Mycotoxins and eggshell quality: cracking the problem
|
|
- Kristian Blair
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 World Mycotoxin Journal, May 2008; 1(2): Wageningen g Academic P u b l i s h e r s Mycotoxins and eggshell quality: cracking the problem G. Devegowda 1 and D. Ravikiran 2 1 Former Head, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India; 2 Ph.D. scholar, Department of Poultry Science, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Bangalore, India; gdevegowda@gmail.com Received: 1 March 2008 / Accepted: 30 April Wageningen Academic Publishers Abstract Good eggshell quality is essential for preservation of egg contents and embryonic life. Eggs with poor shell quality are rejected both as table eggs and as hatching eggs, leading to heavy economic losses. Dietary mycotoxins in laying hens can predispose them to or precipitate eggshell defects. Effects of various mycotoxins on poultry eggshell quality are reviewed. Methods in practice for alleviation of these effects have been discussed. Keywords: poultry, eggshell quality, mycotoxins, mycotoxin decontamination 1. Introduction The avian egg is basically an embryonic chamber essential for the propagation of the species (Peebles and McDaniel, 2004). Eggshell is a sophisticated bioengineering product designed to perform the following crucial functions: (1) protecting the egg contents from the microbial and physical environment; (2) controlling the exchange of water and gases through pores during the extra-uterine development of the chick embryo; and (3) providing calcium for embryonic development once the yolk stores are depleted (Nys et al., 2004). The egg is a fragile commodity and the industry suffers enormous losses from the breakages of table eggs and hatching eggs (Hunton, 2005). Major influences on the quality or structure of the eggshell during the reproductive life of the hen are genetic constitution, diet, climate, housing, and age (RIRDC, 2000). Several dietary factors, singly and in interaction with other factors, contribute to eggshell quality. Certain mycotoxins are found to have an adverse effect on eggshell quality, in a direct or indirect manner which is reviewed in this paper. 2. Eggshell quality Most shell defects can be classified under five major categories, viz. defects associated with egg shell integrity, texture, shape, colour and cleanliness. Defects considered under the category of egg shell integrity include gross cracks, hairline cracks, star cracks and thin shelled or shell-less eggs (Anonymous, 2002). The difficulty in storage and transport of cracked eggs, and restrictions on their sale for human consumption have a severe negative impact on the profitability of egg producers. Shell quality expressed as shell integrity is relative in its expression. For a commercial table egg, the shell provides mainly a physical protection against the onslaught by extraneous environment and microbes. For a hatching egg, however, the shell also has to serve a physiological function of optimum gas exchange. Therefore, while a thick eggshell is a synonymous with good shell quality in a commercial table egg, it may not be so in the hatching egg. However, the eggshell quality is traditionally measured as the ability to resist breakage (Peebles and McDaniel, 2004). Parameters like porosity of the shell and relative vapour conductance of the shell may be more relevant and reliable measures of shell quality (Peebles and Brake, 1985). However, due to their cumbersome nature they are not widely followed. Measurement of percentage shell (Peebles and McDaniel, 2004) and specific gravity of egg (Hamilton, 1982) are two other methods which make evaluation easier. But again, data relating to the interaction of these factors with mycotoxins is limited. Direct measurement of shell ISSN print, ISSN online 203
2 G. Devegowda and D. Ravikiran thickness after removal of shell membranes is a common method adopted to ascertain shell quality (Peebles and McDaniel, 2004). 3. Mycotoxins affecting eggshell quality Shell integrity is the parameter of eggshell quality most commonly affected by mycotoxins. However, mycotoxins also greatly affect other parameters such as shape, texture and cleanliness. Effects of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid Aflatoxin B 1 and cyclopiazonic acid are the most common mycotoxins implicated in eggshell quality. Several studies have shown a clear positive correlation between aflatoxin B 1 and cyclopiazonic acid contamination of feed and poor shell quality. Dietary aflatoxin B 1 causes reduction in eggshell weight of laying hens. Zaghini et al. (2005) reported a reduction in the eggshell weight of laying hens exposed to 2.5 mg/kg of dietary aflatoxin B 1. Aflatoxins at 1 mg/kg levels have been shown to reduce the levels of circulating calcium and phosphorus content in the blood of broiler chicken (Eraslan et al., 2005), a metabolic situation that could reduce the shell quality in laying hens. Aflatoxins were also found to reduce the eggshell calcium content in laying hens (Abdelhamid and Dorra, 1990). Zinc plays a very significant role in eggshell formation. Conversion of bone calcium (a phosphate salt) to eggshell calcium (a carbonate salt) requires enormous quantities of bicarbonates. Bicarbonate generation from carbon dioxide and water is catalysed by a zinc dependent enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (Figure 1) (Joosse, 1983). Aflatoxin B 1 inflicts hepatic damage, reduces the hepatic zinc levels and reduces bone breaking strength in birds (Maurice et al., 1983). Aflatoxin B 1 is known to affect several other factors contributing to eggshell quality. Feeding aflatoxin B 1 contaminated diets resulted in depletion of hepatic vitamin Blood plasma Carbonic anhydrase (zinc dependent enzyme) Shell gland CO 2 H + + H 2 CO 3 + H 2 O - HCO 3 Egg shell Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Figure 1. Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc dependent enzyme essential for shell formation targeted by mycotoxins. A in poultry (Pimpukdee et al., 2004), a vitamin crucial in maintaining the mucosal secretory activities of several organs including the shell gland. Aflatoxin B 1 reduces the utilisation of cholecalciferol in poultry (Rama Rao et al., 2007). Dietary aflatoxin B 1 results in decreased plasma 25- hydroxy vitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D levels within five days of feeding. Aflatoxin B 1 also reduced the urine flow rate, sodium excretion and potassium excretion while increasing calcium excretion and reducing total plasma calcium, clearly indicating a negative relationship between aflatoxin B 1 and calcium metabolism. These effects are attributed to altered vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) metabolism. Aflatoxicosis is thought to decrease endogenous PTH synthesis and the renal sensitivity to PTH. Also, the decrease in glomerular filtration rate exhibited 10 days after toxin removal indicates that aflatoxin B 1 may cause prolonged alteration in renal function. (Glahn et al., 1991). Cyclopiazonic acid produces a marked deterioration in the eggshell quality in laying hens (Bryden, 1991). Hens receiving daily doses of 5mg/kg body weight (b.w.) laid eggs that were either badly cracked or shell-less and all the exposed hens died within seven days. At 2.5mg/kg b.w. there was no mortality but the eggs had significantly thinner shells which were often cracked (Cole et al., 1988; Suksupath, 1993). In a study in breeder hens Suksupath (1993) observed that at 2.5mg/kg b.w. ingestion level the eggshell thickness was reduced considerably, which was reflected by the reduced number of settable eggs. Since cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin B 1 exert similar effects metabolically and toxicologically, some of the mechanisms detailed for aflatoxin B 1 may also be true for cyclopiazonic acid (Figure 2). Effects of trichothecenes The major trichothecenes, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol elicit oral lesions leading to lower feed intake, low egg production and poor shell quality. Diacetoxyscirpenol has been found to reduce egg production and increase the percentage of thin-shelled eggs in laying hens (Anonymous, 2007). Wyatt et al. (1975) reported reduction in egg production and incidence of shell thinning upon feeding T-2 toxin contaminated diet to hens. T-2 toxin is shown to cause mouth lesions associated with reduction in egg weight and also shell weight. The percentage shell was not affected significantly, but concurrent suboptimal management practices resulted in a reduction in shell surface density (Grimes and Bridges, 1992). Hamilton (1987) reported a 22% drop in egg production, 12% increase in cracked eggs, incidence of blood spots and a further 18% egg breakage during transit in T-2 toxin fed hens. In a similar observation Jewers (1990) has reported an increase in egg breakages from a normal 3% to 15% with T-2 toxicosis. This author also reported a 204 World Mycotoxin Journal 1 (2)
3 Mycotoxins and eggshell quality: cracking the problem Gut Liver Kidney Poor calcium and vitamin D3 absorption. Lower vitamin A, E and zinc levels. Poor vitamin D3 conversion and calcium binding protein synthesis Low vitamin D3 level. Increased calcium excretion. Plasma Low calcium and phosphorus levels. Bone Increased calcium mobilisation. Reduced calcium deposition. Shell gland Low secretory activity. Low bicarbonate levels. Poor shell deposition. Figure 2. Common metabolic effects of mycotoxins responsible for poor shell strength. further 18% of eggs being broken in transit to customers, suggesting that the effect of T-2 toxins on eggshell quality can be extensive. Manoj and Devegowda (2000) have reported a decline in shell quality, besides other adverse effects, in laying hens fed diets containing T-2 toxin. Chowdhury and Smith (2004), studying the effects of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium, manifesting several Fusarium mycotoxins concurrently with predominant activities of deoxynivalenol and fusaric acid, have reported a reduction in egg production, egg mass, egg weight and egg shell weight. Increase in plasma uric acid levels and relative kidney weights were also noted suggesting renal damage. In another study, Chowdhury and Smith (2005) have shown that hepatic protein synthesis is reduced by feeding naturally contaminated grains containing multiple Fusarium toxins. Hepatic tissue is the major site of synthesis of calcium binding vitellogenins (phosvitins) and Fusarium toxicity may reduce the egg shell weight by reducing the synthesis of phosvitins. Effects of zearalenone Zearalenone is a mycotoxin with oestrogen mimicking effects. In White Leghorn hens, zearalenone is shown to reduce egg specific gravity, egg shell thickness and interior egg quality. Concurrent reduction in serum calcium and increase in serum phosphorus have also been reported (Hoerr, 2003). It is reported that exposure of avian embryos to oestrogenic influences causes histological changes and disrupts the localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the shell gland in the adult birds, implying a functional disturbance in the shell gland at the laying stage (Berg et al., 2004). Since zearalenone is an oestrogenic mycotoxin, this observation acquires greater significance. Effects of other mycotoxins Ochratoxin A is associated with impairment of kidney functions. Ochratoxin A may thereby indirectly hamper the eggshell quality. Shirley and Tohala (1983) have reported poor shell quality and eggs with blood spots in hens fed diets containing ochratoxin A. Jewers (1990) reported the occurrence of thin rubbery shells which break more readily than normal during field outbreaks of ochratoxicosis. Ochratoxin A is reported to cause stains on shell surface as well as poor shell strength (Hermann, 2002). Fumonisin B 1 too has been shown to cause a reduction in shell quality as represented by shell weight in quails (Butkeraitis et al., 2004). Co-contamination with mycotoxins is also shown, in many cases, to contribute to poor shell quality. Available data indicates that dietary aflatoxin B 1 (50 μg/kg and 200 μg/kg) and fumonisin B 1 (10 mg/kg) in combination have primarily additive adverse effects on quail egg weight, specific gravity and percent eggshell (Oliveira et al., 2002). Citrinin and patulin fed separately, were found to reduce the eggshell calcium content in laying hens, as did aflatoxins. Among these three toxins, patulin caused the highest reduction in calcium content of eggshell besides altering the shape of the eggs (Abdelhamid and Dorra, 1990). 4. Approaches to alleviating the adverse effects of mycotoxins There is no available technology which can fully prevent the mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds at preharvest or postharvest times. However, in animal feeds several methods of mycotoxin decontamination have been tried and are proven to be effective at varying levels (Devegowda and Murthy, 2005). The most effective method of neutralising mycotoxins already present in the feed is by binding them World Mycotoxin Journal 1 (2) 205
4 G. Devegowda and D. Ravikiran to organic or inorganic inert compounds before they can be absorbed from the intestines. Bentonites and aluminosilicate clays have been in use at different inclusion rates of 0.5-1% against aflatoxin B 1 (Huff et al., 1992; Phillips et al., 1988). However, these clays have disadvantages, including high inclusion rates and a narrow range of binding efficacy as only aflatoxin B 1 is bound significantly. Clays tend to offer little or no protection against zearalenone, ochratoxin A and trichothecenes (Girish and Devegowda, 2004; Kubena et al., 1993; Santin et al., 2002; Volkl and Karlovsky, 1998). Possible dioxin contamination and interaction with dietary trace elements are the other disadvantage associated with mineral clays (Chestnut et al., 1992; Kramer et al., 1993). Biological agents have been tried with varying degrees of success in decontaminating mycotoxins (Jouany, 2007). Biodegradation of trichothecenes by ruminal and intestinal flora (He et al., 1992; Kollarczik et al., 1994) and by a strain of Eubacterium (Binder et al., 2001; Fuchs et al., 2002) and of zearalenone by a strain of yeast Trichosporan (Molnar et al., 2004) have been tried. The limitations of such a biological approach are the specificity, concentration and optimum conditions of microbial enzymes as weighed against the wide variety of potential contaminants, the short interaction time and the influence of other dietary factors (Jouany, 2007). Nevertheless, the situation specific application of such strategies is a possibility, while further research in this area may lead to much better prospects. Yeast glucomannan (YGM), a biotechnological concept which is also organic, is a promising alternative that has gained acceptance in recent years (Devegowda et al., 1998). A derivative of the yeast cell wall, YGM has been shown to decontaminate several mycotoxins occurring in animal feedstuffs. Several researchers have proved decisively that the YGM is able to bind higher levels of several important mycotoxins at lower inclusion rates as compared to the limited narrow range binding abilities of inorganic binders (Deo et al., 1999; Pavicic et al., 2001; Raju and Devegowda, 2000; Yegani et al., 2006; Yiannikouris et al., 2004). Manoj and Devegowda (2000) reported that YGM reversed the suppression of egg production by T-2 toxin. Chowdhury and Smith (2004) have demonstrated that the addition of glucomannan to Fusarium contaminated diets reversed the reduction in shell weight and increase in uric acid excretion caused by the toxins. In another study Chowdhury and Smith (2005) observed that the suppression of the hepatic protein synthesis by Fusarium contaminated diets was fully alleviated by supplementing glucomannan. Yegani et al. (2006) have demonstrated that feeding glucomannan in Fusarium contaminated diets reversed the reduction in eggshell thickness caused by the mycotoxins in broiler breeder hens. 5. Conclusion Available data on the effects of mycotoxins on eggshell quality is not very extensive. In the case of several mycotoxins, there are either no reports on this parameter or the observations are scanty. More research is recommended into the interaction of mycotoxins and shell quality. Eggshell quality is an important economic parameter that comes under consideration post-production. However, the adverse effects of mycotoxins on eggshell quality and alleviation by mycotoxin adsorbents is taken relatively less seriously. It is desirable for more research to be conducted in these areas. References Abdelhamid, A.M. and Dorra, T.M, Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, or citrinin)- contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue constituents. Archiv für Tierernährung 40: Anonymous, Egg Producers Federation of New Zealand Inc Code of Practice (includes requirements for risk management programmes). Available at: animalproducts/publications/consultation/egg-cop/egg-cop.pdf Accessed on February 28, Anonymous, Diagnosis of mycotoxicosis in poultry. Available at: Accessed on February 28, Berg, C., Blomqvist, A., Holm, L., Brandt, I., Brunstrom, B. and Ridderstrale, Y., Embryonic exposure to oestrogen causes eggshell thinning and altered shell gland carbonic anhydrase expression in the domestic hen. Reproduction 128: Binder, E.M., Heidler, D., Schatzmayr, G., Thimm, N., Fuchs, E., Schuh, M., Krska, R. and Binder, J., Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in animal feed. In: De Koe, W.J., Samson, R.A., Van Egmond, H.P., Gilbert, J. and Sabino, M. (Eds.) Mycotoxins and phytotoxins in perspective at the turn of the millenium, Proceedings of the Xth international IUPAC symposium on mycotoxins and phycotoxins. May 21-25, 2000, Garuj`a, Brazil. Ponsen & Looyen, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp Bryden, W.L., Occurrence and biological effects of cyclopiazonic acid. In: K. Mixe and J.L. Richard (Eds.) Emerging food safety problems resulting from microbial contamination. National Institute of Hygienic Science, Tokyo, Japan, pp Butkeraitis, P., Oliviera, C.A.F., Ledoux, D.R., Ogido, R., Albuquerque, R., Rosmaninho, J.F. and Rottinghaus, G.E., Effect of dietary fumonisin B 1 on laying Japanese quail. British Poultry Science 45: Chestnut, A.B., Anderson, P.D., Cochran, M.A., Fribourg, H.A. and Twinn, K.D., Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fescue toxicosis and mineral absorption. Journal of Animal Science 70: Chowdhury, S.R. and Smith, T.K., Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of laying hens. Poultry Science 83: World Mycotoxin Journal 1 (2)
5 Mycotoxins and eggshell quality: cracking the problem Chowdhury, S.R. and Smith, T.K., Effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on hepatic fractional protein synthesis rates of laying hens and the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent. Poultry Science 84: Cole, R.J., Taylor, D.J., Cole, E.A., Suksupath, S., McDowell, G.H. and Bryden, W.L., Cyclopiazonic acid toxicity in the lactating ewe and laying hen. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 13: 134. Deo, P., Blaney, B.J. and Dingle, J.G., Effects of mineral and organic adsorbents in meat chicken diets contaminated with sorghum ergot alkaloid. In: Proceedings of the Queensland poultry science symposium 8. Gatton, Australia, pp Devegowda, G. and Murthy, T.N.K., Mycotoxins: their effects in poultry and some practical solutions. In: D.E. Diaz (ed.) The mycotoxin blue book. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp Devegowda, G., Raju, M.V.L.N. and Swamy, H.V.L.N., Mycotoxins: novel solutions for their counteraction. Feedstuffs 70: Eraslan, G., Essiz D., Akdogan, M,. Sahindokuyucu, F. and Altintas, L., The effects of aflatoxin and sodium bentonite combined and alone on some blood electrolyte levels in broiler chickens. Turkey Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29: Fuchs, E., Binder, E.M., Heidler, D. and Krska, R., Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type A trichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797. Food Additives and Contaminants 19: Girish, C.K. and Devegowda, G., Evaluation of modified glucomannan (Mycosorb) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the Australian poultry science symposium 16. February 9-11, 2004, Sydney, Australia, pp Available at: usyd.edu.au/apss/documents/apss2004.pdf Accessed on February 28, Glahn, R.P., Beers, K.W., Bottje, W.G., Wideman, R.F. Huff, W.E. and Thomas, W., Aflatoxicosis alters avian renal function, calcium, and vitamin D metabolism. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 34: Grimes, L.J. and Bridges Jr., W.C., Relationship of mouth lesions to eggshell quality of commercial laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1: Hamilton, P.B., Why the animal industry worries about mycotoxins. In: Recent developments in the study of mycotoxins, Proceedings of the mycotoxin symposium sponsored by Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. December 17, 1987, Rosemont, IL, USA. Hamilton, R.M.G., Methods and factors that affect the measurement of eggshell quality. Poultry Science 61: He, P., Young, L.G. and Forsberg, C., Microbial transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: Hermann, T., Mycotoxins in feed grains and ingredients. Technical Bulletin No. MF-206 on feed manufacturing. Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Hoerr, F.J., Mycotoxicosis. In: Saif, Y., Barnes, H.J., Glisson, J.R., Fadly, A.H., McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E. (Eds.) Diseases of poultry. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, pp Huff, W E., Kubena, L.F. Harvey R.B. and Phillips, T.D., Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poultry Science 71: Hunton, P., Research on eggshell structure and quality: an historical overview. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 7: Jewers, K., Mycotoxins and their effect on poultry production. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A 7: Joosse, J., Hormonal regulation of calcification with particular reference to the hormonal control of eggshell formation in birds and shell growth in molluscs. In: Westbroeck, P. and De Jong, E.W. (Eds.) Biomineralization and biological metal accumulation: biological and geological perspectives. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp Jouany, J.P., Methods for preventing, decontaminating and minimizing the toxicity of mycotoxins in feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 137: Kollarczik, B., Gareis, M. and Hanelt, M., In vitro transformation of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by the normal gut microflora of pigs. Natural Toxins 2: Kramer, K., Anke, M., Glei, M. and Muller, M., Effects of oral bentonite offer on macro and trace element incorporation of different parts of the body and the milk. In: M. Anke, D. Meissner and C.F. Mills (Eds.) Trace elements in man and animals. Verlag Medica Touristik, Gersdorf, Germany, pp Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Huff, W.E., Yersin, A.G., Elissalde, M.H. and Witzel, D.A., Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Poultry Science 72: Manoj, K.B. and Devegowda, G., Efficacy of esterified glucomannan to ameliorate the toxic effects of T-2 toxin in laying hens. Poultry Science 79 (Suppl. 1): 270. Maurice, D.B., Bodine, A.B. and Rehrer, N.J., Metabolic effects of low aflatoxin B 1 levels on broiler chicks. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: Molnar, O., Schatzmayr, G., Fuchs, E. and Prillinger, H., Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans sp. nov., a new yeast species useful in biological detoxification of various mycotoxins. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 27: Nys, Y., Gautron, J., Garcia-Ruiz, J.M. and Hincke, M.K., Avian eggshell mineralization: biochemical and functional characterization of matrix proteins. Comptes Rendus Palevol 3: Oliveira, C.A.F., Rosmaninho, J.F., Butkeraitis, P., Corre, B., Reis, T.A., Guerra, J.L., Albuquerque, R. and Moro, M.E.G., Effect of low levels of dietary aflatoxin B 1 on laying Japanese quail. Poultry Science 81: World Mycotoxin Journal 1 (2) 207
6 G. Devegowda and D. Ravikiran Pavicic, P., Spring, P., Fuchs, N. and Nemanic, A., Efficacy of esterified glucomannan to reduce the toxicity of diacetoxyscirpenol in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the 13th European symposium on poultry nutrition and ascites workshop. September 30-October 4, 2001, Blankenberge, Belgium, p Peebles, E.D. and Brake, J., Relationship of eggshell porosity to stage of embryonic development in broiler breeders. Poultry Science 64: Peebles, E.D. and McDaniel C.D., A practical manual for understanding the shell structure of broiler hatching eggs and measurements of their quality Bulletin No Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA. Phillips, T.D., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Taylor, D.R. and Heidelbaugh, N.D., Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry Science 67: Pimpukdee, K., Kubena, L.F., Bailey, C.A., Huebner, H.J., Afriyie- Gyawu, E. and Phillips, T.D., Aflatoxin-induced toxicity and depletion of hepatic vitamin A in young broiler chicks: protection of chicks in the presence of low levels of NovaSil Plus in the diet. Poultry Science 83: Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G., Influence of modified glucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and hematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin). British Poultry Science 41: Rama Rao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N., Panda, A.K. and Reddy, M.R., A practical guide to vitamin D nutrition in poultry. Poultry International 46: Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation (RIRDC), The short report no. 75: Factors affecting egg and egg shell quality in laying hens. Available at: shortreps/sr75.html Accessed on February 25, Santin, E., Maiorka, A., Krabbe, E.L. and Alessi, A.C., Effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on the prevention of the toxic effects of ochratoxin. Journal of Applied Poultry Research11: Shirley, H.V. and Tohala, S.H Ochratoxicosis in laying hens. In: Annual science progress report University of Tennessee, Agricultural Experiment Station, Knoxville, TN, USA. Suksupath, S., Cyclopiazonic acid toxicity in laying hens. PhD thesis. The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia. Volkl, A. and Karlovsky, P., Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feed and food production. Natural Toxins 7: Wyatt, R.D., Doerr, J.A., Hamilton, P.B. and Burmeister, H.R., Egg production, shell thickness and other physiological parameters of laying hens affected by T-2 toxin. Applied Microbiology 29: Yegani, M., Smith, T.K., Leeson, S. and Boermans, H.J., Effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of broiler breeders. Poultry Science 85: Yiannikouris, A., Andre, G., Buleon, A., Jeminet, G., Canet, I., Francois, J., Bertin, G. and Jouany, J.P., Comprehensive conformational study of key interactions involved in zearalenone complexation with ß-D glucans. Biomacromolecules 5: Zaghini, A., Martelli, G., Roncada, P., Simioli, M. and Rizzi, L., Mannanoligosaccharides and aflatoxin B 1 in feed for laying hens: effects on egg quality, aflatoxin B 1 and M 1 residues in eggs, and aflatoxin B 1 levels in liver. Poultry Science 84: World Mycotoxin Journal 1 (2)
Various Impacts of Mycotoxins on Turkey Health and Performance
Journal of Food Science and Engineering 8 (2018) 97-101 doi: 10.17265/2159-5828/2018.02.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Various Impacts of Mycotoxins on Turkey Health and Performance Radka Borutova Nutriad International,
More informationInstituto Internacional de Investigación Animal, Querétaro, México, 2 Avimex, México, INTRODUCTION
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A COMMERCIAL HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE TO REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF AFLATOXIN AND OCHRATOXIN IN BROILER CHICKS. A. Casarin 1, M. Forat 1, E. Soto 2, M. Contreras*
More informationSafety of Improved Milbond-TX Mycotoxin Binder When Fed to Broiler Breeders above Recommended Levels
International Journal of Poultry Science 13 (10): 597-601, 2014 ISSN 1682-8356 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2014 Safety of Improved Milbond-TX Mycotoxin Binder When Fed to Broiler Breeders
More informationDepartment of Agriculture, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshar, Iran.
Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(13): 3818-3825, 211 ISSN 1995-756 3818 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of Different
More informationEFFECT OF HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE ON THE PREVENTION OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF OCHRATOXIN
2002 Poultry Science Association, Inc. EFFECT OF HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE ON THE PREVENTION OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF OCHRATOXIN E. SANTIN, 1 A. MAIORKA, E. L. KRABBE, A. C. PAULILLO, and
More informationMycotoxins and Poultry Health Natacha S. Hogan
Mycotoxins and Poultry Health Natacha S. Hogan Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Outline Fusarium
More informationEffect of Aflatoxicosis on Hatching Egg Quality Parameters of Broiler Breeders
Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6(4): 525-529, 2011 ISSN 1816-9112 525 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Effect of Aflatoxicosis on Hatching Egg Quality Parameters of Broiler Breeders Milad Manafi Department
More informationToxic Effects of Ochratoxin A on Calcium Metabolism during Chick Embryo Developmentand in Hatched Chicks ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN 1516-635X Jul - Sept 2017 / v.19 / n.3 / 371-376 Toxic Effects of Ochratoxin A on Calcium Metabolism during Chick Embryo
More informationIntroduction. Hypothesis
Introduction Effects of Feeding Babcock B300 Laying Hens Conventional Sanfandila Layer Diets Compared to Diets Containing 10% Norgold DDGS on Performance and Egg Quality Corn distiller s dried grains with
More informationThe Additional Effects of Aflatoxin and T-2 Toxin Combination on Commercial Broilers: I: Effects on Performance Parameters and Internal Organs
Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6(4): 549-553, 2011 ISSN 1816-9112 549 ORIGINAL ARTICLES The Additional Effects of Aflatoxin and T-2 Toxin Combination on Commercial Broilers: I: Effects
More informationMycotoxin Detection & Solutions
BANFF PORK SEMINAR Mycotoxin Detection & Solutions Don Giesting, Ph.D. Provimi NA/Cargill Animal Nutrition 1 Cargill Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Mycotoxins Mycotoxins are metabolites of molds Stresses
More informationEffect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01311.x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets L. Kissell 1,2, S. Davidson 1, B. A. Hopkins
More informationMycotoxins in the Poultry Industry
Mycotoxins in the Poultry Industry Tom A. Scott, Ph. D. Research Chair in Feed Processing technology Coll.: Michael Kautzman, M. Sc. Candidate, Toxicology University of Saskatchewan www.usask.ca www.usask.ca
More informationFood Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Management at a European Level
Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Management at a European Level John Gilbert Central Science Laboratory EFSA CONTAM Panel 2002-2006 SELAMAT Seminar 24 th April 2006 Outline of Talk Introduction Risk
More informationFree-Tox. No escape THE POLYVALENT MYCOTOXIN BINDER
Free-Tox No escape THE POLYVALENT MYCOTOXIN BINDER no escape the polyvalent mycotoxin binder 2 nnmycotoxins and moulds Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds growing on crops in the field
More informationFEED ADDITIVES FOR MYCOTOXIN DETOXIFICATION EFFICACY & AUTHORISATION
FEED ADDITIVES FOR MYCOTOXIN DETOXIFICATION EFFICACY & AUTHORISATION This article provides an overview of the different types of additives intended for use in animal feed for mycotoxin detoxification,
More informationEffects of Prolonged Administration of Aflatoxin B 1 and Fumonisin B 1 in Laying Japanese Quail
Effects of Prolonged Administration of Aflatoxin B 1 and Fumonisin B 1 in Laying Japanese Quail R. Ogido,* C. A. F. Oliveira,,1 D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, B. Corrêa, P. Butkeraitis,* T. A. Reis,
More informationEffects of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (T-Bind )on Mycotoxicosis in Young Broiler Chickens 1
Effects of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (T-Bind )on Mycotoxicosis in Young Broiler Chickens 1 L. F., KUBENA,*,2 R. B. HARVEY,* R. H. BAILEY,* S. A. BUCKLEY,* and G. E. ROTTINGHAUS *USDA, Agricultural
More informationAflatoxin Material Properties
Aflatoxin Material Properties Aflatoxin is a kind of mycotoxin that was discovered from the mass poisoning of turkeys in UK in 1960, and has strong carcinogenicity. The typical mold that produces this
More informationMycotoxins in Turkeys
Management Article The premier supplier of turkey breeding stock worldwide NU15 Version 1 Mycotoxins in Turkeys Marcus Kenny, Company Nutritionist Aviagen Turkeys Ltd Many species of fungi produce secondary
More informationMycocheck Survey 2014
Mycocheck Survey 14 INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds that have the capacity to impair animal health and productivity. Contamination of forages and cereals with mycotoxins
More informationEscent L. The optimal solution for maximum profitability
Escent L The optimal solution for maximum profitability Escent L The optimal solution for maximum profitability Metabolic disorders and disease symptoms caused by toxins. Practical and easy applicable
More informationThe Significance of Feed-Borne Mycotoxins in Aquaculture
The Significance of Feed-Borne Mycotoxins in Aquaculture Abstract Trevor K. Smith Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1 E-mail: tsmith@uoguelph.ca
More informationEffects of Aflatoxin on the Performance of Broiler Breeders and Its Alleviation through Herbal Mycotoxin Binder
J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2013) Vol. 15: 55-63 Effects of Aflatoxin on the Performance of Broiler Breeders and Its Alleviation through Herbal Mycotoxin Binder M. Manafi 1, and H. Khosravinia 2 ABSTRACT This
More informationEffects of a Calcium Bentonite Clay in Diets Containing Aflatoxin when Measuring Liver Residues of Aflatoxin B 1 in Starter Broiler Chicks
Toxins 2015, 7, 3455-3464; doi:10.3390/toxins7093455 Article OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Effects of a Calcium Bentonite Clay in Diets Containing Aflatoxin when Measuring
More informationSection 5 Feeds and Feeding of Commercial Poultry Notes
Section 5 Feeds and Feeding of Commercial Poultry Notes Slide 2 Nutrition is a huge component of production cost! The knowledge of nutrient requirements for chickens is astounding. Commercial poultry strains
More informationEffects of mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 2. Effects on white shell egg quality and characteristics
Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 2. Effects on white shell egg quality and characteristics J. T. Lee,* 1 K. A. Jessen,* R. Beltran, V. Starkl, G. Schatzmayr,
More informationAL-Qadisiya Journal of Vet.Med.Sci. Vol./9 No./2 2010
A study the effect of supplementation vitamin and dietary calcium on: I- Some productive performance in two different strains of broiler chicks under heat stress conditions A. L. D. AL- Khauzai K.N.Tahir
More informationComparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B 1
Comparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B 1 - Contaminated Broiler Diets B. Sundu*, U. Hatta, & H.B. Damry Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Tadulako, Palu, Indonesia,
More informationAnalytical Aspects of Mycotoxin Binders
Fusarium-toxin Forum of 1-2 February 2010 1 Joint Research Centre (JRC) Analytical Aspects of Mycotoxin Binders Anna Kolossova & Joerg Stroka http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Overview Fusarium-toxin Forum
More informationMycotoxin Lesions in the Slaughter House-Broilers
Mycotoxin Lesions in the Slaughter House-Broilers SPECIAL NUTRIENTS, INC. THE MYCOTOXINS SPECIALIST www.mycotoxin.com INTRODUCTION Traditionally, the presence of mycotoxins capable of causing damage in
More informationProSid TM. Making a difference in fighting mould problems. Feed additives that give key benefits
ProSid TM Making a difference in fighting mould problems Feed additives that give key benefits Strong effect against mould Broad spectrum of activity Preserve full nutritional value of feed Adsorption
More informationPayback News. Capturing Value with Creep Feeding. protein, vitamins, and minerals, on pasture. When done correctly,
CHS NUTRITION Payback News April, 2015 In this issue of Payback News: Capturing Value with Creep Feeding Managing Mycotoxins in Grain and Forage Inside this issue: Capturing Value with Creep Feeding 2
More informationTHE EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN APPEARANCE IN THE FEEDSTUFFS UPON THE POULTRY PRODUCTION
ANALELE UNIVERSITATII DIN ORADEA FASCICULA: ECOTOXICOLOGIE, ZOOTEHNIE SI TEHNOLOGII DE INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARA, VOL. VI, ANUL 6, 2008 THE EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN APPEARANCE IN THE FEEDSTUFFS UPON THE POULTRY
More informationDETERMINATION OF MYCOTOXIN FROM FEED SAMPLE BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Indo-Am. J. Agric. & Vet. Sci., 2014 Ashok Kumar ISSN D and 2321 9602 E Sunil anand www.iajavs.com Kumar, 2014 Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2014 2014 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved Research Paper DETERMINATION
More informationBinders-premixture for all species of animals
Binders-premixture for all species of animals Technological additives/kg: Kieselgur, diatomaceous earth, purified Bentonite Kaolinitic clays, free of asbestos Natural mixtures of steatites and chlorite
More informationMYCOTOXICOSIS. Disease related to one or more mycotoxins. Mycotoxin - "mycos" - mold, toxic metabolite
MYCOTOXICOSIS Disease related to one or more mycotoxins Mycotoxin - "mycos" - mold, toxic metabolite Produced by filamentous fungi while growing on substrate such as feedstuffs and litter. Deleterious
More informationHelping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins
Helping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins Mycotoxin strategies have so far focused on binding compounds or detoxifying the compounds by feed additives. Animals however, can also detoxify mycotoxins themselves
More informationEfficiency of Utilization of Dietary Phosphorus By Caged Turkey Breeder Hens When Fed Rations Supplemented With Live Yeast Culture
POULTRY NUTRITION Efficiency of Utilization of Dietary Phosphorus By Caged Turkey Breeder Hens When Fed Rations Supplemented With Live Yeast Culture R.H. Thayer, R.F. Burkitt, R.D. Morrison and E. E. Murray
More informationUnit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction 1 1 Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Nutrients Proteins Vitamins Water Terms 2 2 I. Nutrients are the chemical substances
More informationComparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium. sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium
Comparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium content of laying hens M. Yousefi* and H. Sari Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad
More informationCounteractive Effects of Mycotoxin Adsorbent and Aspergillus parasiticus on Broilers Performance Traits
Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6(4): 567-571, 2011 ISSN 1816-9112 567 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Counteractive Effects of Mycotoxin Adsorbent and Aspergillus parasiticus on Broilers Performance
More informationMETABOLISM AND NUTRITION. Comparison of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and yeast cell wall on counteracting aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Comparison of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and yeast cell wall on counteracting aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks J. Zhao, 1 R. B. Shirley, 2 J. D. Dibner, F. Uraizee,
More informationThis is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(13): 3861-3865, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756 3861 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Feeding of Clay Materials
More informationCommercial Approaches to Genetic Selection for Growth and Feed Conversion in Domestic Poultry
Commercial Approaches to Genetic Selection for Growth and Feed Conversion in Domestic Poultry D. A. EMMERSON1 Campbell Soup Company, P.O. Box 719, Farmington, Arkansas 72762 Received for publication July
More informationFrom risk assessment to risk management focus on contaminants. Frans Verstraete European Commission DG Health and Consumer Protection
From risk assessment to risk management focus on contaminants Frans Verstraete European Commission DG Health and Consumer Protection 1 GENERAL FOOD LAW Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of the European Parliament
More informationmycotoxin-contaminated contaminated food or feed
Poisons in our Food By Melvin Newman, Ph.D. Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Foods that may contain toxins Introduction Fungi: produce an array of chemical products called secondary metabolites.
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:
More informationTHE QUALITY OF EGGSHELLS IN HENS THAT PRODUCE EGGS FOR CONSUMPTION (GOC) AND WERE FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND PHYTASE
THE QUALITY OF EGGSHELLS IN HENS THAT PRODUCE EGGS FOR CONSUMPTION (GOC) AND WERE FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND PHYTASE Marcel ROŞU 1, Horea SĂRĂNDAN 2, Violeta TURCUȘ 3, Radu SĂRĂNDAN
More informationThe Influence and Control of Mycotoxins in Feed Industry
1 1 2 2 1 200240 2 201200 The Influence and Control of Mycotoxins in Feed Industry CHEN Feng, Li Zhixian, Li Taixiang (1. School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
More informationEfficacy of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate to Ameliorate the Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin in Broiler Chicks 1
Efficacy of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate to Ameliorate the Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin in Broiler Chicks 1 D. R. LEDOUX,*,2,3 G. E. ROTTINGHAUS,*,4 A. J. BERMUDEZ,*,4 and M. ALONSO-DEBOLT *Fusarium\Poultry
More informationThe effect of Tarragon extract on performance, Carcass quality, Hematologic parameters and microbial flora of intestinal contents in Japanese Quail
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(7):81-86 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC The effect of Tarragon extract on performance, Carcass quality,
More informationCounteracting Effect of High Grade Sodium Bentonite during Aflatoxicosis in Broilers
J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2012) Vol. 14: 539-547 Counteracting Effect of High Grade Sodium Bentonite during Aflatoxicosis in Broilers M. Manafi 1 ABSTRACT The effects of Aflatoxin (AF) (0.0 and 0.5m g kg -1
More informationREGISTRATION OF MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL FEED
REGISTRATION OF MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL FEED Tebogo Banda Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries AFMA workshop for registration and renewals 1 August 2011 1 REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS A product may
More informationThe Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Intestinal Maturity in Turkey Poults. Honors Research Thesis.
The Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Intestinal Maturity in Turkey Poults Honors Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors Research
More information0.3. Post-albumin. (p<0.05)
B B B Total globulins GPT Post- albumin B 0. 0. B 0 Pre- (p
More informationThe Effects of Some Additives on Egg Quality in Laying Hens
Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 70(2)/2013, 344-351 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X The Effects of Some Additives on Egg Quality in Laying Hens Aurel ŞARA 1), Mihai BENłEA
More informationWhat is Mycotoxins? Introduction to Mycotoxin and Mycotoxicosis in animals
Introduction to Mycotoxin and Mycotoxicosis in animals Nuvee Prapasarakul, D.V.M., Ph.D. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University What is Mycotoxins?
More informationMycotoxin challenge in aquaculture feed. Maarten Jay van Schoonhoven, Aqua Care Manager Olmix
Mycotoxin challenge in aquaculture feed Maarten Jay van Schoonhoven, Aqua Care Manager Olmix mjvanschoonhoven@olmix.com THE MYCOTOXIN CHALLENGE Challenges of using plant ingredients Proteins of plant origin:
More informationStudy on efficacy of diatomaceous earth on growth parameters in experimental ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens
2018; 3(1): 10-14 ISSN: 2456-2912 VET 2018; 3(1): 10-14 2018 VET www.veterinarypaper.com Received: 03-11-2017 Accepted: 04-12-2017 VP Anand Veterinary Officer, Veterinary Hospital, Mangalagatti, Tahsil-
More informationMYCOTOX Õ and aflatoxicosis in quails
British Poultry Science Volume 46, Number 4 (August 2005), pp. 520 524 MYCOTOX Õ and aflatoxicosis in quails A. S EHU, S. ÇAKIR 1,Ö. CENG_IZ 2 AND D. ES S_IZ 3 Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal
More informationEvaluation of the Effect of Mycotoxin Binders in Animal Feed on the Analytical Performance of Standardised Methods for
Evaluation of the Effect of Mycotoxin Binders in Animal Feed on the Analytical Performance of Standardised Methods for the Determination of Mycotoxins in Feed Follow-up study A. Kolossova, J. Stroka, A.
More informationUnit 2: Animals on the land
GCSE Animal Nutrition Unit 2: Animals on the land For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2015 Animal Nutrition Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit students should be able
More informationChapter 11: Range Animal Nutrition
Chapter 11: Range Animal Nutrition 1. Nutritional Components of Forages a. Protein b. Energy c. Phosphorus d. Vitamin A 2. Comparative Nutrition of Forages a. Grasses b. Forbs c. Shrubs 3. Comparative
More informationTiming. Stages of lactation. Needs. Key. Feed. May. Mid June Mid June. Mid July (3 weeks before calving date) Dry period. period.
1 Foet Stages of lactation Nutrition plays an important role in the productivity and health of your dairy herd. Recognising the different nutritional needs of each stage of lactation is essential when
More informationEVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A COMMERCIAL PURIFIED PHYLOSILICATE TO REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF ZEARALENONE+DEOXYNIVALENOL IN GILTS.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A COMMERCIAL PURIFIED PHYLOSILICATE TO REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF ZEARALENONE+DEOXYNIVALENOL IN GILTS. K. Bond 1, C. K. Maune 1, J. R. Stoltz 1, R. J. Malone 1 and D. Zaviezo*
More informationThe energy value of cereal grains, particularly wheat and sorghum, for poultry
Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, (005), 17, 1-9. The energy value of cereal grains, particularly wheat and sorghum, for poultry J.L. Black 1, R.J. Hughes, S.G. Nielsen 3, A.M. Tredrea
More informationMycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 1. Effects on performance characteristics and relative organ weight
Mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 1. Effects on performance characteristics and relative organ weight J. T. Lee,* 1 K. A. Jessen,* R. Beltran, V. Starkl, G. Schatzmayr,
More informationGrainCorp Feeds. Delivering you choice and flexibility
GrainCorp Feeds Delivering you choice and flexibility CALF FEED calf The PRO START range has been developed to supply a range of well-balanced nutritional calf feed supplements for the New Zealand farmer.
More informationMycotoxin Detection and Solutions
Mycotoxin Detection and Solutions Donald W. Giesting, Ph.D. Provimi North America/Cargill Animal Nutrition 15407 McGinty Road West, MS 14, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA Don_giesting@cargill.com 1. Introduction
More informationVITAMIN A requirements of growing
Effect of Vitamin A Level of Diet on Feed Conversion and Utilization of Energy by Growing Chickens 1 T. E. SHELLENBERGER, D. B. PARRISH AND P. E. SANFORD Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan
More informationInfluence of Effective Microorganisms on the Quality of Poultry Products Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods
Influence of Effective Microorganisms on the Quality of Poultry Products S. Chantsavang 1 and P. Watcharangkul 2 Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 1 and Nutrition Division,
More informationAgriculture. Elixir Agriculture 124 (2018)
52114 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Agriculture Elixir Agriculture 124 (2018) 52114-52120 Egg Qualities and Embryonic Development of Eggs of Laying Hens Fed
More informationCPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor
CPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor Carbohydrates Fats (Fatty Acids) Minerals Proteins (Amino Acids) Vitamins Water Referred to as Fiber Made up of the forage portion of a diet In a complete
More informationBibliography Your herd is your business. Protecting it is ours. PAGE 1
Bibliography 2015 Your herd is your business. Protecting it is ours. PAGE 1 PAGE 2 Bibliography Bibliography of research published to referred journals and presented at scientific meetings Updated: June
More informationFeed Products. Additive solutions
Feed Products Additive solutions Product category Brand name Species Enzymes Nutrase Anti-inflammatory products Y-mune Nutracid InteStim Toxin Binders Free-Tox Slow-release Acidifiers Nutracid Yeast derivates
More informationMycotoxins Overview and Sampling to Testing
Mycotoxins Overview and Sampling to Testing Webinar August 3, 2012 John L. Richard, Ph.D. Consultant to Romer Labs, Inc. Early History of Mycotoxins Alsberg and Black, 1913 Described toxicity of mold metabolites
More informationThe Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1
The Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1 BINGFAN ZHANG and CRAIG N. COON2 Department of Animal Science, University
More informationAnimal Science: Isotopes and Nuclear Techniques
Animal Science: Isotopes and Nuclear Techniques by John E. Vercoe In many regions of the world, animal production is limited by poor growth, reproductive performance and milk output of livestock, thus
More informationMycotoxins and Toxicological Impact in Swine
Mycotoxins and Toxicological Impact in Swine James D. House Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences & Animal Science, 408 Human Ecology Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2; Email:
More informationThe Value of Peanuts and Peanut Meal in Rations for Chickens
i) CIRCULAR 80 NOVEMBER 1937 The Value of Peanuts and Peanut Meal in Rations for Chickens By D. F. KING and G. J. COTTIER AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE M. J. FUNCHESS,
More informationMycotoxins, MRL s & food chain contaminations
1 Mycotoxins, MRL s & food chain contaminations IAOM-MEA, 15.11.2008, Arusha Ir. Johny Boerjan Hazards associated with wheat & wheat processing (HACCP) Physical hazards Glass, stones, metal, Biological
More informationPathology of Lymphoid Organs in Chlorpyriphos and T-2 Toxin Fed Broiler Chicken
International Journal of Poultry Science 6 (1): 71-76, 2007 ISSN 1682-8356 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007 Pathology of Lymphoid Organs in Chlorpyriphos and T-2 Toxin Fed Broiler Chicken
More informationPART 2 EGG FORMATION, CHEMISTRY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS
Contents PART 1 EGG PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PART 2 EGG FORMATION, CHEMISTRY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS PART 3 EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY PART 4 ALTERNATIVE EGG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND PROCESSED EGGS PART
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/016/95-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS COLISTIN SUMMARY REPORT (1) 1. Colistin
More informationSTUDY ON THE LEVEL OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN FEED MATERIALS AND COMPOUND FEED FOR PIGS AND POULTRY IN BULGARIA
Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 5, No., pp -, 7 Copyright 7 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN -7 Original Contribution STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books. International authors and editors. Our authors are among the TOP 1%
We are IntechOpen, the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books 3,350 108,000 1.7 M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 151 Countries
More informationMycotoxin toxicity to animals
Page 1 of 5 Technical Note 06 Mycotoxin toxicity to animals Disclaimer Most inquiries about mycotoxins concern incidents of the poisoning of farm animals, often very expensive breeds. The toxicological
More informationSupplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist
INTRODUCTION Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University
More informationPART I : List of documents
EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate D - Food Safety: production and distribution chain D1 Animal nutrition PART I : List of documents A. Basic documents SCFCAH-SAN/04-2003
More informationBroiler Nutrition. John T. Halley, PhD Aviagen Inc.
Broiler Nutrition John T. Halley, PhD Aviagen Inc. Nutrition Management Genetics Broiler Genetics is Constantly Changing What about the response to nutrient density? Response of the Ross 308 Broiler to
More informationPhytase and myo-inositol:
White paper Phytase and myo-inositol: opportunities for enhanced poultry and pig production efficiency Cowieson, AJ, Aureli, R., Guggenbuhl, P. & Fru-Nji, F. HEALTH NUTRITION MATERIALS Phytase and myo-inositol:
More informationDRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
DEAS 1:2016 ICS 67.060 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Wheat flour Specification EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY EAS 2016 First Edition 2016 Copyright notice This EAC document is copyright-protected by EAC. While
More informationHa H Truong 1, 2, Amy F Moss 1, Sonia Yun Liu 1 and Peter H Selle 1
[Sorghum TechNote PRF 8-15] Additions of the reducing agent sodium metabisulphite in sorghum-based broiler diets based on eight different varieties Ha H Truong 1, 2, Amy F Moss 1, Sonia Yun Liu 1 and Peter
More informationProviding a Legacy of Herd Profitability
Providing a Legacy of Herd Profitability Historically, the feeding and care of the replacement heifer has been treated as a sideline to the management of the lactating herd. In the modern era of high production,
More informationSupplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol
Supplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol Introduction O. Adeola, T.R. Cline, J.I. Orban, D. Ragland, and A.L. Sutton Department of Animal Sciences Supplementation
More informationEvaluation of diet formulation based on digestible amino acids and true metabolizable energy on broiler breeder performance
Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume 49, Number 1, 2015. 53 Evaluation of diet formulation based on digestible amino acids and true metabolizable energy on broiler breeder performance J. Nasr
More informationVOL. 5, NO. 5, May 2015 ISSN ARPN Journal of Science and Technology All rights reserved.
Growth, Nutrient Digestibility of Broilers fed Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets with Aflatoxin Binders 1 A. D. Ologhobo, 2 E. O. Ewuola, 3 U. U. Jerome, 4 U. O. Franca, 5 O. Ifarajimi 1, 2,3,4,5 Poultry Research
More informationQuality Grain Management Effects on the Feed Industry. Ben Weaver Regional Account Manager
Quality Grain Management Effects on the Feed Industry Ben Weaver Regional Account Manager Topics to Cover What are mycotoxins How are they created What effects do mycotoxins have on animals when consumed
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/MRL/815/02-FINAL January 2002 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS COLISTIN SUMMARY REPORT
More information