Human Anatomy. Introduction

Transcription

1 Kazan Federal (Volga Region) University Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Department of Morphology and General Pathology Human Anatomy. Introduction Aygul Shafigullina

2 Human anatomy - gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and τέμνειν, "cut - is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body.

3 Ancient Egypt The first mention of the structure of the human body are found in ancient Egypt. In the XXVII century B.C. Egyptian physician Imhotep described some of the organs and their functions, such as the brain, heart activity, the blood vessels.

4 Ancient Egypt Organs were recognized: Heart Vessels (they emanate from the heart) Liver Spleen Kidneys Hypothalamus Uterus Bladder The heart is the center of blood supply.

5 Mesopotamia Some cuneiform writings from ancient depicted and described body organs that were thought to serve the soul. The liver, which was extensively studied in sacrificial animals, was thought to be the guardianship of the soul and of the sentiments that make us men. This was a logical assumption because of the size of the liver and its close association with blood, which was observed to be vital for life.

6 Ancient China - Referred to the heart, liver, lungs and other organs of the human body. - Holistic philosophies on health and disease - No reason to even imagine a muscle present in the body, and thus, they saw none. Rather, the iconized figures in their illustrations suggest alternative ways of understanding anatomy.

7 Ancient China 168 B.C.

8 Ancient India Texts form the foundation of Ayurvedic medicine: the Susruta Samhita the Charaka Samhita - important surgical and anatomical information (about muscles, nerves, brain and spinal cord), taken from: animal sacrifice chance observations of improperly buried human bodies examinations of patients made by doctors during treatment

9 Ancient Greece Nomenclature, methods and applications for the study of anatomy all date back to the Greeks. Alcmaeon of Croton - constructed a background for medical and anatomical science with the dissection of animals. - identified the optic nerves and the tubes later termed the Eustachius.

10 Ancient Greece Hippocrates ( B.C.) - the most famous of the Greek physicians of his time - the father of medicine - described: musculoskeletal structure functions of organs (kidney, heart) tricuspid valve (heart)

11 Ancient Greece Herophilus ( or 255 BC) - the first dissections of human cadavers - differentiated arteries and veins - measured pulse - described cranial nerves, brain, liver, duodenum, etc. - brain is the central organ - together with Erasistratus they founded Anatomy as science

12 Ancient Greece - served as chief physician to the gladiators in Pergamum - studied anatomy - on pigs and apes - two great anatomical works are On anatomical procedure and On the uses of the parts of the body of man ( A.D.) The information in these tracts became the foundation of authority for all medical writers and physicians for the next 1500 years until they were challenged by Vesalius and Harvery in the 16th century.

13 1235 first medical school in Salerno (Italy)

14 XIII century - discovery of Ethanol the main fixative till 1893, when Formalin was discovered

15 Anatomic theaters: Montpellier 1556 London 1557 Pisa 1569 Basel 1589 Padua 1594 Bologna 1595 Leiden 1597 Amsterdam 1619

16 HIC LOCUS EST, UBI MORS GAUDET SUCCERERE VITAE Bologna, Italy Kazan, Russia

17 Leonardo da Vinci ( ) If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings

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19 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Andreas Vesalius ( )

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21 Frederik Ruysch ( )

22 End of XVII Century Anatomy is base of medical education

23 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632), Rembrandt

24 XIX Century formulation of Cell theory Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( ) Theodor Schwann ( ) Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( )

25 Feudal Russia

26 Apothecary order, an administrative and judicial authority in Russia, that organized and regulated work of pharmacists, doctors, medicines and medical care first secular "Russian School of Healers. In 1658 it graduated 32 people.

27 Peter the Great ( )

28 First Universities in Russia

29 Kazan Federal University was founded on the 5th (New style 17th) of November 1804, when the Emperor Alexander I signed the Affirmative Letter and the Charter about the creation of the Kazan Imperial University.

30 1837 Anatomic theater, designed by talented architect Mikhail Petrovich Corinthskiy with the direct participation of the rector of KSU Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.

31 - Kamensky Ivan ( ) - Brown Ivan Osipovich ( death ) - Student Otsolig F.M. Since Carl F. Fuchs ( ) - Koreysha Peter S. ( death in 1830) - Coroner Hamburg ( ) - Bervi Vasiliy Fedorovich ( )

32 Aristov Evmenii Philippovich ( ) 1. The structure of the viscera. 2. Unusual organization of colliculus spermaticus. 3. The significance of a person's appearance. 4. Physique of the body. 5. Critical analysis of recent successes of microscopic anatomy in neurology. 6. The relationship between the density and the amount of blood serum, contents of fibrin and PASOK. Saffron is the color of blood serum. 7. Continued hemostatic study. 8. Observations on human blood. 9. The process of passage of red blood through liver. 10. Lectures of general pathological anatomy. 11. Inflammatory membrane in direct relation with fibrin and fibrin in direct proportion to the protein. 12. A critical analysis of some of the main thoughts of the pathological doctrine of R. Virchow.

33 Goryaev Nikolai Konstantinovich an inventor of the camera for counting of blood cells

34 Vishnevskiy Aleksandr Vasilievich ( )

35 Tonkov Vladimir Nikolaevich ( ) - "The arteries feeding the spinal noduls and spinal nerves in human" (1897) - Organized museum - 6 Doktors of Medicine - More than 40 scientific works

36 Kazan morphological school over Russian map

37 Human Anatomy in XX th Century - simplification and standardization of nomenclature - growing understanding of sciences such as evolutionary and molecular biology - endocrinology have explained the purpose of glands that anatomists previously could not explain - medical devices such as MRI machines and CAT scanners have enabled researchers to study the organs of living people or of dead ones

38 In November 1979, Gunther von Hagens applied for a German patent, proposing the idea of preserving animal and vegetable tissues permanently by synthetic resin impregnation (plastination).

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41 Welcome to the world of Human Anatomy! Thank you for your attention!