NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. X Biology II

Transcription

1 Unit 2-5, Animal Biology & Organ Systems, FETAL PIG DISSECTION MANUAL X Biology II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE X Biology II Additional resources available at Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Module Assignment Score Points (Out of) 1 ACT: Anatomical Reference Sheet 20 2 DISSECTION: External Anatomy 20 3 DISSECTION: Respiratory System 20 4 DISSECTION: Circulatory System 20 5 LAB: Exercise Physiology & Vital Signs 20 7 DISSECTION: Digestive System 20 8 DISSECTION: Excretory & Reproductive Systems 20 9 DISSECTION: Nervous System REVIEW: Fetal Pig Anatomy TOTAL 160

2 ACT: Anatomical Cheat Sheet Objective: The purpose of this activity is to help you understand the orientation of mammalian anatomy. This will also be of great help when conducting dissections (SO DON T LOOSE IT!) (Indiana State Academic Standards: Biology, 1.15) Instructions: Fill in each section of the chart below with the correct information as shown in the first example. In the Biped and Quadruped boxes, use either arrows or shading to show the direction of the term. Define: (Define the following terms.) Anatomical Position: Transverse Plane: Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane): Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane): Term Definition Biped Quadruped Example (Sentence) Superior (Cranial) Toward the head, or upper The neck is superior to part of the body. the shoulders. Inferior (Caudal) Anterior Posterior Ventral 2

3 Dorsal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Disclaimer: (Must be signed for credit of this assignment.) The purpose of doing the fetal pig dissection is to provide for you a greater understanding of how the mammalian, and more specifically, the human body functions. It is very important that all dissection labs be conducted in a professional manner. My signing below, you acknowledge your responsibilities in the lab during the dissection procedures. Furthermore, your signature serves as a promise that you will follow all written and verbal instructions from the teacher, refrain from disruptive or potentially dangerous behavior, adequately maintain and clean the lab space, and treat the specimens with care and respect. Student Signature Printed Name GRADE: /20 3

4 LAB: External Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, External Lateral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Tail Umbilical Artery Wrist Snout Knee Umbilical Cord Head Region Tounge Ankle Mammary Papilla Trunk Region External Ear (Pinna) Umbilical Vein Elbow Tail Region Eye A: I: B: J: C: K: D: L: E: M: F: N: G: O: H: P: 4

5 Diagram 2, External Ventral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Female Urogenital Papilla Male Umbilical Cord Scrotal Sac Mammary Papillae Urogenital Opening A: E: B: F: C: G: D: 5

6 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 1. What structure connects the fetal pig with its mother? What are the parts of this structure and how do they do? 2. Explain how to determine the age of a fetal pig. How old is your fetal pig? 3. Explain how to determine the sex of a pig based on its external anatomy. Is your pig a male or female? Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 6

7 LAB: Respiratory System Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, Oral Cavity, Ventral View& Diagram 2, Oral Cavity, Lateral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. Trachea Laryngopharynx (Region) Oropharynx (Region) Nasopharynx (Region) Hard Palate WORD BANK Soft Palate Canine Tooth Epiglottis Tongue Esophagus A: B: C: D: E: Hyoid Bone F: G: H: I: J: K: A: B: C: D: E: F: Hyoid Bone G: H: I: 7

8 Diagram 3, Thoracic Cavity, Ventral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Right Lung Nasal Cavity Left Lung Broncus Epiglottis Thyroid Cartilage Oral Cavity Trachea A: H: B: I: C: Cranial Lobe J: D: Middle Lobe K: E: Caudal Lobe L: F: Accessory Lobe M: Cranial Lobe G: N: Caudal Lobe 8

9 Diagram 4, Lungs, Ventral View & Diagram 5, Bronchi and Alveoli, Magnified: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Pulmonary Vein Alveoli Pulmonary Artery Alveolar Ducts Capillaries Alveolar Sac D: G: E: H: F: I: 9

10 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 4. Trace the flow of air into and out of the body using the anatomical structures as reference. 5. What is the function of the epiglottis? Why is it important? 6. Explain why breathing is considered a passive process and how it works. Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 10

11 LAB: Circulatory System Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, Heart, Lateral Cross Section: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Aorta Superior Vena Cava Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Left Pulmonary Artery Inferior Vena Cava Bicuspid (Left AR) Valve Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Left Pulmonary Vein Right Atrium Tricuspid (Right AV) Right Pulmonary Vein Valve Right Pulmonary Artery Left Atrium Septum Right Ventricle A: J: Ductus Arteriosus B: K: Pulmonary Trunk C: Chordae Tendineae L: D: M: E: N: F: Caudal Vena Cava Aperture O: G: Foramen Ovale P: H: Q: Papillary Muscle I: R: 11

12 Diagram 2, Blood Circulation: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Aorta Capillary Left Ventricle Systemic Circulation (2) Pulmonary Artery Artery Left Atrium Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary Vein Right Atrium Right Ventricle Right Pulmonary Vein Vena Cava Left Lung Right Lung Vein A: B: C: D; E: F: G: H: I: Venule J: K: L: M: N: O: NOT IN DIAGRAM P: Q: Arteriole R: S: 12

13 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 1. Trace the flow of blood throughout the body starting at the vena cava. Be sure to include if the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated at each point. 2. Describe the difference between arteries and veins. 3. Explain how and why the respiratory and circulatory systems are interconnected. Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 13

14 LAB: Exercise Physiology & Vital Signs Objective: The purpose of this lab to it to gather a better understanding between physical activity and our body s response. It will also help you learn how to measure vital signs including pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. (Indiana State Academic Standards: Biology, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, & 1.19) Background: Breathing rate and pulse rate are maintained by the brain. When a body s needs change, the brain can respond by varying the rate at which breathing and circulation take place. Blood pressure, which is determined by how hard the heart is pumping can also be raised and lowered based on outside stimuli. Pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all considered vital signs and are used by medical professionals to determine if a patient s body is functioning properly. Pulse rate is measured in beats per minute and can be calculated by counting the number of heart beats in 15 seconds and multiplying by four. You can find the radial pulse by placing a finger just superior to the wrist in the groove on the thumb side. You can find the carotid pulse on the anterior side of the neck just inferior of the ear. Breathing rate is measured in breaths per minute and can be calculated the same way. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and has 2 different measurements. The first measurement is systolic pressure and is a measure of the pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction. The second measurement is diastolic pressure and is a measure of the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are not contracted. There are tools that can be used to gather data on pulse rate and blood pressure. A stethoscope is used to monitor heart sounds and a sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure cuff, can be used to measure blood pressure. Materials: - 1 stethoscope - 1 sphygmomanometer Procedures: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Choose 1 team member to be subject 1 of the experiment. If at any time the subject feels uncomfortable or unable to finish the lab, have another team member take his/her place and start over. Have the subject lay on the lab table for two minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Have the subject sit in a chair at the edge of a table for two minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. This is your baseline measurement. Have the subject stand for two minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Have the subject do sit-ups for two full minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Allow the subject to rest for 3-5 minutes or until breathing rate returns to baseline. Have the subject run in place for two minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Allow the subject to rest for 3-5 minutes or until breathing rate returns to baseline. Have the subject do jumping jacks for two minutes then immediately take their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Choose a lab team member to be subject 2 and repeat steps (b) through (i). (NOTE: For better results, pick a team member who is physically different that the other, ie. male and female, short and tall, smaller and bigger. 14

15 Data: Data Table 1. Subject 1 Vital Sign Readings Condition Pulse Rate (BPM) Breathing Rate (BPM) Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Laying Sitting Sit-Ups (2 min.) Running in Place (2 min.) Jumping Jacks (2 min.) Data Table 2. Subject 2 Vital Sign Readings Condition Pulse Rate (BPM) Breathing Rate (BPM) Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Laying Sitting Sit-Ups (2 min.) Running in Place (2 min.) Jumping Jacks (2 min.) / / / / / / / / / / Analysis: 1. What effect did increased physical activity have on the vital signs of the subjects? 2. Explain why physical activity has the effect it had. 3. Draw a diagram that details how the blood circulated by the circulatory system interacts with the air inhaled by the lungs and the rest of the body. (Include the chambers of the heart, the direction of blood flow, the lungs and the rest of the body.) GRADE: /20 15

16 LAB: Digestive System Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, Abdominal Cavity, Ventral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Heart Esophagus (2) Liver Umbilical Vein Thyroid Cartlidge Trachea Stomach Umbilical Cord Right Lung Bladder Spleen Left Kidney Left Lung Superior Vena Cava Large Intestine (Colon) Right Kidney Small Intestine A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: Brachiocephalic Trunk J: Right Subclavian Artery K: Right Common Carotid Artery L: M: Left Common Carotid Artery N: O: P: Left Subclavian Vein Q: R: S: T: U: V: W: 16

17 Diagram 2, Alimentary Canal, Ventral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Large Intestine (Colon) Salivary Glands Liver Pancreas Rectum Esophagus Gal Bladder Small Intestine Stomach Mouth A: F: B: G: C: H: D: I: E: J: 17

18 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 1. Trace the movement of food through the alimentary canal. List the role of each digestive system organ that it passes through. 2. Describe the difference between chemical digestion and physical (mechanical) digestion. 3. Name and describe the role of each accessory organ in the digestion of food. Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 18

19 LAB: Excretory & Reproductive System Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, Male Urogenital System, Ventral: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Scrotum Bulbourethral Gland Urethra Epididymis Seminal Vesicle Vas (Ductus) Deferens Urogenital Opening Right Testis Urinary Bladder Umbilical Cord Penis Left Testis Ureter Kidney Renal Artery Renal Vein A: K: B: L: C: M: D: N: E: O: Inguinal Canal F: Preputial Gland P: G: Spermatic Cord Q: H: R: I: S: J: 19

20 Diagram 2, Female Urogenital System, Ventral: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Urogenital Papilla Vagina Uterus Left Horn of Uterus Kidney Right Ovary Right Horn of Uterus Left Ovary Renal Artery Renal Vein Ureter A: H: B: I: C: Mesoalpinx J: D: K: E: L: Urogenital Sinus F: M: G: 20

21 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 1. Explain the production and excretion of urine starting in the renal artery. Include all of the structures along the way with their function. 2. Explain the path that sperm/semen takes through the male reproductive system. Include all of the structures along the way with their function. 3. Explain the path that an egg takes through the female reproductive system and assume that it has been fertilized. Include all of the structures along the way with their function. Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 21

22 LAB: Nervous System Dissection of a Fetal Pig Diagram 1, Brain & Spinal Cord,Ventral View: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Spinal Cord Cerebellum Lumbar Nerves Brachial Plexus (Forelimb) Intercostal Nerves Spinal Nerves Sacral Nerves Thoracic Nerves Lumbo-Sacral Plexus Cervical Nerves Cerebrum A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: K: Dorsal Root Ganglia L: 22

23 Diagram 2, Brain, Lateral Cross-Section: Label the following diagram(s) using the word bank provided. WORD BANK Spinal Cord Cerebellum Thalamus Medulla Oblongata Olfactory Bulb Pineal Body Corpus Callosum Cerebrum Optic Chiasma Pons Pituitary Gland (Mamillary) A: G: B: H: C: I: D: J: E: K: F: 23

24 Analysis: (Complete sentences are REQUIRED!) 1. Explain the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and list the organs in each. 2. Explain what occurs in the nervous system when an organism responds to a stimuli from receiving the stimuli to the response itself. 3. Choose a nervous system disorder and explain how it affects the person in both anatomical and behavioral terms. Illustrations From: McCann, S. & Tillotson, J. (2007) Fetal Pig Coloring Book: A Laboratory Manual. Kaplan Publishing, New York, NY. (ISBN-13: ) GRADE: /20 24

25 REVIEW: Fetal Pig Anatomy Review INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the chart by identifying the location, organ system, function, and tips for identification for each of the structures listed. STRUCTURE External Nares Hard Palate Soft Pallate Pinnae Tongue Thoracic Region Urogenital Papillae Umbilical Cord Umbilical Vein Umbilical Artery Mammary papillae Digit Location and Identification Organ System Function Urogenital opening Male: Female: Epiglottis Nasopharynx Glottis Esophagus Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Lung Liver Stomach Small Intestine 25

26 STRUCTURE Large Intestine Location and Identification Organ System Function Gall Bladder Bile duct Caecum Mesentery Pancreas Spleen Thymus Heart Pericardium Right Atrium Left Atrium Coronary Artery Aorta Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Inferior Vena Cava Superior Vena Cava Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Male: Female: 26

27 STRUCTURE Scrotal Sac Location and Identification Organ System Function Testes Vas deferens Penis Ovaries Oviduct (Fallopian Tubes) Uterus Vagina Renal Artery Renal Vein Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves System Overview: Include system paths, major structures, and how they integrate with other systems. System Description Respiratory Circulatory Digestive Excretory Reproductive Nervous 27