Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Activity NOTES
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1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Activity NOTES I. Pepsin a) Pepsin is an released in the that breaks down the in food into its building blocks. b) Diagram: Pepsin c) Pepsin will ONLY break down the in food, and not organic compounds like and. This is because protein has a specific that fits perfectly into the pepsin enzyme. II. RATE of Enzyme Activity The rate (speed) at which all enzymes in the body like pepsin in the stomach work depends on TWO factors: (1) Temperature 1. As temperature rises, enzyme activity speeds up 2. Optimum (best) temperature 3. Enzyme stops working because it begins to lose its Almost ALL enzymes work best at temperature, which is, or. This is why it is important that we maintain temperature, or a stable body temperature. (2) ph ph is a measure of how or basic a substance is Most enzymes work best at a ph of approximately, which is the ph of the blood. 8
2 I. How does TEMPERATURE affect the RATE at which pepsin works? The effect of temperature on the action of pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme present in stomach fluid, was tested. In this investigation, 20 milliliters of stomach fluid and 10 grams of protein were placed in each of five test tubes. The tubes were then kept at different temperatures. After 24 hours, the contents of each tube were tested to determine the amount of protein that had been digested. The results are shown in the table below. Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the directions below. 1. Mark an appropriate scale on each axis. 2. Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. 3. According to your graph, at what temperature does pepsin work the fastest? 4. What happens to pepsin activity at really low temperatures and really high temperatures? 5. Our normal body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C). How does this graph show why it is important to maintain temperature homeostasis (a stable body temperature)? What do you think happens to the speed of enzyme activity when you have a fever? 9
3 II. How does ph affect the RATE at which pepsin works? a) The ph of a substance is a measurement of how acidic the substance is, or how much acid is in the substance. b) When you measure the ph of a substance, the measurement is a number between 1 and 14. ph of substance Acid or Base? Example Between 0 and Between 7.0 and 14.0 The lower the ph of a substance, the more the substance is. The higher the ph of a substance, the more the substance is. The ph of our blood is approximately. c) The graph below shows the rate (speed) at which pepsin and another enzyme (trypsin, found in the small intestine) work at different phs: Pepsin: (1) At what ph does pepsin work the fastest? (2) Does pepsin work best in acid or in base? Trypsin: (3) At what ph does trypsin work the fastest? (4) Does trypsin work best in acid or in base? (5) Based on the information above, what do you think the ph in our stomachs must be? (6) What would happen if this ph did not remain stable? 10
4 1. Meat tenderizer contains an enzyme that interacts with meat. If meat is coated with tenderizer and then placed in a refrigerator for a short time, how would the enzyme be affected? (1) It would be broken down. (2) Its activity would slow down. (3) Its shape would change. (4) It would no longer act as an enzyme. 2. Which condition is necessary for enzymes to function properly in the human body? Enzymes REGENTS PRACTICE (4) the temperature before the reaction occurs 5. The graph below shows the affect of temperature on the relative rate of action of enzyme X on a protein. (1) These chemicals must have a specific shape. (2) These chemicals must be able to replicate. (3) Body temperature must be above 40 C. (4) Body ph must be above The graph below illustrates the relative amounts of product formed by the action of an enzyme in a solution with a ph of 6 at seven different temperatures. Which change would not affect the relative rate of action of enzyme X? (1) the addition of cold water when the reaction is at 50 C (2) an increase in temperature from 70 C to 80 C (3) the removal of the protein when the reaction is at 30 C (4) a decrease in temperature from 40 C to 10 C 6. The diagram below represents a beaker containing a solution of various molecules involved in digestion. Which statement best expresses the amount of product that will be formed at each temperature if the experiment is repeated at a ph of 4? (1) The amount of product formed will be equal to that produced at ph 6. (2) The amount of product formed will be greater than that produced at ph 6. (3) The amount of product formed will be less than that produced at ph 6. (4) The amount of product formed can not be accurately predicted. 4. The equation below represents a chemical reaction that occurs in humans. Which structures represent products of digestion? (1) A and D (3) B and E (2) B and C (4) D and E 7. An enzyme and four different molecules are shown in the diagram below. What data should be collected to support the hypothesis that enzyme C works best in an environment that is slightly basic? (1) the shape of enzyme C (2) the amount of substance W produced in five minutes at various ph levels (3) the shapes of substances X and Y after the reaction occurs 11 The enzyme would most likely affect reactions involving (1) molecule A, only (3) molecules B and D (2) molecule C, only (4) molecules A and C
5 Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. 8. Pepsin works best in which type of environment? (1) acidic, only (2) basic, only (3) neutral (4) sometimes acidic, sometimes basic 9. Neither enzyme works at a ph of (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 5 (4) An incomplete graph is shown below: What label could appropriately be used to replace letter Z on the axis? Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the statement below and on your knowledge of biology: Some internal environmental factors may interfere with the ability of an enzyme to function efficiently. 11. Identify two internal environment factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action. 12. Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to function. 13. Enzyme molecules are affected by changes in conditions within organisms. Explain how a prolonged, excessively high body temperature during an illness could be fatal to humans. 12
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