Inleiding Swan-Ganz catheterisatie : geschiedenis en controverse
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1 Inleiding Swan-Ganz catheterisatie : geschiedenis en controverse catherine ingels, MD, PhD Dienst Intensieve Geneeskunde, UZLeuven 1
2 A.F. Cournand - D. Richards William Ganz & Jeremy Swan Claude Bernard Chauveau, Marey Werner Forssmann balloon-tipped, flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter 2
3 PAP CO PCWP SVO2 3
4 RV CO ~ LV 4
5 5
6 Direct measurements of the following can be obtained from an accurately placed pulmonary artery catheter (PAC): CVP Right-sided intracardiac pressures (right atrium, right ventricle) PAP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP]; pulmonary artery wedge pressure [PAWP]) CO SvO 2 The PAC can also indirectly measure the following: SVR = 80 x [mean artery pressure CVP]/CO PVR = 80 x [mean PAp PAOP]/CO CI = CO/body surface area Stroke volume index (SVI = CI/heart rate) Left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI = [mean systemic artery pressure PAOP] x SVI x 0.136) Right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI = [mean PAP CVP] x SVI x 0.136) Oxygen delivery (DO 2 = CI x 13.4 x hemoglobin concentration x arterial oxygen saturation) Oxygen uptake (VO 2 = CI x 13.4 x hemoglobin concentration x [arterial oxygen saturation venous oxygen saturation]) 6
7 1970 : SG catheter in gebruik 1976 : wetgeving medische apparatuur, niet van toepassing voor PACs : # reports van adverse events 1996 : Connors, JAMA 1996 Sep 18;276(11): The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators : National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute & FDA : werkgroep safety / utility of PACs Pulmonary artery catheterization and clinical outcomes: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Food and Drug Administration Workshop Report. Consensus Statement. Bernard, JAMA 2000 May 17;283(19): Review 4 specific recommendations: standardize, monitor, and measure physician and nurse education to improve the quality, safety, and use of clinical information derived from the PAC; conduct clinical trials investigating PAC safety and effectiveness in the following conditions: persistent/refractory CHF (NYHA class IV), low-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery, hypoxic lung syndromes including ARDS, and severe sepsis/septic shock; systematically evaluate new device technology in critical care medicine to improve patient outcome; and encourage international collaboration. Validation of the indications and benefits of the PAC will provide an opportunity to develop a reference standard and lay the foundation for testing new devices and treatments in the critically ill. 7
8 Table 1. Observational evidence PAC, pulmonary artery catheter; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; RCT, randomized, controlled trial; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome. Table 2. Randomized, controlled trial evidence PAC. Pulmonary artery catheter. Williams, Grounds, Rhodes, Current Opinion in Critical Care. 8(3): , June
9 Conclusions: PAC is a diagnostic and haemodynamic monitoring tool but not a therapeutic intervention. Our review concluded that use of a PAC did not alter the mortality, general ICU or hospital LOS, or cost for adult patients in intensive care. The quality of evidence was high for mortality and LOS but low for cost analysis. Efficacy studies are needed to determine if there are optimal PAC-guided management protocols, which when applied to specific patient groups in ICUs could result in benefits such as shock reversal, improved organ function and less vasopressor use. Newer, less-invasive haemodynamic monitoring tools need to be validated against PAC prior to clinical use in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Feb 28;2:CD
10 Conclusies Hemodynamische monitoring is van essentieel belang Interpretatie van data : vaak moeilijk, vereist nodige kennis, skills Bewaar een open geest : voordelen en limitaties aan elke technologie Doelmatige en geschikte applicatie, klinisch protocol, opleiding Monitoring is niet therapeutisch! data adekwate en vroege therapie outcome Beware of false knowledge; it is more dangerous than ignorance (GB Shaw) 10
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