Lepidoptera species associated with Macadamia in South Africa. Ashleigh Smith

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1 Lepidoptera species associated with Macadamia in South Africa Ashleigh Smith

2 Macadamia Farming Around The World Kenya USA MW Guat. BR South Africa China Australia

3 Macadamia Farming Around The World Kenya USA MW Guat. BR Other KwaZulu- Natal Mpumalanga South Africa China Limpopo Australia

4 Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Associated Associated with Macadamia with Macadamia Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998

5 Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Associated Associated with Macadamia with Macadamia 27 Lepidoptera species associated with macadamia 11 families: Tortricidae (8) Pyralidae (7) Australia has 18 species associated with their macadamias South Africa has 4 Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998

6 Nut Borer Complex False Codling Moth Carob Moth Litchi Moth Macadamia Nut Borer Thaumatotibia leucotreta Ectomyelois ceratoniae Cryptophlebia peltastica Thaumatotibia batrachopa

7 False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta Occurs in central and southern Africa and Israel Significant pest with over 50 host plants R100 million/year to the South African citrus industry Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998; Stibick et al., 2007; La Croix and Thindwa, 1986; Byraruhanga, 1977; Couilloud, 1994; Moore et al., 2004

8 Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Originates from the Middle East Occurs in southern Africa, USA, Israel and western Australia Wide host range Minor pest in South Africa, usually only attack injured fruits Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998; Stibick et al., 2007; La Croix and Thindwa, 1986; Byraruhanga, 1977; Couilloud, 1994; Moore et al., 2004

9 Litchi Moth Cryptophlebia peltastica Occurs throughout Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Asia and the Bahamas Primary pest of Litchis in SA and Mauritius, causing up to 20% losses Polyphagous but relatively narrow host rage Association with macadamia? Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998; Stibick et al., 2007; La Croix and Thindwa, 1986; Byraruhanga, 1977; Couilloud, 1994; Moore et al., 2004

10 Macadamia Nut Borer Thaumatotibia batrachopa Occur in Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa Little published information Definitely a pest to macadamia in SA Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998; Stibick et al., 2007; La Croix and Thindwa, 1986; Byraruhanga, 1977; Couilloud, 1994; Moore et al., 2004

11 Macadamia Nut Borer Thaumatotibia batrachopa Cryptophlebia illepida Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Ecdytolopha torticornis Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Thaumatotibia batrachopa MNB Fuller, 1901; Newton, 1998; Stibick et al., 2007; La Croix and Thindwa, 1986; Byraruhanga, 1977; Couilloud, 1994; Moore et al., 2004

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15 Problems? Many control measures, yet growers are struggling to control these pests 1. Species ID and presence throughout the season 2. When to apply controls 3. Variation among geographically separate populations

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17 Citrusdal Addo Citrusdal Marble Hall Nelspruit

18 Citrusdal Addo Citrusdal Marble Hall Nelspruit

19 Cryptogram (Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus)

20 Aims Which species are present, in which areas, and when throughout the season? What is the population structure of each species, within each area, and how does this compare between the different regions as well as populations from citrus Develop a degree-day model

21 Project outline

22 Phylogenetics: Macadamia Papaver Maize Amborella

23 Phylogenetic Tree Maize Papaver Amborella Macadamia

24 Haplotype Network

25 Results

26 Results KP KP KwaZulu-Natal 11 Mpumalanga 16 Limpopo 55 Limpopo 47 Mpumalanga 22 Mpumalanga 29 KwaZulu-Natal 55 Limpopo 21 Macadamia nut borer 1 KwaZulu-Natal 29 Macadamia nut borer 2 Macadamia nut borer 3 C. rosaceana Light brown apple moth C rutilescens 2 C rutilescens1 Macadamia nut borer (Australia) Litchi moth T. aclyta T maculata False codling moth 2 False codling moth False codling moth 2 False codling moth 3 KwaZulu-Natal 5 Mpumalanga 8 Mpumalanga 2 Mpumalanga 7 99 KwaZulu-Natal 1 KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga 21 Christmasberry moth Almond moth 100 Raisin moth KwaZulu-Natal 32 Carob moth 3 Carob moth 2 KwaZulu-Natal Carob moth Carob moth 5 Carob moth 4 MNB Litchi FCM Unknown Carob 0.02

27 Results Species composition across main growing regions: MNB 94% FCM Carob Litchi Unknown 2.7% 0.6% 0% 2.7%

28 Results KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Total 26 Haplotypes KZN 6 Unique Limpopo 8 Unique Mpumalanga 2 Unique

29 To conclude

30 Supervisors: Dr Gerda Fourie Prof Brett Hurley Prof Bernard Slippers Macadamia growers: Immergrun Farm (Ramsgate) Danroc (Kiepersol) Lochaber (Whiteriver) Arbor Boerdery (Levubu) Thank you