TOPIC 2 REVISION ... (1) Distinguish between α-glucosidase activity in yeast incubated only with glucose and yeast incubated only with maltose. ...
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1 TOPIC 2 REVISION 1. Glucose has an important regulatory function in carbohydrate metabolism in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The enzyme α-glucosidase catalyses the breakdown of maltose to two glucose molecules. The activity of yeast α-glucosidase was measured in cells which were grown in three different media containing : 2 % maltose, 2 % glucose and 1 % of both. [Boris U. Stambuk A simple experiment illustrating metabolic regulation: induction versus repression of yeast α-glucosidase. Biochemical Education. Vol 27, issue 3. Pp ] (a) Calculate the difference in α-glucosidase activity at two hours in yeast grown with 2 % maltose compared to yeast grown with 1 % of both. (b) Distinguish between α-glucosidase activity in yeast incubated only with glucose and yeast incubated only with maltose. IB Questionbank Biology 1
2 (c) Suggest the effect of incubating the yeast cells with both maltose and glucose in terms of metabolic pathways. (3) (d) Outline the metabolism of glucose during glycolysis. (Total 7 marks) IB Questionbank Biology 2
3 2. Investigators carried out experiments to find the relationship between the energy used by mice (the metabolic rate) and their activity. They found that the amount of time mice are active depends on the time of day, whether they are single or in groups and on the temperature of their surroundings. The bar chart below shows the percentage of time mice were active during three-hour periods at three different temperatures. [Source: L E Mount and J V Willmott Journal of Physiology. Vol 190. Pp Published by Wiley-Blackwell. Used with permission] IB Questionbank Biology 3
4 (a) Calculate how many minutes the group mice are active between 21:00 and 00:00 at 8 C. (b) Outline the relationship between activity and temperature from 21:00 to 03:00 in all of the mice. (c) Animals which are active at night are nocturnal. Suggest one advantage for mice being nocturnal. IB Questionbank Biology 4
5 The investigators also found that the metabolic rate of the mice changed at different times of the day. Mice were kept at one of the three constant temperatures for 24 hours and their oxygen consumption was measured. The graph below shows the results for single mice and the mean values for group mice. [Source: L E Mount and J V Willmott Journal of Physiology. Vol 190. Pp Published by Wiley-Blackwell. Used with permission] (d) State the relationship between temperature and metabolic rate. (e) Compare the results for the single mice at 15 C with those for the group mice at 15 C. (f) Suggest one reason why the results differ for single mice and group mice. IB Questionbank Biology 5
6 (g) Explain why oxygen consumption is used as a measure of metabolic rate. (h) Using the data from both graphs, evaluate the hypothesis that increased activity causes an increase in metabolic rate in mice. (Total 11 marks) IB Questionbank Biology 6
7 3. The rate of photosynthesis in the marine seagrass, Zostera marina, was investigated under a range of ph conditions. After a period of darkness, the plants were illuminated at a constant light intensity at 15 C and the rate of photosynthesis was measured. Zostera marina can use both dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrogen carbonate ions for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is plotted on the y-axis on the left. In addition, the concentration of carbon dioxide was measured for each ph investigated and is plotted on the y-axis on the right. [Source: Plant physiology by AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS. Copyright 2008 Reproduced with permission of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT BIOLOGISTS in the format CD ROM via Copyright Clearance Center.] (a) State the carbon dioxide concentration at ph 7.2. (b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the rate of photosynthesis from ph 7 to ph 7.5. IB Questionbank Biology 7
8 (c) Outline the relationship between ph and the rate of photosynthesis. (d) Suggest how Zostera marina can perform photosynthesis even at very low carbon dioxide concentrations. (e) Based on the information and data provided, discuss the role of one limiting factor, other than carbon dioxide, and suggest how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis. (Total 7 marks) IB Questionbank Biology 8
9 Enzyme activity / arbitrary units 4. Inflammation of human tissues often causes pain. Cyclooxygenases (COX) are a group of enzymes that play a role in causing inflammation. Analgesics are drugs that can reduce pain. The graph below shows how increasing concentrations of the analgesic drug dipyrone, affects the activity of three different cyclooxygenases, COX-1, COX-2 and COX Key: COX-1 COX-2 COX Dipyrone concentration / µ mol dm [Source: Adapted from N V Chandrasekharan, et al, (2002), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99, (21), pages ] (a) Outline the relationship between dipyrone concentration and COX-3 activity. (b) Deduce whether dipyrone is an inhibitor of COX-2. IB Questionbank Biology 9
10 (c) Evaluate the potential of dipyrone as an analgesic using the data in the graph. (Total 6 marks) IB Questionbank Biology 10
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