Copyright 1972 by S. Karger AG,Verlag fr Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, Basel Printed in Switzerland bytages-nachrichten, Mnsngen/Bern

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1 Breeding Primates Proceedings of the International Symposium on Breeding Non-Human Primates for Laboratory Use, Berne, June 1971 Breeding Primates Apes Baboons Macaques Guenons New World Monkeys General Comments on Breeding. Research in Reproduction Editor: W. I. B. BEVERIDGE, Geneva 13 figures and 35 tables S. Karger Basel Mnchen Paris London New York Sydney 1972 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Breeding Non- Human Primates for Laboratory Use, organized jointly by the World Health Organization, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, and the Research Department, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute. S. Karger Basel Mnchen Paris London New York Sydney Arnold-Bcklin-Strasse 25, CH-4011 Basel (Switzerland) All rights, including that of translation into other languages, reserved. Photomechanic reproduction (photocopy, microcopy) of this book or parts there of without special permission of the publishers is prohibited. Copyright 1972 by S. Karger AG,Verlag fr Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, Basel Printed in Switzerland bytages-nachrichten, Mnsngen/Bern Contents Problems and Opportunities of Breeding Primates 1 SCHMIDT, L. H. Increased Use of Primates 2 Disadvantages of Wild-Caught Animals 9 Breeding Husbandry 12 Selection of Species 15 Geographical Location of Breeding Colonies 16

2 Economics and Logistics 17 Conclusion 19 Addendum 20 Apes Breeding Chimpanzees and Other Apes 24 BOURNE, G. H. Breeding Records at Yerkes 25 Breeding Husbandry at Yerketi 26 Observations on Sexual Physiology 27 Copulation 30 Diet 31 Experience with Breeding Apes in Basel Zoo 34 LANG, E. M. The Chimpanzee Breeding Unit at the Primate Centre TNO, The Netherlands 38 GOOSEN, C. Baboons Breeding Baboons for Laboratory Use 42 KRAEMER, D. C. and VER CRUZ, N. C. Outdoor Colony Cage Mating 43 Individual Cage Mating 45 Artificial Insemination 46 Some Problems of Breeding Baboons under Laboratory Conditions 48 BEATTIE, I. A. Selection of Breeding Stock 48 Environmental Requirements 49 The Menstrual Cycle 49 Mating Procedures 50 PostpartumCare 51 Macroenvironmental Effects on Infant Behaviour 52 Studies of Skeletal Growth in Juvenile Baboons 53 Conclusions 54

3 The Rearing of a Premature Baboon 55 CHORAZYNA, HANNA Macaques The Development and Management of Macaque BreedingPrograms 6 NEURATER, L. J. and GOODWIN, W. J. The Need for Breeding Programs 60 The Role of Primate Centers 62 Large Enclosures 64 Outdoor Large Cages 68 Conclusion 71 Breeding Colonies of Macaques and Gibbons on Santiago Island, Puerto Rico 76 CARPENTER, C. R. Reasons for Establishing the Colonies 76 Original Objectives 77 Contents VII Collection and Transport of Foundation Stock 78 Selection and Composition of the Breeding Colony 79 Releases on Santiago Island 79 The Gibbon Colony 80 Development of the Macaque Colony 81 The Laboratory of Perinatal Physiology and Recovery of the Colony 82 Present State of the Colony 84 The Implications of the Santiago Breeding Colony 85 Breeding Macaques at the Primate Centre TNO, The Netherlands. 88 GOOSEN, C. Experience with a Breeding Colony of Stump-tailed Macaques for Teratological Testing of Drugs 92 WEBER, H. and GRAUWILER, J. Origin and Maintenance of the Colony 92 Observations on Reproductive Physiology 95 Results of Experiments with Thalidomide 97

4 Summary 98 Studies on Reproduction in the Stump-tailed Macaque 100 STENGER, V. G. The Development of a Rhesus Breeding Colony in India 105 VICKERS, J. H. Experience with Wild-Bred Rhesus 105 Range Breeding Program 107 Proposed Primate Centre in India for Research in Reproduction. 109 RAO, SHANTAS S.; MUNSHI, SAFIA R., and GADGIL, B. A. Estimated Cost of Breeding Macaques in Singapore 111 ELLIOTT, ANNIE B. Assumptions 112 Development of the Colony, Geared to Produce 1,000 Young Adults per Year 113 Contents VIII Guenons Breeding Captive Guenonsand Mangabeys in East Africs 116 CHALMERS, N. R. New World Monkeys Breeding New World Monkeys in a Laboratory Environment HAYES, K. C.; FAY, G.; ROACH,A., and STARE, F. J. Capuchins 123 Squirrel Monkeys 125 Health 127 Discussion 127 Reproduction of Squirrel Monkeys in the Laboratory 130 ROSENBLUM, L. A. I. Breeding Seasonality 131 A. Male Seasonality: `The Fatted Male' 131

5 B. Female Seasonality 133 II. Female Estrus Cyclicity 135 III. Pregnancy 136 A. Assessment of Pregnancy 136 IV. Nutrition and Pregnancy 137 V. Production 139 Free Range Breeding of Squirrel Monkeys on Santa Sofia Island, Colombia 144 JERKINS, TRUDIE Breeding and Hand-Rearing Marmosets for Viral Oncogenesis Studies 145 WOLFE, L. G.; OGDEN, J. D.; DEINHARDT, J. B.; FISHER, L., and DEINHARDT, F. Breeding Colony 146 Physical Facilities 146 Species 147 Diet 147 Reproductive Data 148 Contents IX Hand-Rearing 152 General Information 152 Housing 152 Diet and Feeding Schedule 152 Results 153 Use of Colony-Born Marmosets 155 Summary 156 Further Observations on an Established Marmoset Breeding Colony 158 KINGSTON, W. R. A Laboratory Breeding Colony of the Lesser Mouse Lemur MARTIN, R. D. Selection of Suitable Species 163 Relevant Field Observations 164 Investigations in Captivity 166

6 Addendum 171 General Comments on Breeding Comments on Breeding Simians forresearch Needs in Britain HOSES, K. R. Present Usage and Costs 174 Possible Developments 176 Concluding Remarks on Breeding 180 BEVERIDGE, W. I. B. Research in Reproduction Experimental Control of Reproduction in Primates 184 AUSTIN, C. R. I. Detection of Ovulation 184 A. Actual Viewing of the Ovary 18 5 B. Rectal Palpation 186 C. Vaginal Examination 186 D. Turgescence of Vulva and Sex Skin 187 Contents X E. Body Temperature 187 F. Hormone Assay 187 II. Induction of Ovulation 188 III. Collection of Semen 189 IV. Preservation of Semen 190 V. Artificial Insemination 190 VI. Collection of Eggs and Embryos 191 VII. In vitro Maturation and Fertilisation 191 VIII. Egg and Embryo Transfer 192 IX. Culture of Preimplantation Embryos in vitro 193 X. Embryo Storage 193 XI. Manipulation of Embryos 194 XII. Culture of Postimplantation Embryos in vitro 194 Research on Reproduction at the New England Regional Primate Research Center 198 TRUM, B. F.

7 Breeding Records at the Centre 198 Interesting Abnormalities 199 Behavioral Studies 201 Menstrual Cyclicity and Luteal Function in Baboons with Intra-Uterine Devices (Abstract) 203 ECKSTEIN, P.; BREED, W. G.; STEPHENSON, JUDITH N., and PEPLOW, P. V.