Practice Exam 3 Key. 1. In a normal cardiac cycle of a human heart approximately? ml of blood is moved. A. 75 B. 500 C. 240 D.

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1 Practice Key 1. In a normal cardiac cycle of a human heart approximately? ml of blood is moved. A. 75 B. 500 C. 240 D Stimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nerves would? the heart rate A. decrease B. not change C. increase D. stop 3. (2) How would too much sodium in the body effect the heart action? Sodium is used by the heart to start the electrical message through the heart to cause a contraction having too much would cause the heart to beat too fast and damage the heart muscle leading to a potential heart attack. An increase in sodium would cause too much water to be retained by the body and further exacerbate an already malfunctioning heart. 4. The middle layer of an artery or a vein is called the A. intima. B. adventia. C. externa. D. media. 5. (4) Explain and describe the forces that can change blood pressure in mammalian vessels? The forces that can change blood pressure are cardiac output (heart beating too fast or too slow), peripheral resistance (vessels either dilated or constricted), hormones (these (various) can change vessel diameter or cardiac output), various ions (these can change vessel diameter or cardiac output), and blood viscosity (rating of the ability of the blood to flow through the vessels). 6. The main forces which move blood through a capillary bed are blood pressure and A. gravity. B. osmotic pressure. C. muscle contraction. D. photon torpedoes. 7. The primary function of the mammalian blood protein albumin is in? regulation A. infection B. osmotic C. gas transport D. fat metabolism 8. The white blood cell that fights off bacterial infections by defensins is the A. neutrophil. B. eosinophil. C. basophil. D. macrophage. Biology& 212 1

2 9. The white blood cell that is responsible to release chemicals during inflammation is the A. neutrophil. B. eosinophil. C. basophil. D. macrophage. 10. (4) Describe the final step or phase of blood clotting (name the proteins)? Whenever damage occurs to the wall of a blood vessel, platelets recognize the shredded edges and start to round up and become sticky to stick to the edges. Once stuck the platelets release serotonin that cause the vessel to constrict and the rounded platelets form what is called a platelet plug. Other chemicals cause the beginnings of a clot to begin forming. The main chemical is called prothrombin activator (thromboplastin). This enzyme converts prothrombin into thrombin (in the presence of calcium released from the platelet) and thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the primary clotting protein that forms a web of fibers across the opening. Another chemical released from the platelet is called PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor) that simulates neighboring cells to undergo mitosis and repair the damage. Another protein called prostacyclin will eventually cause the dissolving of the clot once healing has been completed. 11. (4): Explain why the lymphatic system is needed and name the basic parts. The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called lymph (quite similar to blood plasma without the RBC s), a series of vessels, and nodes. Lymph is fluid that has gotten out of the circulatory vessels either by design (delivery reasons) or random loss and must be returned to cardiovascular vessels. The lymph vessels serve this purpose by connecting to the cardiovascular vessels in the neck. The nodes function as filters to remove any impurities or unwanted cells by housing WBC s that recognize and either destroy the cells (T-cells and macrophages) or label them as foreign and then they are destroyed (B-cells). This somewhat ensures the cleanliness of the lymph fluid before being mixed with the blood. 12. (2) Describe the force that is utilized to exchange gases in animals? The main force behind gas exchange is the concentration differences between the incoming air gases and the gases currently in the body or blood stream plus the needed moist environment. 13. The main requirement for gas exchange to occur across an epithelium is A. volume. B. moisture. C. speed. D. time. 14. (3) Explain the difference between ram ventilation and gulping strategies in gas exchange seen in fish? In ram ventilation the fish need to constantly swim moving body muscles to move water across their gills while gulpers are able stay stationary but need to gulp water by moving oral muscles on a regular basis to ventilate their gills. 15. (3) Explain why the insect tracheal system works so well for flying? The insect tracheal systems deliver s gases and removes gases directly from internal body cells and the trachea open simply by body movement. Biology& 212 2

3 16. (4) Compare and contrast the function of a swim bladder in fish with an air sac of birds? A swim bladder is really designed to fill with body gases for buoyancy purposes, whereas the bird air sacs are a specially designed to recirculate air from the posterior and anterior air sac during exhalation from the lungs. This action continuously provides fresh air to the lungs. 17. The advantage of the mammalian respiratory tubes is A. warming and moistening air. B. filtering the air. C. quick repair. D. all the above. 18. (4) What is the difference between positive and negative breathing mechanisms seen in animals? Positive breathers need to use muscle activity to force fresh air into their lungs, whereas the negative breathers establish a negative pressure gradient by contracting muscles around their thoracic cavity and the air moves down the gradient. 19. The main force in mammalian quiet exhalation is the A. abdominal muscles. B. diaphragm. C. recoil effect of the inhalation muscles and tubes. D. intercostals. 20. (6) Explain how carbon dioxide is transport through the cardiovascular system? Three mechanisms are used by mammals to move CO 2. The first mechanism is the CO 2 simply diffuses into the blood plasma (7%), 23% diffuses into the RBC and binds to the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule, and the final 70% is moved by a mechanism called the bicarbonate shuttle. The shuttle involves forming a bond between CO 2 and H 2 O which forms bicarbonate within the RBC via an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. The bicarbonate breaks down into HCO 3 - and H +. The H + binds to the globin and the bicarbonate is released from the RBC and is used to buffer the blood stream. Once back to the lungs the equation is reversed and the CO 2 expelled and the H 2 O remains in the blood stream. 21. The Bohr effect in O 2 delivery is due to A. ph effects. B. capillary perfusion. C. the shape of the red blood cell. D. What?!? 22. The main metabolic waste molecule animals need to excrete is A. carbon dioxide. B. hydrogen ions. C. water. D. ammonia. Biology& 212 3

4 23. (3) Describe the strategies used by fish and birds to rid their bodies of this metabolic waste? Fish rid their bodies of ammonia by simply micturating (peeing) the ammonia out of the urinary system (low cost (ATP) but lots of water loss). Birds convert the ammonia into uric acid and excrete this as a paste (high cost (ATP), minimal water loss). 24. Understanding the Q 10 effect would best help to explain A. water concentration. B. habitat constraints. C. energy deficits. D. energy requirements. 25. (3) Describe two strategies used by animals to combat heat losses or gains? Animals use strategies such as behavior (get out of the sun or cold), sweating to remove heat or shivering to increase heat, vasodilation or vasoconstriction to regulate blood flow to the periphery, or countercurrent exchanges between blood vessels to regulate blood temperature. 26. Osmolarity refers to the amount of? an animal has in its body cells. A. water B. solute C. solvent D. nutrients 27. An animal that doesn t adjust to rapid environmental changes is called A. euryhaline. B. extinct. C. stenohaline. D. costcohyline 28. The vertebrate brain structure responsible for stimulating thirst is the A. cerebrum. B. hypothalamus. C. cerebellum. D. thalamus. 30. (2) Describe two strategies used by terrestrial animals to prevent dehydration? Animals get in the shade or water to stay cool and avoid overheating, developed body surfaces which prevent water loss, cool their body by shifting circulation patterns, and others. Biology& 212 4

5 31. The problem fish face in salt water environments is the? of water. A. loss B. gain C. balance D. pollution 32. All of the following are functions of the vertebrate kidneys except A. ingestion. B. excretion. C. filtration. D. reabsorption. 33. The organisms classed as platyhelminthes (flat worms) have a? for a kidney A. protonephridia B. metanephridia C. malpighian tube D. blind tube 34. The forces of a vertebrate kidney that allows for filtration to occur are blood pressure and A. gravity. B. osmotic pressure. C. hormone secretion. D. capillary gradients. 34. (4) Describe the general function for each of the following sections of a nephron? Proximal tubule These tubes are designed to reabsorb material that has been filtered out of the blood stream but still needed, like glucose, amino acids, etc. Distal tubule These tubes are designed to secrete material that is too big to be filtered but still need to be excreted from the body. A secondary function relates to homeostasis. The cells here can monitor the ion concentration and water balance and can regulate these two variables if needed by comparing what is in the blood stream versus what is in the filtrate. 35. The ion that is used to regulate body fluids and other electrolytes is A. potassium. B. calcium. C. hydrogen. D. sodium. 36. The hormone anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) will cause your body to? water. A. make B. lose C. retain D. balance 37. The hormone atrial natriuretic factor counteracts the effects of the hormone rennin to A. lower blood pressure. B. cause sodium uptake. C. raise blood pressure. D. balance blood loss. 38. The portion of nerve cell called a neuron that only functions to receive information is the A. dendrite. B. axon. C. soma or body. D. Nissl body. 39. The central nervous system cells that produce the myelin sheath are the A. astrocytes. B. oligodendrocytes. C. schwann cells. D. macrophages. 40. The function of the myelin sheath is for A. protection. B. nutrition. C. speed of conduction. D. looks. Biology& 212 5