THE banana fruit of commerce is always gathered iminature and
|
|
- Bruno Walsh
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 [170] THE RESPIRATION OF BANANAS IN PRESENCE OF ETHYLENE BY R. GANE, M.SC, PH.D. Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge (With 7 figures in the text) THE banana fruit of commerce is always gathered iminature and green and ripened after transport. There are not yet available the results of any complete study of the temperature-respiratory activity-time relationships of immaturely gathered fruit. Such results as have been obtained with post-transport fruit (1936) suggest that the onset of ripening is accompanied by a sharp rise in respiratory activity similar in general character to that occurring in the apple 8OT Days Fig. I. Rate of production of carbon dioxide by bananas at 15 C. in air and in air containing i part per million of ethylene. Bananas II in fresh air throughout. At A, bananas I ventilated with air containing i p.p.m. of ethylene. and pear as described by Kidd & West and termed by them the chmacteric. In the case of the apple these authors have shown that ethylene administered before the climacteric stimulates its immediate onset and that administration after the climacteric has no effect. A series of experiments has been carried out in which post-shipment bananas have been treated with ethylene in the pre-climacteric phase of low respiratory activity. In all cases the action of ethylene has been the stimulation of the immediate onset of the rise in respiratory activity associated with ripening. Fig. I presents the results of one such experiment. Comparable samples of fruit were obtained by using the two halves of a hand, one
2 Respiration of Bananas in Presence of Ethylene 171 of which was ventilated with air and the other with the gas mixture. The gas mixture was made by introducing 2-1 c.c. of ethylene in a partially evacuated steel cylinder and then adding 75 cu. ft. of air from a similar cyhnder containing 150 cu. ft. of air under pressure. Fig. 2 presents the result of an experiment in which ethylene was administered in the post-climacteric phase. At this stage it is without effect on respiratory activity. An interesting extension of this type of experiment is one in which the apphcation of ethylene is made after the upward tendency in respiratory activity has already begun. The results obtained in this case are shown in Fig. 3. It will be seen that the rate of rise is accelerated. Fig. 2. Rate of production of carbon dioxide by bananas at 15 C, in air and in air containing ethylene. At A, i c.c. of ethylene was added to the air stream. Now in the case of apples the present author (1935) has shown that with the onset of the climacteric rise in respiratory activity ethylene is produced by the fruit itself, while Kidd & West have shown that the volatiles from post-climacteric apples stimulate the climacteric in unripe fruit and also that the same is true in the case of bananas. Confirmation of their observation with regard to bananas has been obtained. Three samples of bananas were obtained from one hand of fruit, sample I was ventilated with air from a cylinder, sample II was similarly ventilated but o-i c.c. of ethylene added to the air stream, while sample III was ventilated with air that had previously been used to ventilate ripe bananas and then passed over moist soda lime to remove carbon dioxide.
3 172 R. GANE The course of respiratory activity of all three samples is shown in Eig. 4. Readings of the respiratory activity were obtained every so- Days Fig. 3. Rate of production of carbon dioxide by bananas at 15 C, in air and in air containing i part per million of ethylene. Bananas I in air throughout. At A, bananas II ventilated with air containing i p.p.m. of ethylene. Days Fig. 4. Effect of volatile products from ripe bananas on the production of carbon dioxide by unripe bananas (at 15 C). Banana I in fresh air throughout. At A, air from a ripe banana was passed over banana III. At B, banana III was returned to fresh air. At C, O'l c.c. of ethylene was added to air stream over banana II. 4 hours, and it will be seen that in samples II and III the respiration started to increase after 8 hours from the time dosing started.^ A germinating-seed test for the production of traces of ethylene by bananas has been applied. Peas germinating in a closed vessel in ' In this particular series, the peak of respiratory activity was reached at almost the same time by all three samples, and although the respiration was increased by the treatment it was observed that ripening in this experiment did not appear to be greatly accelerated by the ethylene treatment.
4 Respiration of Bananas in Presence of Ethylene 173 the presence of ripe bananas at 25 C. with the minimum ventilation required to keep the carbon dioxide below 10 per cent exhibited the abnormalities in growth which are described as typical of the effects of ethylene (Crocker, 1929). Such effects, however, were only produced by restricting ventilation and at a high temperature. Similar effects are produced by apples with ventilation rapid enough to keep the carbon dioxide below 0-5 per cent and at lower temperatures. When unripe green bananas are used these effects are not produced. Eig. 5. Production of carbon dioxide by bananas in air at 15 C. with continuous and discontinuous ventilation. Bananas II, continuous ventilation throughout. Bananas I, no ventilation at periods A, B, C and D. In parallel with these germinating-seed tests for the presence of ethylene, the effects upon the subsequent respiratory activity of bananas were studied after periods in which ventilation was restricted to allow the accumulation of 10 per cent carbon dioxide. The data shown in Fig. 5 refer to two samples from the same hand of fruit, one sample was ventilated continuously and the other discontinuously.^ There is no sign of the action of any stimulating substance in the pre-climacteric phase, but as soon as the fruit passes into the chmacteric phase, a period of restricted ventilation accelerates the completion of the climacteric. There is a strong probability therefore that bananas behave like apples and begin to produce ethylene with the onset of the climacteric. ^ There is, of course, an initial high value due to the accumulated carbon dioxide, but this is soon lost.
5 174 R- GANE The fact that treatment of the fruit with ethylene (i part per million) or a temporary restriction of ventilation accelerates the climacteric rise is interesting. In their work on apples and pears Kidd & West (1933) have shown on the one hand that restricted ventilation or ethylene treatment will stimulate a climacteric change even in very immature fruit, and on the other hand that if single fruits are used (pears in this case), gathered sufficiently immature and ventilated sufficiently rapidly, no climacteric ever occurred. They argue that (i) ethylene or a substance with similar action is being produced prior to the climacteric; (2) there must be a threshold value of ethylene concentration in the cells necessary for stimulation; (3) probably the rate of production of ethylene rises with age while the threshold value for stimulation falls. The results of the experiments described above suggest that the cells of the fruit do not all reach the point of auto-stimulation simultaneously. If so, it should be expected that at the stage when some have reached the critical point and others are near it, an artificial raising of the concentration of ethylene would cause an accelerated rise in the respiratory activity of the whole fruit. The active substance from ripe bananas is destroyed, or inactivated, by ozone. A stream of air was passed over ripe bananas, and then divided into two halves, each of which was led over a similar sample of green bananas; into one stream a small oxonizer introduced ozone at a concentration of from 70 to 90 parts per million. The bananas exposed to this gas ripened at a much later date than the other sample. In this experiment the lenticels of the fruit exposed to ozone became discoloured and dark green unfiltrated areas were formed round them, which later became brown, and finally black. The experiment was repeated in a modified form in which the comparison instituted was between fruit ventilated with fresh air in the normal way and fruit ventilated with air passed first over ripe bananas, then through an ozonizer, and finally through a deozonizer.i The behaviour of the two samples was identical. The ozone had clearly removed stimulating substances while the deozonizer had eliminated the damaging effects of ozone. With a view to surveying the sensitivity of the banana fruit to ozone comparable samples of bananas were stored at 15 C. and ventilated with air and with air containing a low concentration of ozone. The ozone was produced by a small ozonizer built into the ' A glass tube filled with scrap rubber.
6 Respiration of Bananas in Presence of Ethylene 175 inlet tube of the fruit container. The quantity of ozone produced could be varied by altering the resistance in the mains leads of the high tension transformer. The concentration of ozone is approximately constant over a range of air speeds. Any ozone in the air stream issuing from the fruit container was removed by passing through a glass tube containing scrap rubber. Even the lowest concentration of ozone used, 1-5 parts per million, caused injury to the peel, A new observation was also made, namely, that one of the effects of ozone is a retardation of ripening. This retardation is probably due to a plugging of the stomata of the fruit by the decomposition products formed by the action of ozone. The data are plotted in Fig. 6. A similar retardation of ripening is shown by fruit treated with hydrogen peroxide, dilute aqueous iodine and coated with vaseline, and the conclusion has been drawn that the effect is due to a blocking of the channels through which the gaseous exchange takes place and consequently to an increased carbon dioxide and diminished oxygen tension within the fruit. Certain suggestions of possible value in the handling of fruit arise from the facts established above. The first is that the problem of "ships ripes" in banana-carrying vessels may find its partial solution in the combined use of ozonizers and deozonizers for the treatment of the air circulated through the holds and over the coolers by fans. The second is that great care should be taken to avoid storing ripe fruit or fruit that has been treated with ethylene, as is often the case with early gathered oranges, in the same air with unripe fruit. The effect upon bananas of the volatile products of a ripe apple (Bramley Seedling) is shown in Fig. 7. Sufficient ethylene escapes from one apple ventilated at the rate of 25 c.c. per min, to start the ripening processes of bananas immediately. In view of the work of Kidd & West (1932) on the ripening of apples, it is probable that premature ripening of bananas also can be induced by the volatile products from pears, peaches and tomatoes, but not by fully coloured oranges or grapes. The opinion is held in the banana-carrying trade that oranges and citrus fruits in general are potential sources of danger and liable to cause the bananas to ripen. Laboratory experiments do not confirm this, though it should be remembered that, when citrus fruits have been treated with ethylene, this gas would dissolve in the tissues of the fruit and escape from solution again after the fruit was removed from the conditioning rooms. There is no evidence as to the time required for all the ethylene to be lost from these tissues.
7 176 R. GANE 2O 40 plp.m. OZONE I p.p.m. ^40 ab I 2O 2 ri rt O I-5 p.p.m 4O Days Fig. 6. The effect of ozone on the production of carbon dioxide by bananas at 15 C.
8 Respiration of Bananas in Presence of Ethylene 177 Laboratory tests suggest that no ethylene-like substance is produced by rotting banana stems, rotting bananas, yeast growing in a culture solution, or by onions. None of these produce any substance which acclerates the ripening of bananas. Using a different indicator, either tomato shoots or potato shoots, Denny, Miller, Crocker, Days Fig. 7. Effect of the volatile products from an apple on the production of carbon dioxide by bananas at 15 C. Bananas II in fresh air throughout. At A, air was passed over an apple (Bramley Seedling) and then over bananas I. At B the apple was removed from the air stream. Hitchcock & Zimmerman (1935) have shown that ethylene is produced by a variety of tissues including parts of flowers, e.g. petals, anthers; immature fruits; leaves; roots and tubers; but data is not available to show whether the quantity produced is sufficient to affect bananas. SUMMARY Evidence is given to show that ripe bananas produce ethylene. The effect on seedlings of Pisum sativum is paralleled by low concentrations of ethylene. An acceleration of ripening of unripe bananas by ethylene at a concentration of i part per million is similar to that produced by
9 178 R. GANE the products of metabolism of ripe bananas. It would appear that ethylene is a normal product of metabolism during the climacteric when it acts as an autocatalyst. Ethylene can be removed from air by ozone. Ozone causes a retardation of normal ripening, probably by gumming up the stomata. Similar retarding effects are shown by fruit treated with hydrogen peroxide, iodine and vaseline, REFERENCES CROCKER, W. (1929), A delicate method of detecting illuminating gas in a greenhouse. Prof. Pap. Boyce Thompson Inst. 1, No, 11, p. 8i. CROCKER, W,, HITCHCOCK, A. E. & ZIMMERMAN, P. W. (i935)- Similarity in the effects of ethylene and the plant auxins. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7, 231- DENNY, F. E, (1935). Testing plant tissue for emanations causing leaf epinasty. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7, 341. DENNY, F, E. & MILLER, L. P. (1935). Production of ethylene by plant tissue as indicated by the epinastic response of leaves. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7, 97, GANE, R. (1935). The formation of ethylene by plant tissues, and its significance in the ripening of fruits. /. Pomol. 13, 351, (1936). A study of the respiration of bananas. New Phytol. 35, 383, KIDD, F. & WEST, C. (1932). Effects of ethylene and of apple vapours on the ripening of fruits. Rep. Food Invest. Bd., Lond., p. 55. (1933)- The influence of the composition of the atmosphere upon the incidence of the climacteric in apples. Rep. Food Invest. Bd., Lond., p. 51,
10
The Climacteric Rise in Respiration Rate of the Fuerte Avocado Fruit
Proceedings of the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 1941 39:137-142 The Climacteric Rise in Respiration Rate of the Fuerte Avocado Fruit By J. B. BIALE, University of California, Los Angeles,
More informationTo estimate the amount of reducing sugars in a grape
生物實驗室 Experiment 1: To estimate the amount of reducing sugars in a grape Explanation of method: To estimate the amount of reducing sugars in a grape, the method of test for reducing sugars must be known
More information3 Movement in and out of cells
For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Movement in and out of cells Question Paper Level IGSE Subject iology Exam oard ambridge International Examinations Unit 3 Movement
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
*7531216271* UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education COMBINED SCIENCE 0653/61 Paper 6 Alternative to Practical October/November 2012
More information4 C) samples. AgNO3 and 8 hydroxy treated samples were of
-160- THE EFFECTS OF CA ON DETERIORATION OF BROCCOLI Donald E. Hudson Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture HCQR, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Paul A. Lachance Dept.
More informationThe students measured the mass of four of the potato sticks using an electronic balance.
1 Some students investigated osmosis in raw potato sticks. (a) Define the term osmosis. [3] (b) The students measured the mass of four of the potato sticks using an electronic balance. Fig. 4.1 shows an
More informationFlowers, Fruit and Seeds Notes Flower Structure and Reproduction Taken from
Flowers, Fruit and Seeds Notes Flower Structure and Reproduction Taken from http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/flower_coloring.html Flowers are the plant's reproductive structures. Angiosperms are
More informationThe Use of 1-MCP as an Inhibitor of Ethylene Action in Tulip Bulbs under Laboratory and Practical Conditions
The Use of 1-MCP as an Inhibitor of Ethylene Action in Tulip Bulbs under Laboratory and Practical Conditions H. Gude and M. Dijkema Applied Plant Research (PPO), Flowerbulbs P.O. Box 85 216 AB Lisse The
More information(a) (i) Describe how the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.
The circulatory system contains arteries and veins. (a) (i) Describe how the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein. (2) A comparison is made between blood taken from an artery
More informationMigrating adults Multiple adults of the same species are seen flying steadily in a uniform direction without stopping.
Monarch (Danaus plexippus) As you report on phenophase status (Y, N or?) on the datasheets, refer to the definitions on this sheet to find out what you should look for, for each phenophase in each species.
More informationCandidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number. FOUNDATION TIER (Grades G-C)
GCSE in ADDITIONAL SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 5 Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number 0 GCSE ADDITIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION TIER (Grades G-C) BIOLOGY 2 Cells and metabolism, digestion
More informationChapter 40 Flowering Plant Sexual Reproduction
3.6 Reproduction & Growth 3.6.1 Reproduction of The Flowering Plant Chapter 40 Flowering Plant Sexual Reproduction Learning Objectives 1. Give the structure and function of the floral parts. 2. Outline
More informationCHEMISTRY OF LIFE 30 JANUARY 2013
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 30 JANUARY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we will: Investigate the structure and function of molecules that are essential for life. Key Concepts Terminology A molecule is any
More informationBOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION. MACRONUTRIENTS Found in air and water carbon C oxygen hydrogen
BOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION Segment One Nutrient Listing Plants need 17 elements for normal growth. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are found in air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus,
More informationSoil Nutrients and Fertilizers. Essential Standard Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers.
Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers Essential Standard 6.00- Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers. Objective 6.01 Discuss macro and micro nutrients and the role they play in plant deficiencies. Macro
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *9683650458* BIOLOGY 0610/63 Paper 6 Alternative to Practical May/June 2014 1 hour Candidates answer
More informationo Production of genetically identical offspring from one parent o E.g. - Bacteria Reproduce by binary fission a cell to divide into 2
Reproduction (IGCSE Biology Syllabus 2016-2018) Asexual Reproduction o Production of genetically identical offspring from one parent o E.g. - Bacteria Reproduce by binary fission a cell to divide into
More informationIRRIGATION AND NUTRITION MANAGEMENT FOR GOOD POSTHARVEST PERFORMANCE JOHN P BOWER
IRRIGATION AND NUTRITION MANAGEMENT FOR GOOD POSTHARVEST PERFORMANCE JOHN P BOWER Agassiz, Canada Consultant: Horticultural Product Quality Objectives Fruit arrives in the market No external chilling damage
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *2856902052* BIOLOGY 0610/23 Paper 2 Core May/June 2013 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on
More informationFOOD TECHNOLOGY MCQS FOR THE PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT EXAMS
FOOD TECHNOLOGY MCQS FOR THE PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT EXAMS Q 1. Chilling injuries arising from the exposure of the products to a temperature a. above the normal physiological range b. below the normal
More informationCHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT HUMAN BEING PLANTS Function of heart Wilting Structure of heart Blood vessels: characteristics and functions Transpiration: function
More informationPlants Provision for Life. Chapter 2 7 th Grade
Plants Provision for Life Chapter 2 7 th Grade Lesson 2.1- Structure of Flowers Pistil- female reproductive structure Stigma- sticky top part. Traps pollen. Style- slender tube connecting stigma and ovary.
More informationPRINCIPLES OF POSTHARVEST HORTICULTURE. Midterm Exam I. 100 points possible NAME: KEY
PRINCIPLES OF POSTHARVEST HORTICULTURE Midterm Exam I 100 points possible NAME: KEY POSTHARVEST DETERIORATION & LOSSES (10 points) (2 points) What historical movement(s)/event(s) mainly drove the need
More information9/21/2016. Composition and Compositional Changes During Development: Part II. V. Major Components of Fruits and Vegetables.
Composition and Compositional Changes During Development: Part II Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville Dr. Mark A. Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort
More informationPRODUCT: Ethyl alcohol (denatured) CHEMICAL ABSTRACT NO.: Mixture. Ethyl alcohol ppm Flammable
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ETHYL ALCOHOL (DENATURED) Section I - IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT: Ethyl alcohol (denatured) SYNONYMS: Denatured ethanol CHEMICAL FORMULA: C 2 H 5 OH CHEMICAL ABSTRACT NO.: Mixture
More informationAQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 3
AQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 3 128 minutes 128 marks Page 1 of 29 Q1. Plants need chemical energy for respiration and for active transport. (i) Write a balanced chemical equation
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES
Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/05 Paper 5 Practical Test October/November
More informationTo produce its kind is a
12 12 Reproduction in Plants To produce its kind is a characteristic of all living organisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as
More informationEnzymes Adapted from Air All Around: Oxygen Investigation
Enzymes Adapted from Air All Around: Oxygen Investigation Author: Doris Pun & Brittland DeKorver Institute for Chemical Education and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center University of Wisconsin-Madison
More informationFiber In Your Diet. Provided by Hemorrhoid Centers of America Version Fiber
In Your Diet The lack of dietary fiber and fluids is a contributing factor to the development of hemorrhoids and anal fissures. We recommend consuming 25-35 grams of fiber and drinking 7 glasses of fluids
More informationUnit B: Seed Germination, Growth, and Development. Lesson 4: Determining Nutrient Functions and Utilization
Unit B: Seed Germination, Growth, and Development Lesson 4: Determining Nutrient Functions and Utilization 1 Terms Denitrification Leach Macronutrient Micronutrient Nitrification Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen
More informationINTERMEDIATE 1 1 Food and Diet. These elements are present in compounds - not as free elements.
INTERMEDIATE 1 1 Food and Diet FOOD AND DIET The main elements present in the human body are: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon These elements are present in compounds - not as free elements. Unlike plants,
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *5736715400* BIOLOGY 0610/62 Paper 6 Alternative to Practical October/November 2012 1 hour Candidates
More informationFig In the space below, indicate how these sub-units are joined in a molecule of ATP.
1 (a) Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is an important product of respiration. The ATP molecule is made up of five sub-units, as shown in Fig. 5.1. adenine phosphates O ribose Fig. 5.1 (i) In the space below,
More informationteachers notes P2.1 P2. Food preservation Pupils store frozen peas with a variety of preservatives in order to investigate their effects.
teachers notes P2.1 P2. Food preservation Pupils store frozen peas with a variety of preservatives in order to investigate their effects. SAFTEY NOTES: SOME ASTHMATICS ARE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE
More informationPast Questions on Plant Reproduction
Past Questions on Plant Reproduction Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D in figure 1 State one function for each A and B. Figure 1 Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D,E and F in figure 2 What is the function
More informationPaper No. 6 Paper Title: Technology of Fruits and Vegetables Module No. 6. Module Title: Respiration of Fruits and Vegetables
Paper No. 6 Paper Title: Technology of Fruits and Vegetables Module No. 6 Module Title: Respiration of Fruits and Vegetables 6.1 RESPIRATION A continuous supply of energy is essential for each and every
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level SCIENCE 5125/04, 5126/04
Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level SCIENCE 5125/04, 5126/04 Paper 4 Biology Additional Materials: Answer
More informationTo produce its kind is a
12 Reproduction in Plants To produce its kind is a characteristic of all living organisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction.
More information9/21/2016. Composition and Compositional Changes During Development: Part I. I. Importance of Composition. Phytonutrients or Phytochemicals
Composition and Compositional Changes During Development: Part I Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville Dr. Mark A. Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort
More informationChapter 38. Plant Reproduction. AP Biology
Chapter 38. Plant Reproduction 1 Animal vs. Plant life cycle Animal multicellular 2n Plant multicellular sporophyte 2n gametes 1n spores 1n unicellular gametes 1n multicellular gametophyte 1n 2 Alternation
More informationBiology Cellular Respiration Neatly answer all questions completely for credit. Show all work.
Teacher Notes Time: 45 minutes (plus 15 minutes for teacher preparation over two days) Student Difficult: moderate Purpose: Investigate cellular respiration in dormant and germinated seeds Overview: Students
More informationthebiotutor.com AS Biology Unit 2 Exchange & Transport
thebiotutor.com AS Biology Unit 2 Exchange & Transport 1 Exchange of materials Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are obtained passively by simple diffusion Fick s law The rate of diffusion = concentration difference
More informationChapter 38. Plant Reproduction. AP Biology
Chapter 38. Plant Reproduction 1 Animal vs. Plant life cycle Animal multicellular 2n Plant multicellular sporophyte 2n gametes 1n spores 1n unicellular gametes 1n multicellular gametophyte 1n 2 Alternation
More informationAQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 1 Q
AQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 1 Q 154 minutes 154 marks Page 1 of 44 Q1. The table shows the percentage of some gases in the air a boy breathed in and out. Gases Air breathed
More informationWhy is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like
Page 95»Question» Question 1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like humans? Multicellular organisms such as humans possess complex body designs.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
*9777740616* UNIVERSITY OF MRIGE INTERNTIONL EXMINTIONS International General ertificate of Secondary Education IOLOGY 0610/12 Paper 1 Multiple hoice May/June 2010 dditional Materials: Multiple hoice nswer
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF MRIGE INTERNTIONL EXMINTIONS International General ertificate of Secondary Education *0718906743* IOLOGY 0610/11 Paper 1 Multiple hoice May/June 2010 dditional Materials: RE THESE INSTRUTIONS
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Product Name: 1,6-HEXANEDIOL DIGLYCIDYL ETHER CAS No.: 16096-31-4 Brand: Alfa Chemistry Company:
More informationControlled Atmosphere (CA) Seminar. The Biology of Controlled Atmosphere Storage. Technical Director Cambridge Refrigeration Technology
Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Seminar The Biology of Controlled Atmosphere Storage Technical Director Cambridge Refrigeration Technology 15 th March 2001 Cambridge Refrigeration Technology, 140 Newmarket
More informationOCR. Respiration Questions
OCR Respiration Questions 12 4 (a) The first stage in respiration involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of a 3C compound that can enter mitochondria when oxygen is
More information3.5 Unit 3: Biology 3 B3.1.1 Dissolved Substances
3.5 Unit 3: Biology 3 B3.1.1 Dissolved Substances Substances are sometimes absorbed against a concentration gradient. This requires the use of energy from respiration. The process is called active transport.
More informationADDITIONAL SCIENCE/BIOLOGY
Surname Other Names Centre Number 0 Candidate Number GCSE 4471/02 ADDITIONAL SCIENCE/BIOLOGY BIOLOGY 2 HIGHER TIER A.M. TUESDAY, 14 May 2013 1 hour ADDITIONAL MATERIALS In addition to this paper you may
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
*1276425606* ambridge International Examinations ambridge International General ertificate of Secondary Education IOLOGY 0610/12 Paper 1 Multiple hoice (ore) May/June 2018 dditional Materials: Multiple
More informationTopic 4: Enzymes and metabolism
Topic 4: Enzymes and metabolism 1. An is a living molecule produced by glands to digest food in the alimentary canal. living molecule produced by cells to synthesise complex molecules from simpler ones.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level * 5703214005* SCIENCE 5126/04 Paper 4 Biology October/November 2009 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
More informationSPINE ROAD HIGH SCHOOL
SPINE ROAD HIGH SCHOOL LIFE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LIFE SCIENCES CONTROL TEST 2-2017 EXAMINER: T. GABRIELS MODERATOR: Z. SHADE GRADE 11 TIME: 1 HOUR MARKS: 60 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following
More informationPush down hard on the cover slip, but do not push the cover slip sideways
Q1.A student investigated mitosis in the tissue from an onion root tip. (a) The student prepared a temporary mount of the onion tissue on a glass slide. She covered the tissue with a cover slip. She was
More informationCell Biology Sub-Topic (1.6) Respiration
Cell Biology Sub-Topic (1.6) Respiration On completion of this subtopic I will be able to state that: Glucose is a source of energy in the cell. The chemical energy stored in glucose is released by a series
More information1 st Term Worksheet Subject Science Class V Name : Sec. :
1 (v) science 1 st Term Worksheet Subject Science Class V Name : Sec. : Chapter 2 [Bones and Muscles] Keywords: [30] Tendons: Ligaments: Exercise: [31-33] [A] Fill in the boxes with the names of the main
More informationcell membrane cytoplasm nucleus Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical that can be used to preserve milk.
Enzymes are made and used in all living ganisms. (a) What is an enzyme? (2) (b) Many enzymes wk inside cells. In which part of a cell will most enzymes wk? Draw a ring around the crect answer. cell membrane
More informationChemistry Mr. O Sullivan Lab Report Experiment #11. Determination of techniques to prevent the Browning of Cut Produce
Chemistry 101-292 Mr. O Sullivan Lab Report Experiment #11 Determination of techniques to prevent the Browning of Cut Produce Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine effective techniques
More informationCambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Ordinary Level. Published
Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Ordinary Level BIOLOGY 5090/31 Paper 3 Practical Test MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 0 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and
More informationThe content assessed by the examination papers and the type of questions are unchanged.
Location Entry Codes As part of CIE s continual commitment to maintaining best practice in assessment, CIE has begun to use different variants of some question papers for our most popular assessments with
More informationScheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610)
Scheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Unit 6: Reproduction in plants Recommended prior knowledge A basic knowledge of cell structure will be helpful, but otherwise the unit requires very little
More informationSAMPLE PAPER,TERM-I SESSION CLASS VI SCIENCE Time : 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 80
SAMPLE PAPER,TERM-I SESSION 2017-18 CLASS VI SCIENCE Time : 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: Question paper is divided into two sections A and B. Section - A consists of questions from Physics
More informationClass 10 Science - Sample Paper Set I
Time allowed: 3 hours; Maximum marks: 90 General Instructions: a) All Questions are compulsory b) The Question Paper consists of 42 Questions divided in to four sections A, B, C and D c) Section- A comprises
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity LabQuest 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationEnzymes: What s in your spit? Teacher Version
Enzymes: What s in your spit? Teacher Version In this lab students will investigate a few of the different enzymes from our body. You will learn how these enzymes work and how their activity is dependent
More informationPost- Assessment. Prompt. Advance. 1. Duplicate prompt for each student
Post- Assessment Concepts Assessed Time Living things are organized structurally from microscopic cells to tissues, organs, and organ systems; within each of these levels, living things demonstrate a structure
More informationWe will learn to label the parts of a plant and flower.
5 th level CS We will learn to label the parts of a plant and flower. We will learn that plants produce flowers which have male and female organs. We will learn that seeds are formed when pollen from the
More informationSOIL AND PLANT NUTRITION
SOIL AND PLANT NUTRITION 1.0 Introduction Plants need at least 16 elements for normal growth to be able to produce well. Some of the elements are needed in large quantities. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
More informationInternational General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General ertificate of Secondary Education MRIGE INTERNTIONL EXMINTIONS IOLOGY 0610/1 PPER 1 Multiple hoice MY/JUNE SESSION 2002 45 minutes dditional materials: Multiple hoice answer sheet
More informationLIFE PROCESSES TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
1 LIFE PROCESSES TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS I. Multiple choice questions: Tick ( ) the correct choice. 1. Human heart has (a) one auricle and one ventricle (b) two auricles and one ventricle
More informationEconovaPlus Fertiliser
EconovaPlus Fertiliser The complete plant growth fertiliser, bio-stimulater & carbon control solution. A bio-fertiliser based on the need for organic mineral complexes in the soil. Manufactured by building
More information2 Organisation higher (import)
2 Organisation higher (import) Name: Class: Date: Time: 56 minutes Marks: 56 marks Comments: Page of 2 The number of people in the UK with tumours is increasing. (a) (i) Describe how tumours form. () Tumours
More informationFood Waste. and Storage Guide. Food Waste. Ways to Reduce Wasted Food
Food Waste and Storage Guide Food Waste According to the U.S. EPA, Food is the single largest type of waste going to landfills and incinerators. Americans disposed of approximately 33 million tons of food
More informationLow Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 1 The diagrams show some organs in the human body.
Low Demand Questions QUESTIONSHEET 1 The diagrams show some organs in the human body. (a) Name the organs labelled A, B, C, D and E. A.... [1] B.... [1] C.... [1] D.... [1] E.... [1] (b) Which of the organs
More informationUR Revision Guide. igcse Biology. Page 1
UR Revision Guide igcse Biology 1 Photosynthesis Summary Green plants and algae use light energy to make their own food. They obtain the raw materials they need to make this food from the air and the soil.
More informationEnzymes: What s in your spit? Student Version
Enzymes: What s in your spit? Student Version In this lab students will investigate a few of the different enzymes from our body. You will learn how these enzymes work and how their activity is dependent
More informationBiology Unit 1 Higher
New Specification Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2012 Biology Unit 1 Higher GBY12 [GBY12] WEDNESDAY 30 MAY, AFTERNOON TIME 1 hour 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS
More informationLECTURE 10. PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE 10. PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY The increasing demand for fresh and quality packaged food, consumer convenience and manufacturers concern for longer shelf life of the food products is driving the market
More informationMineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees. Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 3/1/2013. Johnson - Nutrition 1
Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees R. Scott Johnson Extension Pomologist UC Kearney Ag Center Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 1. Basic Principles 2. Sampling for Nutrients 3. Environmental Issues 4. BMPs
More informationInternational General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
www.xtremepapers.com International General ertificate of Secondary Education MRIGE INTERNTIONL EXMINTIONS IOLOGY 0610/1 PPER 1 Multiple hoice OTOER/NOVEMER SESSION 2002 45 minutes dditional materials:
More informationPostharvest Sample Questions
What process captures all the energy that a plant (and ultimately animals) will use to survive? What organic compounds primarily store the energy in plants? What is respiration? Why is compartmentation
More information1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules. Which statement is correct? A
1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules. Which statement is correct? mino acids are basic units of carbohydrates. Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen.
More informationThe diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.
The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food. It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach. (a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ,
More informationIGCSE BIOLOGY 0610 SCHEME OF WORK 1
IGCSE BIOLOGY 0610 SCHEME OF WORK 1 UNIT 6: Reproduction in plants Recommended Prior Knowledge: A basic knowledge of cell structure will be helpful, but otherwise the Unit requires very little previous
More informationNutrition Essentials Improving your PKU diet through balanced nutrition
Nutrition Essentials Improving your PKU diet through balanced nutrition Sharon L Ernst, MPH, RD, CSP, FAND Associate Professor Chief Metabolic Dietitian Division of Medical Genetics Department of Pediatrics
More informationMILLENIUM SCIENCE COMPLEX
GLOVE BOX MILLENIUM SCIENCE COMPLEX Opened in 2012 Essentially two separate buildings Materials Research Institute and Huck Institute of Life Science $225 million to build 275, 600 square feet 66 fume
More informationMaterial Safety Data Sheet Sodium bicarbonate MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product Product Name: Sodium bicarbonate Material Safety Data Sheet Sodium bicarbonate MSDS Synonym: Baking Soda; Bicarbonate of soda; Sodium acid carbonate; Monosodium carbonate; Sodium
More informationsphere A diameter / cm 1 3 (i) The student calculated the surface area: volume ratio of sphere B as 2:1.
1. A student investigated how the surface area of a single-celled organism is related to its volume. The student used two spheres, A and B, as models of two organisms. The surface area and volume of each
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *6340856724* BIOLOGY 0610/02 Paper 2 Core October/November 2007 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates
More informationLAWS, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
Appendixes APPENDIX 1: LAWS, STANDARDS & REGULATIONS The United States enjoys one of the safest food supplies in the world. The laws and regulations required to achieve that safe food supply are lengthy
More informationCV. THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF VITAMIN C.
CV. THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF VITAMIN C. BY JOSEPH LOUIS SVIRBELY1 AND ALBERT SZENT-GYORGYI. From the Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary. (Received April 25th, 1932.) HEXURONIc
More informationCOMMISSION REGULATION (EU) / of XXX
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, XXX SANTE/11077/2016 Rev. 1 [ ](2016) XXX draft COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) / of XXX amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
ambridge International Examinations ambridge International General ertificate of Secondary Education *3567300897* IOLOGY 0610/13 Paper 1 Multiple hoice October/November 2014 dditional Materials: RE THESE
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Pennsylvania Science Standards: S11.A.1.1.4 S11.A.1.3.1 S11.A.2.2.2.1 S11.A.2.2.2.2 Keystone Eligible Content Bio.B.4.1.1, Bio.B.4.1.2, and Bio.B.4.2.5 Introduction
More informationSafety Dissection tools are very sharp. Use appropriately and do not leave unattended in the presence of children.
Plant Dissection Consider the lilies, how they grow: they labour not, neither do they spin. But I say to you, not even Solomon in all his glory was clothed like one of these. Luke 12:27 Introduction In
More information