FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical

Transcription

1 FLASH CARDS Kalat s Book Chapter 10 Alphabetical

2 AgRP

3 AgRP Agouti-related peptide; synthesized in hypothalamus. Acts as an appetite stimulator. Also decreases metabolism.

4 aldosterone

5 aldosterone Steroid hormone produced in adrenal gland. Causes sodium cravings, conserves sodium, and increases blood volume.

6 allostasis

7 allostasis Dynamic adjustment to changing conditions. Changes are made to behavior or to physiology (hormones, neural networks, etc.).

8 angiotensin II

9 angiotensin II Converted from the peptide hormone angiotensin. Increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction in smooth muscles. Increases sodium retention by triggering hypovolemic thirst (low volume).

10 antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

11 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) For humans, when your body needs water, the posterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and secrete highly concentrated urine.

12 arcuate nucleus

13 arcuate nucleus Cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus. Separate circuits for hunger and satiety. Input from taste and stomach (ghrelin). Neuroendocrine neurons produce growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

14 basal metabolism

15 basal metabolism The amount of energy expended while at rest (only vital organs functioning). Major activity is maintaining body temperature.

16 bulimia nervosa

17 bulimia nervosa Eating disorder; binge-purge. Overeating followed by weight control methods (compulsive exercise, laxatives, diuretics, vomiting). More women than men. Results in lower levels of CCK, increased ghrelin.

18 CCK

19 CCK Cholecystokinin, a peptide hormone that inhibits appetite, stimulates digestion of proteins and fats. Secreted by duodenum, triggers pancreas and gallbladder.

20 cytokines

21 cytokines Signaling molecules, cross BBB, intercellular communication between immune system & brain.

22 duodenum

23 duodenum First section of small intestine, short (~12 inches long) connection from stomach to intestines. Uses enzymes to break down food. Releases OEA hormone (oleoylethanolamide) to report satiety.

24 ghrelin

25 ghrelin Neurotransmitter released by stomach, reports food deprivation to hypothalamus. Decreases after meals.

26 glucagon

27 glucagon Liver stores glycogen. Glucagon signals liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

28 homeostasis

29 homeostasis Internal regulation of biological processes. Keeping within normal range, including temperature, iron, energy and sugar.

30 homeothermic

31 homeothermic Maintaining a steady internal body temperature in spite of external changes. Use sweating, licking and panting to cool; shivering, fluffing, moving to heat. Heat radiation is a function of surface area.

32 hypovolemic thirst

33 hypovolemic thirst Low blood volume thirst. Signaled by reduced blood flow to kidneys or heart receptors that signal loss of blood to hypothalamus. Need both water and electrolytes. In contrast to osmotic thirst.

34 insulin

35 insulin Although brain cells don t need the help, other cells use insulin to facilitate getting glucose from the blood into the cell.

36 lactase

37 lactase An enzyme to break down lactose into glucose & galactose. Essential to digest milk. Presence of enzyme can decline with age or non-usage.

38 lactose

39 lactose Disaccharide sugar found in milk. Higher in human milk than cow or goat milk. Needs the enzyme lactase to break it down into digestible components.

40 lateral hypothalamus

41 lateral hypothalamus The side of the hypothalamus is involved in regulating hunger and thirst.

42 lateral preoptic area

43 lateral preoptic area Controls drinking; damage causes low water intake.

44 leptin

45 leptin Hormone made in fat cells, impacts hypothalamus. Regulates body s fat reserves; low fat cell reserves, leptin increases.

46 negative feedback

47 negative feedback A change causes a change in the opposite direction. Sensing a difference from set point, decreases output.

48 positive feedback

49 positive feedback One changes leads to more changes in the same direction; adjusting flight toward target.

50 neuropeptide Y

51 neuropeptide Y NPY; neuropeptide-neurotransmitter. Causes fat tissue to grow (stores energy), increases food intake, decreases anxiety, pain and blood pressure.

52 osmotic pressure

53 osmotic pressure Pressure needed to stop osmosis. Water tends to flow from low to high concentrations until free energy is balanced or until pressure on solute side stops movement.

54 OVLT

55 OVLT Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis or supraoptic crest. Part of AV3V region. Regulation of electrolytes and fluids.

56 paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

57 paraventricular nucleus (PVN) Next to 3rd ventricle, in hypothalamus (inside BBB). Controls CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), vasopressin and TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone).

58 poikilothermic

59 poikilothermic Animals that internal temperatures vary with their outside temp. Often variation can be great, so have multiple enzyme systems for different levels. Can t perform sustained high-energy activities (hunting, thinking). Includes fish, lizards & insects.

60 preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus

61 preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus POA/AH. Two areas but operate together. Monitor body temperature. Compare internal to external temp.

62 set point

63 set point Target level for a physiological variable, such as body weight, internal temp and mood.

64 sham-feeding

65 sham-feeding Experimental method of Pavlov, used to study digestion. Food is supplied thru a tube connected to the stomach, bypassing smell, texture and taste cues. Satiety is slower; animals on sham-feeding tend to overeat.

66 sodium-specific hunger

67 sodium-specific hunger Aldosterone make neurons in the taste system react to salt as if it were sugar. Usually caused by excessive bleeding or extreme sweating. Triggers kidneys & sweat glands to conserve sodium.

68 splanchnic nerves

69 splanchnic nerves Part of the sympathetic nervous system. Send and receives signals from viscera, including the stomach. The stomach can sense and signal levels of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

70 subfornical organ (SFO)

71 subfornical organ (SFO) Appetite mediator. Regulates fluids, tracks glucose usage, monitors energy and sodium levels. Outside BBB, in third ventricle.

72 supraoptic nucleus

73 supraoptic nucleus Part of hypothalamus. Controls release of vasopressin (water retention hormone) and regulates drinking.

74 vagus nerve

75 vagus nerve Cranial nerve with multiple functions. Motor neurons slow heart rate. Sensory neurons report stomach extension (stretch) which provides satiety cues.

76 vasopressin

77 vasopressin Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It restricts blood vessels (increase blood pressure) and promote water retention (absorption rate of kidneys).

78 ventromedial hypothalamus

79 ventromedial hypothalamus VMH. Involved in satiety, heat regulation and perhaps obesity.

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