Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Arctic Biological Station Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. 1974

Transcription

1 -4" \." FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE - Translation Series No fea-kt:Itee Active metabolism in Azov goby by E.P. Skazkina Original title: Ob aktivnom obmene Azovskikh bychkov From: Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Institute Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii (VNIRO) (Proceedings of the All-Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography),.85(3) : , 1972 Translated by the Translation Bureau(NKM) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Arctic Biological Station Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q pages typescript

2 IMPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION CANADA DIVISION DES SERVICES MULTILINGUES TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN feie (.3.e4/e) Russian AUTHOR - AUTEUR English Skazkina E.P. TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Active Metabolism of Azov Goby TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES ROMAINS) Ob aktivnom obmene Azovskikh bychkov REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS, Trudy Vsesoyuznogo nauchno - issledovatel i skogo instituta morskogo rybnogo khozyaistva i okeanografii (VNIRO) REFERENCE: IN ENGLISH - REFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography PUBLISHLR - ÉDITEUR Not given PLACE OF PUBLICATION LIEU DE PUBLICATION YEAR ANNÉE DATE OF PUBLICATION DATE DE PUBLICATION VOLUME ISSUE NO. NUMÉRO PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS L'ORIGINAL NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES USSR 1972 LXXXV 3 12 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT MINISTÉRE-CLIENT TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. Environment NOTRE DOSSIER N 61S8ÎS BRANCH OR DIVISION DIRECTION OU DIVISION Fisheries Service TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) NKM PERSON REQUESTMG DEMANDÉ': PAR YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N DATE OF REQUEST DATE DE LA DEMANDE Dr. J.G. Hunter 28/2/74 UNEDITI. -.D TRANSLATION For informa:ion only TRADUCTION NON REVISEE Informa;ion seulement MAY SOS G (REV. 2/68)

3 4 DEPARTMENTOFTHESECRETARYOFSTATE. TRANSLATION BUREAU MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION 'k4.&of 4*.Wee CANADA SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS DIVISION DES SERVICES MULTILINGUES CLI ENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT DI VISION/BRANCH CITY N DU CLIENT MINISTÉRE DI VISION/DIRECTION VILLE Environment Fisheries Services Ste Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (I NI TIALS) N DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) Russian NKM MAY Source: Trudy Vsesoyuznogo nauchno-issledovaterskogo instituta morskogo rybnogo khozyaistva i okeanografii (Trudy of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography), Vol. 85, No. 3, 1972 (USSR) UDC UNEDITED TRANSLATION ACTIVE METABOLISM OF AZOV GOBY. For informa - ion ont' E. P. Skazkina TRADUCTION NON REVISEE Informa!ion seuiernent Quantitative indices of 'the energy metabolism of fish (L. (138)* Bertalanffy, 1951; E. Zeuten, 1953; S. Job, 1955; Vinberg; and F. Fry, 1957) basically represent the standard or usual metabolism of fish in a state of relative rest. The active metabolism of fish during swimming has been studied mainly for salmon and herring and other fast swimming fish (lvlev, 1962; J. Brett, 1964, 1964 and 1967; and Alekseeva, 1967). In order to study the energy processes of fish, it is necessary to know the average level of energy metabolism of definite species of fish, which is deduced from metabolism during activity and rest. Four species of Azov Goby of genus Gobius were studied in an apparatus especially constructed for measuring active metabolism. After the flow of the Don River had been regulated, Goby became the main representative of the bottom complex of ichthyofauna in this body of water. The bibmass of Goby in recent years has been estimated at more than SOS *The numbers in the righhand margin refer to the numbers of the pages of the original text - Translator.

4 2 million centners, and the catches are as high as 900 thousand centners 2. per year (Karpevich, 1965; and Kostyuchenko, 1966). Ninety percent of the catches consist of round goby. In order to establish the food requirements of round goby, which plays an important role in the food chains of the Sea of Azov, it was necessary to ascertain the average level of its energy metabolism in conditions approximating the natural environment and, hence, to establish the level of active metabolism and its relation to standard metabolism. As has been already stated, this study was carried out on Azov Goby: round goby -obius melanostomus, monkey goby - G. fluviatilus, toad goby - G. batrachocephalus and syrman goby - G. syrman. The length of the fish was mm, weight g to 34.6 g and stages of maturity - II and III. The experiments were conducted in May and June, 1968, at the aquariums of the Azov-Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography (Azcher NIRO) at a water temperature of C and salinity of 14 %. The apparatus for the experiments was based on a skeleton diagram prepared by K. Blaska (K. Blaska, M. Vo1f and M. Cepela, 1960) and consisted of two concentric cylinders, the inner cylinder being smaller in diameter (74 mm) and shorter than the outer. A propeller placed at the beginning of the apparatus and connected to a sewing machine motor by means of a belt drive via a No. 2 laboratory auto-transformer ("Latr-2") forces the water into the inner cylinder, and a system of regulator plates placed directly behind the propeller reduces the turbulence and creates a water current which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus. As the water reaches the end of the inner cylinder, it returns to the propeller through the space between the cylinders. The length of the apparatus is

5 mm and the capacity - 1,200 milliliters; the flow velocity (ranging from 20 to 70 cm/sec) was determined by the difference in the levels in the tubes of a manometer installed in the apparatus. Prior to the experiment, the fish were placed in the inner cylin- (139) der of the apparatus and were kept in running water for days. After this, the flow of water into and out of the apparatus was cut off and the standard metabolism was measured. When this experiment was finished, the water supply was turned on for minutes until the water was completely replaced, and the level of active metabolism was determined. In order to measure the active metabolism, the flow of water into and out of the apparatus was again cut off and the motor was turned on at a given speed. Since the fish did not react to low flow velocities and were driven to the back wall of the apparatus by high velocities, optimum flow velocities were established beforehand for different species of goby, whereby the fish could resist the water current by either swimming or holding their position with the aid of suckers. After the muscular load was discontinued, the amount of energy expended by the experimental fish during swimming was determined. The "oxygen debt" was determined for a period of 5 hrs after discontinuation of the muscular load, by measuring the quantity of oxygen consumed at 1 hour intervals - as in the case of syrman gobies, the "oxygen debe'was established on fish which had been caught 1-2 days prior to the experiment. A complete biological analysis was performed after completion of the experiments. The experimental results were statistically processed. The relation between periods of rest and. swimming for round gobies, monkey gobies and syrman gobies was established on fish which had been caught 1-2 days prior to the experiment and placed in large aquariums

6 4. (approximately 4 m3), containing natural earth. The readings were taken from a stop watch over a period of minutes. In the spring, summer and autumn, the timing was done 6 times per day at 4 hour intervals. Insofar as the level of active metabolism is directly related to the muscular load, we shall determine the speed and duration of swimming of goby in the apparatus. There are no data in the literature on the speed of swimming of gobies,with the exception of a single measurement of the maximum speed of round goby in a trough (Radakov, 1964). Monkey goby developed the greatest speeds (48-50 cm/sec), syrman goby - somewhat lower speeds (44 cm/sec), and round goby - the lowest speeds (not greater than 34 cm/sec) (Table 1). Toad goby did not swim in the apparatus - at a flow velocity of approximately 30 cm/sec, it was able to resist the water current by holding its place. The duration of swimming in the apparatus for each of these species also varied. Monkey goby could swim min, round goby min, after which, like toad goby, they stayed in place, and syrman goby min. On the basis of speed and duration of swimming, the best swimmer among the species studied was monkey goby, followed by syrman goby and round goby and, finally, by toad goby. Timing of the periods of rest and swimming for gobies in an aquarium also showed that monkey goby and syrman goby swim for a larger part of the day (42% and 37% of the time) as compared to round goby (28.6%). It is interestinc, to compare the data obtained with certain biochemical indices for the blood of gobies. M. Bede (1959) established that the relative size of the albumin fraction of the blood of fish is linked to their mobility. Thus, in pelagic fish, tuna and mackerel, the albumin fraction is 60% of the total protein; in bottom migrating forms, particularly perch - 40%; and in scorpion fishes which lead an inactive mode of life - 5%. According to the data of

7 5. N.I. Kulikova (1970), who studied serous proteins in the blood of goby, the maximum quantity of albumin (27%) is contained in the blood serum of monkey goby, a somewhat lesser amount (26.2%) in syrman goby, and the least amount in round goby (22.6%) and toad goby (16.8%). Hence,in terms of albumin content, gobies fall into the same sequence as we established. (140) The metabolism of gobies increases sharply during swimming. Thus? the rate of metabolism of monkey goby, weighing g, while in motion is milliliters/g-hr (Q a ) as against milliliters/g-hr while relatively inactive (Q st ). As great an increase in metabolism is noted in the second weight group of monkey goby, g. Similar Changes in metabolism occur for toad, syrman and round goby (see Table 1). Standard ( Q ) and active metabolism Ci ) of monkey, st syrman, rouna and toad goby at a temperalre of C Table 1 w H w.. Consumption Flow Duration % an 4-),. of oxygen,m1/g-hr veloc- of cd i_ 41 $.4 b.0 bo ity swimming, 0 > fr-i 0 0 o Q st Q a Q st n Species cm/sec min -4 4 Monkey goby ± ± ± ± ± ± Syrman goby To ± ± ± Round goby ± Toad goby ' Did not , swim

8 6. The ratios of active metabolism to standard metabolism are given since it is these ratios rather than the absolute indices of active metabolism which are important for purposes of describing the active metabolism of fish. For monkey goby and syrman goby, metabolism during swimming is 2.66 and 2.86 times greater, respectively, than the standard metabolism, and for round goby and toad goby and 2.01 times greater, respectively. According to the data in the literature, the ratio Q for fish varies a/qst within rather considerable limits (from 2 to 14 times) and depends both on the speed of swimming and on the characteristic ecological features of a species (W. Spoor, 1946; H. Smit, 1965; Ivlev, 1962; J. Graham, 1949; S. Job, 1955; and Alekseeva, 1965 and 1967). As we see, the increase in metab- olism for F.oby during swimming is small. We do not exclude the possibility that this is linked with the small muscular loads used in our experiments. The oxygen debt after swimming was studied for round goby. It may be seen from Table 2 that the metabolism of goby did not drop immediately to the standard level: for seven fisb out of thirteen, the metabolism during the first min after the muscular load (Q1 ) exceeded the standard metabolism (Qst) by %. For the remaining fish ' Q was almost 2 the same as Q (the difference did not exceed the experimental error). st The observations conducted on metabolism in the next 2-5 hrs after the muscular load showed that the values which characterized the metabolism at this time (Q 2 -Q 5 ) are almost the same as the standard metabolism prior to the experiment. From the experiments, we can compute the correction to the active (142) metabolism for the oxygen debt. The oxygen debt which was formed as a result of 8-10 minutes of muscular load, was eliminated in min. If we consider that during this entire period Q exceeded Q for round goby 1 st

9 Oomparison of the amount of oxygen consumed by round goby prior to the muscular load (0st) during the muscular load (Q a ) and for 5 hrs after the muscular load (Q-Q ) 5 Oxygen consumption milliliters/g - hr Q - Q st Weight, g Qst Qa afterl min L2 1 Q 4 I Q 5 1 lin Imilli- 'liters lin %!in %!of Q st tof Q a 9,0 0'220 0,380 0, , ,0 25,0 0,149 0,282 0,171 0,157 0,151 0,143 0,154 0,022 14,8 27,5 0,110 0,192 0, ,009 8,2 36,5 0,124 ' 0,207 0,119 0,096 0,096 0,116 0, , ,0 39,0 0,093 0,183 0,114 0, ,021 22,5 42,0 0,123 0,278 0,139 0,127 0,138 0,120 0,124 0,016, 13,0 42,0 0,122 0,218 0,119 0,129 0,912 0,123 0, , ,4 44,0 0,093 0,263 0,085 0,074 0,087 0,092 0, , ,5 44,5 0,092 0,146 0,089 0,078 0,098 0,093 0, , ,26 46,0 0,135 0,278 0,148 0,133 0,140 0,141 0,138 0,013 9,6 46,0 0,116 0,176 0,118 0,115 0,114 0,120 0,110 0,002 1,5 44 -y 0 0,093 0,316 0, ,019 2o,4 41,0 0,127 0,231. 0,123 0,123 0,131 0,126 0, , ,2 --2,4-7,8 4,7 --9,4* 11,5 5, ,9* 6,0 *Values of less than 3% were not considered

10 8. by an average of 3.2% of the active metabolism, then the correction to active metabolism for the oxygen debt in ten minutes of swimming should be 15-20% of the active metabolism. When muscular loads are large and last for a long time, the oxygen debt in fish reaches high levels (70%) and is eliminated in hrs (A. Heat and Pritchard, 1962; and J. Brett, 1964). In a number of works by Black and his colleagues (E. Black, 1957; and E. Black et al, 1960 and 1962), a study was made of the change in the content of lactic acid and other products of metabolism in the blood of fish after intensive muscular work. They showed that no fewer than 6-8 hrs are needed to eliminate oxygen debt. According to the data of K.D. Alekseeva (1967), the oxygen debt in mullet and picarel disappears in an hour. The oxygen debt obviously adds substantially to the active metabolism and should be taken into account when working out the balances. Thus, the correction which we introduced into the oxygen debt increased the ratio of active metabolism to standard metabolism from 2.11 to 2.4. On the basis of data on standard metabolism (Skazkina, 1969), active metabolism and oxygen debt, as well as data on the timing of periods of rest and swimming, the average value of energy metabolism in conditions approximating natural conditions was calculated. This value was 140% of the value for standard metabolism and 50% of the active metabolism. This feature was subsequently used to work out balances in establishing the size of food rations for round goby in the Sea of Azov (Skazkina and Kostyuchenko, 1968). By comparing the size of rations obtained by direct methods and by calculations based on metabolism, G.G. Vinberg (1956) concluded that the average level of energy metabolism of fish in natural conditions is approximately twice that of standard metabolism, with Q approximating Q for av st

11 9. inactive fish and substantially exceeding Qstfor good swimmers which lead an active mode of life. On the basis of our data, it may be concluded that the average level of energy metabolism of fish in conditions approximating natural conditions should be established experimentally for each particular case, i.e. from the level of standard and active metabolism corrected for oxygen debt and from the timing of the periods of rest and swimming. CONCLUSIONS 1. In an apparatus which was especially designed to determine the active metabolism of goby, monkey goby could develop a speed of cm/sec for min, syrman goby - 44 cm/sec for 8-10 min, and round goby - 34 cm/sec for 3-4 min. With the aid of suckers, toad goby held its place at a flow velocity of 30 cm/sec for min. 2. Compared to the metabolism during rest, metabolism during swimming increased 2.56 times for monkey goby, 2.86 times for syrman goby, 2.11 times for round goby and 2.01 times for toad goby. 3. The oxygen debt for round goby averaged approximately 20% of the value for active metabolism and was eliminated in an hour. Introduction of a correction for oxygen debt changed the ratio of Qa/Qst from 2.11 to The average level of energy metabolism for round goby in con- (143) ditions approximating natural. conditions, calculated on the basis of a time study of periods of rest and swimming for standard and active metabolism, taking into account the oxygen debt, was 1.4 Q St.

12 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Alekseeva K.D. "Active Metabolism in Aquatic Animals". Physiological Bases of the Ecology of Aquatic Animals, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ).5-et./e,57à?at 2. Alekseeva K.D. Effect of Muscular Activity on the Energy Metabolism of Fish. Moscow, "Nauka" Publishing House, Vinberg G.G. Metabolic Rate and Food Requirements of Fish. Minsk, Publishing House of the Byelorussian State University, Ivlev V.S. "Technique of Measuring Active Metabolism". Handbook on the Methods of Studying the Physiology of Fish. Moscow, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Ivlev V.S. "Active Energy Metabolism of the Fry of Baltic Salmon (Salmo Salar)". Problems of Ichthyology, Vol. 2, Karpevich A.F. "Changes in the Productivity of the Sea of Azov in Conditions of the Regulated Flow of Rivers". Journal of Hydrobiolou. Issues 2 and 3, Kiev, Kostyuchenko V.A. "Effect of Fisheries on the Population of Azov 'Round Goby'. Trudy of the Azov - Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography. Issue 24, Kulikova N.I. "Studies of Serous Albumins in Azov Gobies Using Agar Gel Electrophoresis". Trudy of VNIRO. Vol. XIX, Radakov D.V. "Speed of Fish". Speed of Movement and Certain Characteristic Features of the Vision of Fish. Moscow, "Nauka" Publishing House, Skazkina E.P. and Kostyuchenko V.A. "Food Rations of Azov 'Round Goby". Problems of Ichthyology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, Skazkina E.P. "Seasonal Changes in the Standard Metabolism of 'Round Goby". Trudy of the Azov-Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography. Vol. 26, 1969.

13 .11 ITEPAT A A.1 t Is c t. t. Ps K 11 As, re aistssa o6n:ess muss ht kittairishix. ffit tut 11%. Elle bt2111 fsb; is,,iuiiu 4o_1111,1X Ali Cc c P t' Is a K. ii. Bassallite %Ibliltentant pas-psis., 1) i.:t-Ito «I lay1: si n (- e p r F. r. Histeuclosipscri, ii6teii ii miiiieemse tiorpe6n.d.-rii ao roc. ysi-r a, It Ft.1 e n f3. C. Teximica wirdepeinia os-smelia CC's. «Pysonssavitso meromrhe cbit.ittoatirtin in,i6». M., A Ii C.CCP. 1%2. II 13 e u B. C. AKTIllillblfi Ut pittit ij U il asesteii y milkbissiti Clad I Iiiit1C01 0 (Salmo Salar) «..1-3(sup. iixtuomm..» T. 2, K p ii e ii ii Li A. (P. lismeneinse upo.kykruanocrii A sobci<ora moms it ycjissaipsx aapery.sisporsantioro croka peic. «Eimpo6sto.noripteciotii atyptsa.ab. Bun. 2, 3, Knelt, hoer io tlellho B. A. ilksimille npombsc.ria tics riony.aissusso aioackoro cibuska - Fpyr.naka.. Tpyki4 A.tssep1111PO. B :6. K y 0 B a H. PI. Hcc.kekoatuusti cbutoporotniblx 6eJ1IZOB aorcklix ribisikact me-m.1031 mek -rposisopeaa a araponom rerce. Tpy.abt B1-11-1P0. T. XIX, Paaakoa,B. B. CIZOpOeTH.:113tmeHlig pts16. C6. «CI:twos:an ilokelilta u news-.ropbse oco6e0n00c-rn aperitif( piei». M., 113,a-so el-layka, C i< a 3 Ku na E. ri., KOCTIOslefil<0 B. A. Elittneame patutoutst azioackoro t'sbistkakpyraitica, «Bonp. Hz -manor.» T. 8. Bun. 2, 1968, C K a a it it u a E Ce3OHlibiX 113MelleHHH crasmapruos cs6mesta y 6bisika-kpyr- Mika Tpya.bi A.PiepH11P0. T Bed e, M. The proteins and lipids of the plasma of some species of Australian fresh and salt watrr fish. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. Vol. 54, No. 3, Bert ala n f f y. L. Metabolism types and growth types. Amer. Nat. Vol Blac k, E. C.. Alterations of the blood level of lactic acid in certain,.silmonid fishes following muscular activity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Vol. 14. No. 6, Black. E. C., Robertson. A. C.. Hanslip. A. R. and Chu. W: G. Alterations in glycogen, glucose and lactate in rainbow and Kamloops trout. Salim, gairdneri. following muscular activity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Vol. 17. No , Black, E. C., Conno r, A. R., Li in, K. C. and Chi u, W. G. Changes in glycseen pyru at and lactate in rainbow /runt (Salsas) gcsirdneri) during and following muscular activity. J. Fish. 1?es. Bd. Can. Vol. 19, No. 3, Blazk a, P.. V o If, M., Cepel a. M. A new type of respirometer for the cetermination of the metabolism of fish in an active state. Physiol. Biochein. Vol. q, I-'I ague Bret t,.1, R. Some consideration in the study of respiratory metabolism in fish, particularly salmon. J. Fish, Res. Bd. Can. 1962, Vol. 19, No. 6. Bret t, J. R. The swimming energetics of sal oon. Sci. Amer. Vol. 213, No Bret t, J. R. Swimming performance of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerkal in relation to fatigue, time and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Vol. 24, No. 8, Fr y, E. E. The aquatic respiration of fish. Physiol. of Fishes. N.-Y. Vol. 1, Part 1, Graha in. J. M. Some effects of temperature and oxygen pressure on the metabolism and activity of the speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Can. J. Res., 27, No Vol. t. A. G. and Prichar d, A. W. Changes in the metabolic rate and blood lactic acid of bluegill sunfish. Eepoinis macrochirus. Rat., following set-ell: muscular activity. Physiol. Zool., Vol..35. No. 4, J o b. S. V. The oxygen consomption of Salvelinus fontinalis. Univ. Toronto bol. Ser. 61, S ru it. H. SOfilt* experiments on the oxygen consumption of goldfish (Carassitts auratus) in relation to swimming 5...peed. Can. J. Zool., Vol. 43, No. 4, Spoo r. W. A. A quantitative study of the relationships betv..een the activity and oxygea cs..i.stimption of the goldfish and its application to the measurements of respiratory metabolism in fishes. Biol. Bull. Vol. 91, No 3, Zeute n, E. Oxygen uptake as related co bo th size in organisms. Guart. Rev. Biol. Vol. 28. No. I

14 Stittunar y The active metabolism in goby WaS tittldied t1,ith the ludo of a spe,-ially oinstruetril hydrodynamic unit at the current elocity of 37 to 50 cm/se. Under tht, e onditi.,11% the level of active metabolism exceeded the level of resting metabolism hy 2.7 tinies for monkey goby. Ciobitis fluyiatilus, 2.9 times for syrmaa githy, clohnts syrman, 2.1 times for round goby, riohius melanostomus, and was twice that of toad goby, I IehtIs batrachocephalus. (The average oxygen debt amounted to 20':;, of the level of àetive metabolism and was replaced within an hour. The it ean level metabolism in goby, typical of their way of- life in a body of water.con,4i1oted of their standard metabolism value.