The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) in conjunction with 25(OH)D 3 on sow and pig performance

Transcription

1 The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) in conjunction with 25(OH)D 3 on sow and pig performance Morgan T. Thayer, Jim L. Nelssen, Austin Langemeier, Jodi Morton, John M. Gonzalez, Stephanie R. Kruger, Zhining Ou, Andrew J. Makowski, and Jon R. Bergstrom

2 Introduction 2 Vitamin D 3 25(OH)D 3 DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ

3 3 24 hydroxylation 24,25(OH) 2 D CYP24A1 Kitson and Roberts, 2012

4 4 Hy D 24 hydroxylation 24,25(OH) 2 D CYP24A1 Non genomic mechanism Intestinal Ca absorption Opening of gated Ca channels Ca uptake by osteoblasts Ca uptake by muscle fibers Kitson and Roberts, 2012; Bar et al., 1980

5 5 Metabolites of Vitamin D 3 Vitamin D 3 (Cholecalciferol) Formed in the skin from sunlight Absorbed in the small intestine from the diet 25(OH)D 3 (Calcidiol) Formed in the liver Main circulating form Reflects vitamin D status of the animal 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (Calcitriol) Formed in the kidney Active hormone form Regulate Ca and P levels in the blood Key role during bone mineralization Effects cell differentiation, proliferation, and growth in many tissues 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 (24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ) Development of bone integrity Healing of bone fractures Dittmer and Thompson, 2011; Gropper et al., 2004; Seo et al., 1997

6 Vitamin D 3 NRC Recommendations 6 NRC, 2012

7 2016 Feeding Regimen Survey 7 A survey of current feeding regimens for vitamins and trace minerals in the US swine industry Journal of Swine Health and Production 18 producers with approximately 40% of US sow herd participated Vitamin D survey (IU/kg) Vitamin D controls selected (IU/kg) Gestation/lactation: 1,762 Gestation/Lactation: 1,500 Nursery: 1,744 Nursery: 1,500 Early/mid finishing: 935 Early/mid finishing: 1,000 Late finishing: 770 Late finishing: 800 Flohr et al., 2016b

8 Impacts on Skeletal Muscle 8 Increase in muscle fiber number of the LM of d 90 fetuses (Hines et al., 2013) and pigs at birth and weaning (Zhou et al., 2016) when the maternal diet contained 25(OH)D 3 te Pas et al., 2004

9 Objective 9 To determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D 3 (Rovimix D3, 500,000 IU/g; DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) and its more available metabolite, 25(OH)D 3 (Hy D, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ), influences sow performance, sow and piglet vitamin D 3 status, muscle development of the piglets, and subsequent growth performance

10 Dietary Treatments VitaminD 3, IU Hy D, µg VitaminD 3, IU Hy D, µg VitaminD 3, IU Hy D, µg Gestation Lactation Nursery Nursery Total vitamin D 3 activity, IU Finisher Finisher Total vitamin D 3 activity, IU Finisher Total vitamin D 3 activity, IU

11 Litter Characteristics 11 Diet Litter characteristics 1,500 IU D IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 SEM Probability, P < Total born, n Born alive, % Stillborn, % Mummies, % Standardized liter size, n Weaning liter size, n Survivability, %

12 Immunohistochemistry Birth 12

13 Immunohistochemistry Weaning 13

14 200,000 Primary Muscle Fiber Number Birth 174,054 a P = SEM = 22, Number 150, ,000 50,000 96,957 b 111,124 b 0 1,500 IU D IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 ab Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05)

15 3,000,000 Secondary Muscle Fiber Number Birth P > 0.05 SEM = 169, Number 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,749,488 1,882,926 1,694, ,500 IU D IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 ab Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05)

16 Piglet Serum 25(OH)D 3 Trt Time, P < Trt, P < Time, P < SEM = ,500 IU D3 500 IU D μg 25(OH)D3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D ay 25(OH)D 3, ng/ml abx 3.0 ax 2.0 bx 3.6 cy 4.7 by 0.0 Birth Weaning xyz Indicates an effect of time within treatment (P < 0.05) abc Indicates an effect of treatment at that time point (P < 0.05)

17 Pig Serum 25(OH)D 3 Trt Time, P < Trt, P < Time, P < SEM = ,500 IU D3 500 IU D μg 25(OH)D3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D (OH)D 3, ng/ml ax 53.4 ay 36.4 bx 30.0 by 16.6 cx 17.8 cx Grower Finisher xyz Indicates an effect of time within treatment (P < 0.05) abc Indicates an effect of treatment at that time point (P < 0.05)

18 1.50 Colostrum/Milk 25(OH)D 3 Trt Time, P = Trt, P < Time, P = SEM = ,500 IU D3 500 IU D μg 25(OH)D3 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D (OH)D 3, ng/ml ax 0.85 ax 0.73 bx 0.54 abx 0.49 cx 0.33 bx 0.00 Colostrum Milk xyz Indicates an effect of time within treatment (P < 0.05) abc Indicates an effect of treatment at that time point (P < 0.05)

19 Discussion 19 No effect on sow and litter performance due to vitamin D Primary muscle fiber number in piglets at birth from sows fed 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 compared to others longer prenatal period of primary myogenesis which delayed the onset of secondary myogenesis

20 Sows fed 1,500 IU D μg 25(OH)D 3 produced colostrum and milk with the greatest concentration of 25(OH)D 3 Discussion 20 Milk concentrations of 25(OH)D 3 above the colostrum 25(OH)D 3 milk 25(OH)D 3 concentrations consumed by the piglets contributed to the increase in progeny vitamin D 3 status from birth to weaning

21 Conclusion 21 Combining vitamin D (OH)D 3 in the maternal diet: Improves vitamin D 3 status of the dam and progeny Increases primary muscle fibers at birth Does not change growth performance to market To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effect of improving maternal vitamin D status on serum 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 of the piglets

22 Implications 22 Feeding combinations of vitamin D 3 and 25(OH)D 3 may eliminate the practice of orally dosing newborn piglets and could potentially improve carcass characteristics