs in the peripheral resistance was 196, 153, and 147% during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th period, respectively, after endotoxin infusion, as compared to the 128, 147, and 128% for the same periods for the total splanchnic resistance. Similar relationships between these two resistances were noted in hemorrhagic shock. 5 The postsinusoidal resistance, a venous resistance, contributed a little to the overall splanchnic resistance. This resistance, RESISTANCES r-"------, 1 ~ l d.!!- d ~ ;j 41 J. ~ ~ ~ <. 0 \. ~ «~ J ~ u }. ~ ~ r : r i ' ~ CONTROL 1 ST 3 RD PERIODS FIG. 5. Effect of endotoxin on splanchnic circulation. Changes in the total peripheral, total splanchnic, and postsinusoidal resistances during endotoxin shock.
5 February 1967 SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION IN SHOCK 465 HW-HV EHBF where HW (hepatic wedge pressure) and HV (hepatic venous pressure) were measured in millimeters of mercury and EHBF in liters per minute, rose markedly after endotoxin. The increase was most marked in the 1st lo-min period, and it was maintained between 300 and 328% of the control level during the remaining periods, tending to decrease gradually in some instances. The finding of an increased postsinusoidal resistance is due to constriction of the outlet (sphincter) of the liver sinusoids. 1 Splanchnic blood volume. In hemorrhagic shock, the reduction in splanchnic blood volume 6 suggested a restricted portal vascular volume or liver volume, or both, and confirmed the observation made roentgenographically by Friedman et aly of -collapsed hepatic venules and sinusoids. In dogs with endotoxin shock, MacLean et ap2 observed a mean increase of 140 g (range, 80 to 350 g) in the weight of the liver and estimated the mean total storage {)f fluid in the entire small intestine in 6 dogs to be 261 ml (range, 70 to 770 ml). Our own observations (table 1) of an increase in both the splanchnic blood volume and the ratio of the splanchnic to the total blood volume suggested hepatosplanchnic blood pooling and confirmed the direct observation made by MacLean et al. In our study, with one exception, (dog 811), endotoxin increased splanchnic blood volume by only 89 to 139 ml. The quantitative difference between these two studies suggested, perhaps, that some extravasation of the blood plasma occurred, which is reflected in a larger increase in the weight of the organ than in the measurement of its intravascular blood volume. It was not possible to determine from the present observation whether the portal venous or the hepatic venous system, or both, contributed to the increased splanchnic blood volume. MacLean et al. observed that the weight of the intestines rose after the weight of the liver and the portal vein pressure had returned to normal, suggesting that, perhaps 30 to 40 min after the administration of endotoxin, the increased TABLE 1. Effect of endotoxin on the splanchnic blood volume in dogs SBV Control 30 min SBV/. TBVb SBV SBV/. TBVb Endotoxin c Mean Normal Mean Splanchnic blood volume, in milliliters. b Ratio of SBV to total blood volume. c Dose, 2 mg per kg. I splanchnic volume was the result of an increase in the volume of the portal venous system. Comments on the Hemodynamics of Endotoxin Shock The drop of the total splanchnic blood flow in the 1st period after the administration of endotoxin was the most marked. This finding, coupled with the early drop in the hepatic venous pressure and the rise in the sinusoidal pressure, is the result of pooling of the blood in the hepatosplanchnic bedp The subsequent moderate increase in the splanchnic blood flow in the 2nd and 3rd periods after endotoxin can be explained by the release of the pooled blood from the hepatosplanchnic reservoir; this was associated with the gradual return of the systemic blood pressure toward the control level. In the last period of observation, the 6th period, the systemic blood pressure, the sinusoidal pressure, and the splanchnic blood flow tended to decline. The postsinusoidal resistance increased markedly after endotoxin injection, the result of the immediate and maximal constriction of the vascular apparatus that controls the outflow of blood from the
6 466 BASHOUR AND McCLELLAND Vol. 52, No.2, Part 2 Sys-ternic Artery 7>=9 vo.,..r.o.l Vein n=5 I-Iepcxi:.ic V ~ ' ; T ' ) n=9 N S N S N S : : ~ d d d by the observation that the mesenteric L in T n ~ / m 7. FIG. 6. Splanchnic circulation in endotoxin. Changes in the lactate concentration and the lactate-pyruvate (LIP) ratio in the systemic arterial, portal, and hepatic venous blood. N and S represent average values of these two parameters during control and shock periods, respectively. Blood lactate concentration is reported in milligrams per 100 ml and LIP ratio in units. n represents the number of dogs in each study. liver sinusoids, and it is responsible for the trapping of the blood in the splanchnic bed. The release of the trapped blood in the 2nd period and thereafter is consistent with the partial release of the constriction of these sphincters. The cardiac output dropped after endotoxin administration; it was probably solely the result of a decreased venous return subsequent to pooling of the blood in the splanchnic vascular bedp The fall in the blood pressure followed shortly the rise in the hepatic wedge pressure; it is believed to be primarily the result of a decreased cardiac output, not arteriolar dilation. This was demonstrated by Weil et al. 13 in dogs with total body perfusion; they observed no fall in the blood pressure after endotoxin. Had it been that arteriolar dilation followed endotoxin at the constant cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure would have fallen. The observed rise in calculated total peripheral resistance (or the state of the vascular resistance) could not be interpreted in the presence of a low cardiac output. In the normal state, the hepatic arterial inflow contributes 30 to 40% of the total hepatic blood flow, and the portal venous inflow, the rest, 60 to 70%. If, in dogs with portacaval shunt and common hepatic vein, the hepatic arterial inflow reacted to endotoxin in the same manner as in the normal dog, the 20% reduction in the hepatic arterial inflow in the face of a 40% reduction in the total hepatic blood flow would suggest that the portal venous inflow was comparatively and more markedly reduced by endotoxin. This is corroborated arterial flow is markedly reduced in endotoxin shock, and it could conceivably represent the initiating factor in the irreversibility of shock. H, 15 From the observed hemodynamic changes, it was felt that, of the two splanchnic organs (the liver or the intestines), the "key organ" in endotoxin shock is the intestines. Further evidences supporting this contention were gathered from the behavior of the lactate-pyruvate metabolism in these two organs. In endotoxin shock, the concentration of lactate increased in the systemic arterial, portal, and hepatic venous blood (fig. 6). During the control period, the concentration of lactate varied slightly in these three sites; it averaged 23.2, 28.4, and 22.9 mg per 100 ml, respectively. After endotoxin, the mean lactate concentration in the hepatic venous blood was lower than in the other two sites, indicating that lactate is still being utilized by the liver (fig. 6). The lactate-pyruvate (LIP) ratio at these three sites behaved in a similar fashion. During the control period, the LIP ratio averaged 21.1, 27.6, and 19.5 in the systemic arterial, portal, and hepatic venous blood, respectively. During endotoxin shock, the ratio at these sites increased to 28, 38, and 24.4, respectively (fig. 6). An increase in the LIP ratio is an indicator of the presence and severity of hypoxia; therefore, the finding of a relatively lower LIP ratio in the hepatic venous blood as compared to that in the systemic arterial and portal venous blood would indicate that the liver most probably is less hypoxic than the intestines. The observations are consistent with those of Ballinger et aj.16 in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. They found that the liver continued to remove lactate from the portal venous and the arterial blood until very low systemic ar-
7 February 1967 SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION IN SHOCK 467 terial pressure was attained. The point of departure of the liver from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism coincided with the drop in the splanchnic oxygen consumption. The mechanism responsible for endotoxin shock is complex. The hemodynamic change in the early phase of endotoxin shock is on a humoral basis. The similarity of these changes to those seen in anaphylaxis suggested the possibility that histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine may play a role in the genesis of these changes,17 Epinephrine and norepinephrine have also been shown to play a role in the endotoxin reaction. An increased level of circulating catecholamines was demonstrated by Von Euler 18 and confirmed by Rosenberg and his group.19 REFERENCES 1. Knisely, M., F. Harding, and H. Debacker, Hepatic sphincters. Science 125: Penner, A., and A. Bernheim Acute postoperative enterocolitis study of pathologic nature of shock. Arch. Path. (Chicago) 27: Kuida, H., R Gilbert, L. Hinshaw, J. Brunson, and M. Visscher Species differences in effect of gram-negative endotoxin on circulation. Amer. J. Physio!. 2QO: Bradley S. and J. Conan Estimated hepatic blood flow and Bromsulphalein extraction in normal man during the pyrogenic reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 26: Bashour, F. A., A. Nafrawi, and R Mc Clelland Splanchnic hemodynamics and carbohydrate metabolism in hemorrhagic shock, p In Shock and hypotension. Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York. 6. Reynell, P., P. Marks, C. Chidsey, and S. Bradley Changes in splanchnic blood volume and splanchnic blood flow in dogs after hemorrhage. Clin. Sci. 14: Hamrick, L., and J. Myers The effect of subfebrile doses of bacterial pyrogens on splanchnic metabolism and cardiac output. J. Clin. Med. (Shanghai) 35: Bashour, F. A., and R McClelland Portal venous-hepatic arterial reflex mechanism. Clin. Res. 14: Fine, J The intestinal circulation in shock. Gastroenterology 52: Longerbeam, J., R. Lillehei, W. Scott, and J. Rosenberg Visceral factors in shock. J. A. M. A. 181: Friedman, E., H. Frank, and J. Fine Portal circulation in experimental hemorrhagic shock; in vivo roentgen-ray studies. Ann. Surg. 134: MacLean, L., M. Weil, W. Spink, and M. Visscher Canine intestinal and liver weight changes induced by E. coli endotoxins. Proc. Soc. Exp. BioI. Med. 92: Weil, M., L. MacLean, M. Visscher, and W. Spink Studies on the circulatory changes in the dog produced by endotoxin from gram-negative micro-organisms. J. Clin. Invest. 35: Lillehei, R The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 42: Lillehei, R, and L. MacLean The intestinal factor in irreversible endotoxin shock. Ann. Surg. 148: Ballinger, W., H. Vollenweider, and E. Montgomery The response of the canine liver to anaerobic metabolism induced by hemorrhagic shock. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 112: Hinshaw, L., J. Vick, C. Carlson, and Y. Fan Role of histamine in endotoxin shock. Proc. Soc. Exp. BioI Med. 104: Von Euler, U Uber Hyperadrenalinamie bei Fieberzustanden. Arch. Ges. Physio!. 217 : Rosenberg J., R Lillehei, J. Longerbeam, and B. Zimmerman Studies on hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock in relation to vasomotor changes and endogenous circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Ann. Surg.154:
Endotoxin Shock in the Primate: Treatment with Phenoxybenzamine *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 43, No. 2, 1964 Endotoxin Shock in the Primate: Treatment with Phenoxybenzamine * JAMES A. VICK (From the Department of Surgery, Aucker Hospital, St. Paul, Minn.)
More informationHEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS DUE TO SALMONELLA TYPHOSA ENDOTOXIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CORONARY VASCULAR BED
HEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS DUE TO SALMONELLA TYPHOSA ENDOTOXIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CORONARY VASCULAR BED Edward D. Frohlich,, Jerry B. Scott, Elmo S. Dooley J Clin Invest. 1962;41(1):147-152. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci104457.
More informationIrreversible shock can defined as last phase of shock where despite correcting the initial insult leading to shock and restoring circulation there is
R. Siebert Irreversible shock can defined as last phase of shock where despite correcting the initial insult leading to shock and restoring circulation there is a progressive decline in blood pressure
More informationPortacaval Shunt in Patients with Cirrhosis *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 43, No. 7, 1964 Assessment of Portal and Hepatic Hemodynamics after Sideto-Side Portacaval Shunt in Patients with Cirrhosis * A. G. REDEKER,t C. T. KUNELISt S. YAMAMOTO,
More informationTHE Bromsulphalein extraction method
Comparison of the Bromsulphalein Method with Simultaneous Direct Hepatic Blood Flow By EWALD E. SELKURT, PH.D. A method has been devised for directly measuring hepatic outflow in dogs so as to permit simultaneous
More informationPeripheral Vascular Response to Simulated Hemorrhagic Shock during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Dogs
Peripheral Vascular Response to Simulated Hemorrhagic Shock during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Dogs By David Longnecker, M.D., and Francis L. Abel, M.D., Ph.D. ABSTRACT The peripheral vascular response to
More informationOBSERVATIONS ON HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
OBSERVATIONS ON HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION BY W. C. BOAKE, RAYMOND DALEY, AND I. K. R. McMILLAN From the Cardiac Department, St. Thomas's Hospital Received February 26, 1958 The increase in pulmonary
More informationPhysiological Response to Hypovolemic Shock Dr Khwaja Mohammed Amir MD Assistant Professor(Physiology) Objectives At the end of the session the
Physiological Response to Hypovolemic Shock Dr Khwaja Mohammed Amir MD Assistant Professor(Physiology) Objectives At the end of the session the students should be able to: List causes of shock including
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I (Kristan) Lecture 14 Cardiovascular control mechanisms p. 1 Terms you should understand: hemorrhage, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, anoxia, myocardial contractility, residual
More informationportal vein, all of the arterial inflow passes through the liver lobule and leaves via the hepatic veins.
THE EFFECTS OF RETROGRADE PORTAL VENOUS FLOW FOLLOWING SIDE-TO-SIDE PORTACAVAL ANASTOMOSIS: A COMPARISON WITH END-TO-SIDE SHUNTS * By JOHN F. MURRAY AND DONALD G. MULDER WITH THlE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
More informationWhat is the mechanism of the audible carotid bruit? How does one calculate the velocity of blood flow?
CASE 8 A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents to the emergency center with complaints of left-sided facial numbness and weakness. His blood pressure is normal,
More informationSHOCK AETIOLOGY OF SHOCK (1) Inadequate circulating blood volume ) Loss of Autonomic control of the vasculature (3) Impaired cardiac function
SHOCK Shock is a condition in which the metabolic needs of the body are not met because of an inadequate cardiac output. If tissue perfusion can be restored in an expeditious fashion, cellular injury may
More informationPRODUCTION OF FATAL ENDOTOXIC SHOCK BY VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
GASTROENTEROLOGY 64: 285-291, 1973 Copyright 1973 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64, No.2 Printed in U.S.A. PRODUCTION OF FATAL ENDOTOXIC SHOCK BY VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES PETER CUEVAS, M.D" F,A,C,S"
More informationBachelor of Chinese Medicine Shock
BCM Year 2 Dr. Irene Ng Jan 28, 2003 9:30 am 1:00 pm Rm 004 UPB Bachelor of Chinese Medicine 2002 2003 Shock Learning objectives Be able to: know the definition of shock know the classification and causes
More informationPulmonary circulation. Lung Blood supply : lungs have a unique blood supply system :
Dr. Ali Naji Pulmonary circulation Lung Blood supply : lungs have a unique blood supply system : 1. Pulmonary circulation 2. Bronchial circulation 1- Pulmonary circulation : receives the whole cardiac
More informationPHYSIOLOGY MeQ'S (Morgan) All the following statements related to blood volume are correct except for: 5 A. Blood volume is about 5 litres. B.
PHYSIOLOGY MeQ'S (Morgan) Chapter 5 All the following statements related to capillary Starling's forces are correct except for: 1 A. Hydrostatic pressure at arterial end is greater than at venous end.
More informationEvaluation of Central Venous Pressure as a Guide to Volume Replacement in Children Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Evaluation of Central Venous Pressure as a Guide to Volume Replacement in Children Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass Alan B. Gazzaniga, M.D., Charles L. Byrd, M.D., David R. Stewart, M.D., and Nicholas
More information10. Thick deposits of lipids on the walls of blood vessels, called, can lead to serious circulatory issues. A. aneurysm B. atherosclerosis C.
Heart Student: 1. carry blood away from the heart. A. Arteries B. Veins C. Capillaries 2. What is the leading cause of heart attack and stroke in North America? A. alcohol B. smoking C. arteriosclerosis
More informationEffects of Portasystemic Shunting on Visceral and Portal Blood Flow in the Dog
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1982;83:1170-6 Effects of Portasystemic Shunting on Visceral and Portal Blood Flow in the Dog CLAYTON H. SHATNEY, JOHN W. HARMON, and NORMAN M. RICH Department of Surgical Gastroenterology,
More informationSeptic Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Rinaldo Bellomo Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC) Melbourne Australia
Septic Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Rinaldo Bellomo Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC) Melbourne Australia Things we really, honestly know about septic AKI AKI is common
More informationhepatic veins, the 'large sluices', in the regulation of outflow of blood from the
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Phy8iology (1973) 58, 325-333 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE LARGE HEPATIC VENOUS SLUICES IN THE DOG. By W. H. H. ANDREWS,* H. D. RITCmE and B. G.
More informationEffect of Muscular Exercise on Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Secretion of the Adrenal Gland in the Dog
Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1966, 88, 361-366 Effect of Muscular Exercise on Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Secretion of the Adrenal Gland in the Dog Sennosuke Ohukuzi Deparment of Physiology (Prof. T. Suzuki),
More informationEffects of Hepatic Venous Pressure on Transsinusoidal Fluid Transfer in the Liver of the Anesthetized Cat
Effects of Hepatic Venous Pressure on Transsinusoidal Fluid Transfer in the Liver of the Anesthetized Cat By Clive V. Greenway, M.A., Ph.D., and W. Wayne Lautt, B.Sc. ABSTRACT Arterial pressure, portal
More informationHypovolemic Shock: Regulation of Blood Pressure
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 81 Case 15 Hypovolemic Shock: Regulation of Blood Pressure Mavis Byrne is a 78-year-old widow who was brought to the emergency room one evening by her sister. Early in the day,
More informationTHE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION of
Site of Action of Hypertonic Saline in the Pulmonary Circulation By M. ELIAKIM, M.D., THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION of 20 per cent saline to open-chest dogs has been shown to cause a marked though transient
More information612.I73:6I2.I3. mammary and mediastinal vessels tied off. The thoracic wall on the left
612.I73:6I2.I3 CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD DISTRIBUTION. By H. BAR CROFT (Harmsworth Scholar, St Mary's Hospital, London). (From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.) THE methods for the measurement of
More informationWhat would be the response of the sympathetic system to this patient s decrease in arterial pressure?
CASE 51 A 62-year-old man undergoes surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distention and pain
More informationEnergy sources in skeletal muscle
Energy sources in skeletal muscle Pathway Rate Extent ATP/glucose 1. Direct phosphorylation Extremely fast Very limited - 2. Glycolisis Very fast limited 2-3 3. Oxidative phosphorylation Slow Unlimited
More informationSELECTIVE DILATION OF THE CONSTRICTED SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1972 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 62, No.1 Printed in U. S.A. SELECTIVE DILATION OF THE CONSTRICTED SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY HARVEY B. ULANO, PH.D., M.D., ELMER TREAT,
More informationVasoactive Mediators as the "Trigger Mechanism" of
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 43, No. 5, 1964 Vasoactive Mediators as the "Trigger Mechanism" of Endotoxin Shock * EUGENE D. JACOBSON, BENJAMIN MEHLMAN, AND JOHN P. KALAS (From the Division of
More informationHYPEREMIA AND CONGESTION
HYPEREMIA AND CONGESTION Learning Objectives Define congestion and hyperemia Differentiate between the two with regard to: Mechanisms / underlying causes Appearance (gross and histologic) Effects Differentiate
More informationGastrointestinal Blood Flow in the Dog
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow in the Dog By John P. Deloney, M.D., Ph.D., and James Custer, B.S. Measurement of blood flow to the individual gastrointestinal organs has been hampered by limitations of methodology.
More informationFOWLER AND COWORKERS have
Effect of 1Arterenol Infusion on "Central Blood Volume" in the Dog By OSCAR W. SHADLB, M.D., JAMES C. MOORE, M.D. AND DOAL M. BILLIG, A.B. Infusion of 1arterenol into anesthetized dogs increased the volume
More informationShock is defined as a state of cellular and tissue hypoxia due to : reduced oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen
Shock is defined as a state of cellular and tissue hypoxia due to : reduced oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization The effects of shock are initially reversible
More informationFranklin, 1933; Waterman, 1933]; indeed, the only negative findings, [Waterman, 1933]. Inasmuch, then, as Donegan was misled with
381 6I2.I34:6I2.893 THE CONSTRICTOR RESPONSE OF THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA TO STIMULATION OF THE SPLANCHNIC NERVE BY K. J. FRANKLIN AND A. D. McLACHLIN (From the University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford)
More informationThe Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Routes. Pulmonary Circulation H E A R T. Systemic Circulation
The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Routes 1. Overview of Blood Circulation A. Pulmonary Circulation Lung Arterioles Pulmonary Artery Capillaries Pulmonary Circulation Venules Pulmonary Veins H E A
More informationCIRCULATION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE*
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE* BY R. J. SHEPHARD From The Cardiac Department, Guy's Hospital Received July 26, 1954 The response of the pulmonary
More informationPathogenesis of the Pulmonary Changes Following Ischemia of the Lower Extremities
Pathogenesis of the Pulmonary Changes Following Ischemia of the Lower Extremities Robert J. Stallone, M.D., Robert C. Lim, Jr., M.D., and F. William Blaisdell, M.D. T he lung is proving to be the critical
More informationTaking the shock factor out of shock
Taking the shock factor out of shock Julie Antonellis, BS, LVT, VTS (ECC) Northern Virginia Regional Director for the VALVT Technician Supervisor VCA Animal Emergency Critical Care Business owner Antonellis
More informationPIAF study: Placental insufficiency and aortic isthmus flow Jean-Claude Fouron, MD
Dear colleagues, I would like to thank you very sincerely for agreeing to participate in our multicentre study on the clinical significance of recording fetal aortic isthmus flow during placental circulatory
More informationnorepinephrinee." 2 PNMT activity is stimulated by certain adrenocortical markedly,3' 4 but can be restored to normal by the administration of
IMPAIRED SECRETION OF EPINEPHRINE IN RESPONSE TO INSULIN AMONG HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED DOGS* BY RICHARD J. WURTMAN, ALFRED CASPER, LARISSA A. POHORECKY, AND FREDERIC C. BARTTER DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FOOD
More informationTRACE A DROP OF BLOOD FROM RIGHT EAR TO LEFT OCULOMOTOR NERVE
TRACE A DROP OF BLOOD FROM RIGHT EAR TO LEFT OCULOMOTOR NERVE KEY: TRACE A DROP OF BLOOD FROM RIGHT EAR TO LEFT OCULOMOTOR NERVE RIGHT EAR RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY RIGHT EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
More informationAcute Changes in Oxyhemoglobin Affinity EFFECTS ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION
Acute Changes in Oxyhemoglobin Affinity EFFECTS ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION Thomas E. Riggs,, A. William Shafer, Clarence A. Guenter J Clin Invest. 1973;52(10):2660-2663. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci107459.
More informationWHILE it is generally agreed that elevation
The Derivation of Coronary Sinus Flow During Elevation of Right Ventricular Pressure By HERMAN M. GELLER, B.S., M.D., MARTIN BRANDFONBRENEU, M.D., AND CARL J. WIGGERS, M.D., The derivation of coronary
More informationEffects of histamine on hepatic volume (outflow block) in anaesthetized dogs
Br. J. Pharmac. (1973), 47, 282-290. Effects of histamine on hepatic volume (outflow block) in anaesthetized dogs C. V. GREENWAY AND G. OSHIRO Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of
More informationdetermines the balance in greatest part, it must be remembered that those viscera drained by the portal vein
OBSERVATIONS ON THE VISCERAL REMOVAL OF PLASMA PEPTIDASE ACTIVITY ' By THEODORE B. SCHWARTZ 2 AND J. D. MYERS (From the Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N. C.) (Submitted
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION OF THE RABBIT AFTER LIGATION OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY*
AUGUST, 1969 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION OF THE RABBIT AFTER LIGATION OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY* II: RADIONUCLIDE TRACER STUDIES By FREDERICK J. BONTE, M.D., ROBERT W. PARKEY1
More informationDESIGNER RESUSCITATION: TITRATING TO TISSUE NEEDS
DESIGNER RESUSCITATION: TITRATING TO TISSUE NEEDS R. Phillip Dellinger MD, MSc, MCCM Professor and Chair of Medicine Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Chief of Medicine Cooper University Hospital
More informationQUIZ 2. Tuesday, April 6, 2004
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.542J: Quantitative Physiology: Organ Transport Systems Instructors: Roger Mark and Jose Venegas MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Departments
More informationCardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 3
Cardiovascular System B L O O D V E S S E L S 3 Fluid Shifts Between Capillaries and Tissue Permeable capillaries allow plasma and solutes to pass into interstitial space interstitial or extracellular
More informationVascular System Part One
Vascular System Part One Objectives Trace the route taken by blood as it leaves, and then returns to the heart. Describe the structure of the walls of arteries and veins. Discuss the structure and function
More informationPULMONARY CAPILLARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSE IN MAN
PULMONARY CAPILLARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSE IN MAN BY W. WEISSEL, F. SALZMANN, AND H. VETTER From the II Medical University Clinic, Received June 11, 1951 Vienna In 1948, Hellems, Haynes, Dexter, and Kinney,
More informationANGIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY VASOMOTION IN
ANGIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY VASOMOTION IN THE DOG BY JIM C. HIRSCHMAN* AND ROBERT J. BOUCEK From Section of Cardiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
More informationCardiovascular Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology Lecture 1 objectives Explain the basic anatomy of the heart and its arrangement into 4 chambers. Appreciate that blood flows in series through the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
More informationby Starling [1914] and Daly [1925].
612.13 PROPERTIES OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM AND THEIR RELATION TO THE SYSTEMIC OUTPUT. BY HENRY BARCROFT. Harmsworth Scholar, St Mary's Hospital, London. (Experiments performed in the Physiological
More informationCitation Acta medica Nagasakiensia. 1984, 29
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title Author(s) Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 Administra Aortic Stenosis and Pacemaker Induc Igarashi, Katsuro Citation Acta medica Nagasakiensia. 1984, 29 Issue Date 1984-10-25
More informationsuggested by Katz and Gauchat (3) for the ex- diaphragm during inspiration, traction is applied Dornhorst, Howard, and Leathart (2), using an
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 42, No. 2, 1963 THE MECHANISM OF PULSUS PARADOXUS DURING ACUTE PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE * By RICHARD J. GOLINKO,t NEVILLE KAPLAN, AND ABRAHAM M. RUDOLPH t (From the
More informationPhysiology of Circulation. Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 16/12/2018
Physiology of Circulation Dr. Hiwa Shafiq 16/12/2018 Overview of the circulation The function of the circulation is to: 1. transport nutrients to the body tissues 2. transport waste products away 3. conduct
More informationEnhancement of Coronary Vasodilator Action of Adenosine Triphosphate by Dipyridamole
Enhancement of Coronary Vasodilator Action of Adenosine Triphosphate by Dipyridamole By Skoda Afomo, M.D., Ph.D., and George S. O'Brien, M.D., Ph.D. ABSTRACT It has been reported that previously administered
More informationNorepinephrine (Levophed )
Norepinephrine (Levophed ) Scope C3IFT CCT Generic Name: Norepinephrine Trade Name: Levophed Chemical Class: Therapeutic Class: Actions: Pharmacokinetics: Vasopressor Vasopressor Mechanism of Action: Norepinephrine
More informationCirculatory System Review
Circulatory System Review 1. Know the diagrams of the heart, internal and external. a) What is the pericardium? What is myocardium? What is the septum? b) Explain the 4 valves of the heart. What is their
More informationWhat is. InSpectra StO 2?
What is InSpectra StO 2? www.htibiomeasurement.com What is InSpectra StO 2? Hemoglobin O 2 saturation is measured in three areas: 1) Arterial (SaO 2, SpO 2 ) Assesses how well oxygen is loading onto hemoglobin
More informationMetformin Associated Lactic Acidosis. Jun-Ki Park 9/6/11
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis Jun-Ki Park 9/6/11 Probably the most common mechanism by which metformin elevates blood lactate is by inducing catecholamine release in those who regulate or prescribe
More informationCirculation," Anrep and Starling(l) were unable to obtain evidence of
CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES. BY I. DE BURGH DALY AND E. B. VERNEY (Beit Memorial Research Fellow). (From the Physiology Institute, Cardi.) DURING an investigation of the "Central and Reflex Regulation of the
More informationThrombosis. Dr. László Terézia
Thrombosis Dr. László Terézia HYPERCOAGULABILITY THROMBOSIS BLOODFLOW ENDOTHEL VIRCHOW ENDOTHEL INJURY L. ventricle: Arteries: surgery infection prosthetic valve hypertension irradiation chemical: cigarette
More informationDO 2 > VO 2. The amount of oxygen delivered is a product of cardiac output (L/min) and the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood (ml/dl).
Shock (Part 1): Review and Diagnostic Approach Jeffrey M. Todd, DVM, DACVECC University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Overview Shock is the clinical presentation of inadequate oxygen utilization, typically
More informationAscites Management. Atif Zaman, MD MPH Oregon Health & Science University Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Ascites Management Atif Zaman, MD MPH Oregon Health & Science University Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Disclosure 1. The speaker Atif Zaman, MD MPH have no relevant
More informationand of Kasr-el-Aini, Cairo, Egypt (Received 10 November 1952) METHODS
419 J. Physiol. (I953) I20, 49-426 RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY THE LIVER BY G. V. ANREP, G. S. BARSOUM AND M. TALAAT From the Physiological Laboratories, Medical Faculties of Alexandria and of Kasr-el-Aini,
More informationHemodynamic Disorders, Thrombosis, and Shock. Richard A. McPherson, M.D.
Hemodynamic Disorders, Thrombosis, and Shock Richard A. McPherson, M.D. Edema The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in intercellular spaces of body cavities. Inflammation and release of mediators
More informationTHE REACTION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS TO ANGIOTONIN, RENIN, AND OTHER PRESSOR AGENTS* BY RICHARD G. ABELL, ProD., ~
Published Online: 1 March, 1942 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.75.3.305 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on August 18, 2018 THE REACTION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS TO ANGIOTONIN, RENIN, AND OTHER
More informationShock Kills! By the time you see it, it is probably too late! Contact Information. Overview
Contact Information Tim Hillier, EMT-P Director of Professional Development M.D. Ambulance Saskatoon, SK (306) 975-8825 (Office) t.hillier@mdambulance.com Tim Hillier, EMT-P Shock Kills! By the time you
More informationEmergency Medical Training Services Emergency Medical Technician Basic Program Outlines Outline Topic: Shock Revised: 11/2013
Emergency Medical Training Services Emergency Medical Technician Basic Program Outlines Outline Topic: Shock Revised: 11/2013 DEFINITIONS Aerobic metabolism is energy using oxygen into cells. Anaerobic
More information1. Which of the following blood vessels has a thin elastic layer? A. Aorta. B. Pulmonary artery. C. Posterior vena cava. D. Mesenteric capillary.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. Which of the following blood vessels has a thin elastic layer? A. Aorta. B. Pulmonary artery. C. Posterior vena cava. D. Mesenteric capillary. 2. Capillary beds are equipped with
More informationCAROTID SINUS REFLEX AND CONTRACTION
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1950), 5, 505. CAROTID SINUS REFLEX AND CONTRACTION OF THE SPLEEN BY ROBERT L. DRIVER AND MARTHE VOGT From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh (Received July 12,
More informationSHOCK. Emergency pediatric PICU division Pediatric Department Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara H. Adam Malik Hospital
SHOCK Emergency pediatric PICU division Pediatric Department Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara H. Adam Malik Hospital 1 Definition Shock is an acute, complex state of circulatory dysfunction
More informationPeripheral Collateral Blood Flow and Vascular Reactivity
tournal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 6, 1966 Peripheral Collateral Blood Flow and Vascular Reactivity in the Dog * JAY D. COFFMAN t (From the Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Boston
More informationHow to maintain optimal perfusion during Cardiopulmonary By-pass. Herdono Poernomo, MD
How to maintain optimal perfusion during Cardiopulmonary By-pass Herdono Poernomo, MD Cardiopulmonary By-pass Target Physiologic condition as a healthy person Everything is in Normal Limit How to maintain
More informationCardiovascular System L-5 Special Circulations, hemorrhage and shock. Dr Than Kyaw March 2012
Cardiovascular System L-5 Special Circulations, hemorrhage and shock Dr Than Kyaw March 2012 Special circulation (Coronary, Pulmonary, and Cerebral circulations) Introduction Special attention to circulation
More informationSyracuse, N. Y.) (Submitted for publication June 24, 1949) A standard type of slit-lamp microscope allowed visualization
THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM IN THE BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA OF YOUNG NORMOTENSIVE ADULTS AT REST 1 By RICHARD E. LEE2 AND ELIZABETH A. HOLZE2 (From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Syracuse
More information-Cardiogenic: shock state resulting from impairment or failure of myocardium
Shock chapter Shock -Condition in which tissue perfusion is inadequate to deliver oxygen, nutrients to support vital organs, cellular function -Affects all body systems -Classic signs of early shock: Tachycardia,tachypnea,restlessness,anxiety,
More informationHOW LOW CAN YOU GO? HYPOTENSION AND THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT.
HOW LOW CAN YOU GO? HYPOTENSION AND THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT. Donna M. Sisak, CVT, LVT, VTS (Anesthesia/Analgesia) Seattle Veterinary Specialists Kirkland, WA dsisak@svsvet.com THE ANESTHETIZED PATIENT
More informationPresented by: Indah Dwi Pratiwi
Presented by: Indah Dwi Pratiwi Normal Fluid Requirements Resuscitation Fluids Goals of Resuscitation Maintain normal body temperature In most cases, elevate the feet and legs above the level of the heart
More informationThe Cardiovascular System. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Structure of Blood Vessels. The Blood Vessels. Blood Vessel Review
The Cardiovascular System The Blood Vessels The Structure of Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Review Arteries carry blood away from the heart Pulmonary trunk to lungs Aorta to everything else Microcirculation
More informationFurther Studies on the Effect of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Elevations of Sinus Pressure
Further Studies on the Effect of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Elevations of Sinus Pressure on Mortality Rates Following Acute Coronary Occlusions By GEORGE SMITH, F.R.C.S., JAMES DEMMING, MORTON ELEFF, AND
More informationDetermination of Cardiac Output By Equating Venous Return Curves With Cardiac Response Curves1
Determination of Cardiac Output By Equating Venous Return Curves With Cardiac Response Curves1 ARTHUR C. GUYTQN From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi,
More informationCardiovascular system: Blood vessels, blood flow. Latha Rajendra Kumar, MD
Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels, blood flow Latha Rajendra Kumar, MD Outline 1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules
More informationThe Cardiovascular System: The Heart
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Across 1. The spontaneously changing pacemaker membranes. 7. The distinguishing feature of heart muscle. 9. What allows heart cells to beat
More informationEFFECT OF VAGOTOMY ON GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1968 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 54. No.6 Printed i 1l U.S.A. EFFECT OF VAGOTOMY ON GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW PETER R. F. BELL, F.R.C.S., AND CAMERON BA'fTERSBY, M.S.,
More informationGastrointestinal Physiology. Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
Gastrointestinal Physiology Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Content Gastrointestinal blood flow Portal hypertension Motility disorders Specific metabolic disorders
More informationSwans and Pressors. Vanderbilt Surgery Summer School Ricky Shinall
Swans and Pressors Vanderbilt Surgery Summer School Ricky Shinall SHOCK Hypotension SHOCK Hypotension SHOCK=Reduction of systemic tissue perfusion, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues.
More informationCardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system L-4 Blood pressure & special circulation Dr Than Kyaw 27 February 2012 Blood Pressure (BP) Pressure generation and flow Blood is under pressure within its closed system. Pressure
More informationSwans and Pressors. Vanderbilt Surgery Summer School Ricky Shinall
Swans and Pressors Vanderbilt Surgery Summer School Ricky Shinall Shock, Swans, Pressors in 15 minutes 4 Reasons for Shock 4 Swan numbers to know 7 Pressors =15 things to know 4 Reasons for Shock Not enough
More informationAn Official Journal of the American Heart Association
Circulation Research DECEMBER VOL. XXIII An Official Journal of the American Heart Association 168 NO. 6 Systemic and Regional Hemodynamic Changes during Food Intake and Digestion in Nonanesthetized Dogs
More informationResearch Article Correlation between Arterial Lactate and Central Venous Lactate in Children with Sepsis
Critical Care Research and Practice Volume 2016, Article ID 7839739, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7839739 Research Article Correlation between Arterial Lactate and Central Venous Lactate in Children
More informationCardiovascular Physiology. Heart Physiology. Introduction. The heart. Electrophysiology of the heart
Cardiovascular Physiology Heart Physiology Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and two vascular systems, the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The heart pumps blood through
More informationOXYGEN CONSUMPTION' JREISSATY, AND JIRO NAKANO 4. cannula was introduced via the left external jugular vein
EFFECT OF AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY ON ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE, CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OXYGEN CONSUMPTION' By RENE WEGRIA, GERHARD MUELHEIMS,2 JAMES GOLUB,3 ROBERT JREISSATY, AND JIRO NAKANO 4 (From
More informationVirginia, Richmond, Va.) Nembutal markedly depresses the secretion of epinephrine
THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN * By RICHARD H. EGDAHL t (From the Department of Surgery and the Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical College of Virginia,
More informationTHE ACTION OF GUANETHIDINE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brit. J. Pharinacol. (1963), 20, 171-177. THE ACTION OF GUANETHIDINE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BY G. F. ABERCROMBIE AND B. N. DAVIES From the Department of Physiology,
More information(From the Physiotogicat Laboratory, Cambridge.)
THE OXYGEN EXCHANGE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND. BY K. 0. NEUMAN. (From the Physiotogicat Laboratory, Cambridge.) THIS paper deals with the question of the amount of oxygen taken in by a unit weight of the
More information