Research Article A Study on Organic Tomatoes: Effect of a Biostimulator on Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activities

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1 Hindwi Journl of Food Qulity Volume 2017, Article ID , 8 pges Reserch Article A Study on Orgnic Tomtoes: Effect of Biostimultor on Phytochemicl nd Antioxidnt Activities Vrinder Sidhu, Dilip Nndwni, Li Wng, nd Ying Wu Tennessee Stte University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nshville, TN 37209, USA Correspondence should be ddressed to Ying Wu; ywu@tnstte.edu Received 12 July 2017; Revised 28 October 2017; Accepted 7 November 2017; Published 10 December 2017 Acdemic Editor: Senem Kmiloglu Copyright 2017 Vrinder Sidhu et l. This is n open ccess rticle distributed under the Cretive Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. The objective of the present study is to investigte nutritionl nd ntioxidnt ctivity of four types of orgnic tomto cultivrs. The differences in tomto qulity re lso tested between groups with or without tretment using n orgnic biostimultor, Stimplex. Totl phenolic compounds (TPC), lycopene, β-crotene, DPPH free rdicl scvenging ctivity, reducing power, nd color prmeters were investigted in the current study. The results showed tht there ws no significnt difference in TPC mong cultivrs regrdless of Stimplex tretment. Higher lycopene nd β-crotene were obtined in Stimplex treted tomtoes. Lycopene nd β-crotene contents were significntly different mong cultivrs (P < 0.05). DPPH scvenging ctivity in controlled group ws significntly higher thn tht in the Stimplex treted tomtoes (P < 0.05). No significnt difference in reducing power ws detected mong cultivrs tretment groups. The study showed tht the drker the tomto color, the higher the lycopene nd β-crotene contents nd the stronger the reducing power. 1. Introduction Tomto (Lycopersicum esculentum) is widely grown nd verstile vegetble throughout the world for tste, color, high nutritive vlue, nd diversified use. Tomto fruit minly contins fiber, phytonutrients, vitmin A, C, B complex, nd crotenoids. Crotenoids include β-crotene nd lycopene, where β-crotene is pro vitmin nd lycopene is bright red crotene which hs ntioxidnt properties two times higher thn β-crotene in destruction of free rdicls [1]. Color is the most importnt qulity indictor of tomto fruit. Pigmenttion of red ripe tomto fruit is result of synthesis of crotenoids, lycopene, nd β-crotene [2]. Lycopene in tomto is responsible for the redness, nd βcrotene cn cuse ornge colortion. Intense red color tomto indictes predominnt mounts of lycopene nd high levels of ntioxidnts, which prevents cncerous nd crdiovsculr diseses [3]. Due to the restrictions on orgnic foods, not mny fertilizers or growth promoters re vilble for orgnic tomtoes. Products of nturl origin, such s seweed extrct, re lredy used in plnt production. Mny species of seweed (Eckloni mxim, Kppphycus lvrezii, Ascophyllum nodosum, Lminri digitt, Lminri hyperbore, Fucus vesiculosus, Durville pottorum, nd Fucus serrtus) re used in griculturl nd horticulturl crops s stimultor of the growth nd development of plnts. Appliction of these stimultors my contribute to enhnced growth, yield, nd resistnce ginst griculturl nd horticulturl plnt pthogens, s well s the positive impct of content nd ctivity of certin bioctive compounds [4]. Zrzeck et l. [5] lso concluded tht ppliction of biostimultors, for exmple, seweed extrct Kelpk SL nd Ashi in the study, cn increse the totl phenolic level in potto tubers, but the degree of the increse vried depending on the potto cultivrs. Stimplex is seweed extrct (Ascophyllum nodosum) contining 0.01% cytokinin s n ctive ingredient, which stimultes plnt growth nd development, promotes yields nd erlier mturity, improves resistnce to environmentl stress, improves fruit qulity, nd increses fruit set. A study showed tht Stimplex treted drought stressed trees performed better thn the untreted trees [6]. There is little vilble literture on the effect of biostimulnts on the phytochemicl contents nd ntioxidnt ctivities in tomtoes.

2 2 Journl of Food Qulity Hence,theobjectivesofthisstudyweretocomprethe tomto qulities grown orgniclly nd to observe the effect of biostimulnt (Stimplex) on fruit qulity ttributes including fruit color, phytochemicl level, nd ntioxidnt ctivities in four tomto cultivrs, nmely, Blck Cherry, Brndywine, Germn Johnson, nd Rom. Correltion between fruit color, phytochemicl level, nd ntioxidnt ctivity ws studied. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Mterils. In the current study, orgnic tomto cultivr experiment ws conducted during spring nd summer in 2015 t Tennessee Stte University certified orgnic frm in Nshville (ltitude m, N, W). The experiments were run using rndomized block design (RBD) with three replictions. Four tomto cultivrs, Blck Cherry, Brndywine, Germn Johnson, nd Rom, were investigted under orgnic frming system. Orgnic seeds were obtined from n orgnic seed compny (Johnny s Selected Seeds nd High Mowing Orgnic Seeds compny, Winslow, Mine, United Sttes). Stimplex ws procured from Acdin AgriTech (Albert, Cnd). Ech cultivr ws treted with Stimplex on weekly bsis t 2.5 ml/gllon vi folir spry. All the chemicls nd regents for nlysis were purchsedfromsigm-aldrich(st.louis,mo,unitedsttes) Methods Smple Preprtion. After physicl nlysis of tomto fruit, fruits from ech cultivr were selected rndomly in ech repliction. Freshly hrvested tomtoes were rinsed nd dried for color mesurement nd then chopped nd blended in wring blender to produce homogenous mss for further nlysis [7]. The homogenized smples were tightly seled in smple vils nd stored in 20 C freezer. Before nlysis, the smpleswerethwedtoroomtemperturendhomogenized using polytron (PT 2100, Kinemtic AG, Schweiz) for 3 min before determintion of totl phenolic content, totl lycopene content, totl crotenoid content nd ntioxidnt ctivities Moisture Content Determintion. The fresh tomto smples were cut into smll pieces (1 cm 3 ), weighed (100 ± 5 g), nd kept t 103 C to rech the consistent weights. Moisture content ws clculted s follows: wet weight dry weight Moisture content (%) = wet weight (1) 100% Totl Phenolic Content (TPC). TPC ws determined by Folin-Cioclteu method with some modifictions [8]. Briefly 1 g of tomto smple ws dded to 5 ml of 50% methnol ndkeptintightlycppedbottleinthedrkfor24hours t 60 C with constnt stirring. After being cooled to room temperture, the smples were centrifuged t 10,000 g for 5 min. Superntnt ws used for the determintion of totl phenolic content. The superntnt (0.5 ml) ws thoroughly mixed with 0.5 ml of distilled wter nd 125 μl offolin- Cioclteu regent for 6 min before the ddition of 1.25 ml of 7% sodium crbonte. Finl volume of solution ws 3 ml using distilled wter nd ws left in the drkness for 90 min. Absorbnce ws mesured t 760 nm. Ech test ws repeted 3 times in triplicte ech time. TPC ws clibrted by using stndrd curve of gllic cid. TPC for ech cultivr extrct ws expressed s gllic cid equivlent (GAE) inμg of GAE/g fresh tomtoes Totl Lycopene nd Totl β-crotene Estimtion. Mesurement of totl lycopene nd totl crotenoids hs followed the method described by Brros et l. [9], which is bsed on themethodbyngtndymshit[10]withmodifictions. The extrction of freshly hrvested tomtoes ws conducted using mixture of solvents hexne : cetone : ethnol (2 : 1 : 1 v/v/v) with 2.5% butylted hydroxytoluene (BHT) dded to ech cultivr bottle [11]. Aliquots of 0.25 g homogenized smples were dded to 25 ml extrction solvent. The bottles were tightly closed nd gitted for 10 minutes on shkert300rpm,followedbylevingthebottlestroom temperture to stnd for 15 min for phse seprtion to form distinct queous polr lyer nd nonpolr lyer. Aliquots of 4 ml extrcts from the top lyer of the nonpolr phsewerewithdrwnndfilteredthroughwhitmn sfilter pper. Absorbnce ws mesured spectrophotometriclly t 453, 505, 645, nd 663 nm [12]. Contents were clculted ccording to the following equtions: β-crotene (mg/100 ml) = A A A A453; Lycopene (mg/100 ml) = A A A A453. The concentrtion of totl lycopene nd totl β-crotene ws further expressed in g kg 1 of fresh weight (fw) Antioxidnt Activity DPPH Free Rdicl Scvenging Property. DPPH free rdicl scvenging property ws evluted using the method described by Shhzd nd others [13] with modifictions. About300goffreshlyhrvestedtomtowscutintopieces nd homogenized using polytron t medium speed for 5 min. Methnol (10 ml, 100%) ws mixed with smple (10 g), nd the mixture ws centrifuged t 8000 g for 10 min. Superntnt (2 ml) ws filtered through 0.45 um Nylon Syringe filter for bsorbnce mesurement t 517 nm. DPPH free scvenging effect ws clculted using the following eqution: DPPH scvenging effect (%) =[ A 0 (A A 1 ) A 0 100], (2) (3)

3 Journl of Food Qulity 3 Where A 0 isthebsorbnceofthedpphsolutionwithout smple, A isthebsorbnceofthetestsmplemixedwith DPPH solution, nd A 1 isthebsorbnceofsmplewithout DPPH solution. Reducing Power. The reducing power ssy ws determined ccording to Oyizu [14] with slight modifiction. Fresh tomto smples were homogenized using the polytron t medium speed for 5 min. Methnol (10 ml, 100%) ws dded to smple (10 g), mixed well, nd followed by centrifugtion t 8000 g for 10 min. Tomto superntnt (0.5 ml) ws mixed with 0.5 ml of 0.1 M sodium phosphte buffer (ph 7.0) nd 0.5 ml of 1% (w/v) potssium ferricynide. The mixtures were incubted t 50 Cfor20min,followedbydding1mlof 10% (w/v) trichlorocetic cid, 1 ml of deionized wter, nd 0.1 ml of 0.1% ferric chloride sequentilly. The bsorbnce ws mesured t 700 nm ginst blnk. A higher bsorbnce indictes higher reducing power. Ascorbic cid ws used for comprison. Color Mesurement. Color mesurement ws performed following the method described by Khiri nd others [15] using Minolt CR 300 Chrom Portble Colorimeter purchsed from Hunterlb, Reston, Virgini, United Sttes, with C illuminnt expressed s L,, nd b. The instrument ws clibrted using the blck nd white tiles provided. Three mesurements were performed with three replictes in ech mesurement. In ddition, hue ngle nd totl color difference (ΔE)were clculted usingthe followingeqution: ΔE = (ΔL 2 +Δ 2 +Δb 2 ), (4) where the control vlues re from reference tomto, Bing Cherry tomto Sttisticl Anlysis. Sttisticl nlysis ws performed using Microsoft Excel nd SAS Softwre. For ech cultivr smple, three extrcts were obtined nd ll the ttributes were crried out in triplicte. Results were expressed s mens ± stndrd error. Anlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) test (5% Confidence Intervl) ws used to determine significnt differences between the results. Correltion nlysis ws exminedbyusingthecorrndttestprotocolforpired t-test. In t-test, P < 0.05 ws considered to be sttisticlly significnt. 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Effect of Stimplex on Moisture Content. Moisture contents re presented in Figure 1. plnts of Blck Cherry, Germn Johnson, nd Rom tomtoes hd higher levels of moisture content thn tht of Stimplex-treted tomtoes. However, the control plnt of Brndywine tomto showed lower level of moisture content thn tht of Stimplex treted tomtoes. These differences were not significnt (P < 0.05) for the Stimplex treted tomtoes nd control in ech cultivr. These results greed with the study by Pinel et l. [16], who reported tht the moisture content of different tomto cultivrs rnged from to g/100 g fresh weights. Moisture content (%) Blck Cherry Brndywine Germn Johnson Rom Cultivr Treted Figure 1: Moisture content of Stimplex treted nd control tomto cultivrs. Note. Vlues with different superscript letters were significntly different t P < Idh nd others [17] treted Rom cultivr using chemicls nd reveled tht moisture ws lower in control plnts thn tht in chemiclly treted groups. Togun nd Aknbi [18] used different types nd doses of fertilizers on tomto plnts nd found tht the dry mtter ccumultion incresed in tomto fruits. However, the difference between control nd tretment groups ws not significnt. They explined tht the incresed dry mtter ccumultion ws due to the incresed nutritionl level for the plnt growth. In the current study no significnt increse of dry mtter ws detected lthough three out of the four Stimplex treted cultivrs, Blck Cherry, Germn Johnson, nd Rom, showed increse in dry mtter (Figure 1) Totl Phenolic Content (TPC). The results of TPC re presented in Tble 1. Stimplex treted Blck Cherry nd Brndywine tomtoes hve shown slightly higher TPC, nd TPC in controlled cultivr Germn Johnson nd Rom ws higher thn tht in Stimplex treted tomtoes. No significnce ws detected mong tretment groups nd vrieties (P > 0.05). The TPC obtined from the current study were comprble with the TPC vlues obtined from other reserch groups; for exmple, TPC ws 0.68 g kg 1 fresh weight (FW) in Indin tomto vrieties [19]. Figàs nd others [20] nlyzed TPC in 8 locl tomto cultivrs in Spin using similr method nd found tht the TPC rnged from 0.35 to 1.37 g kg 1. Aldrich nd others [21] reported TPC rnge of g kg 1 FW in 10 tomto cultivrs. A lower rnge in TPC ws found from vrious reserch groups, for exmple, g kg 1 FW [14], g kg 1 FW [22], g kg 1 FW [7], nd 0.14 g kg 1 FW [23]. In the current study, TPC rnged from 0.82 to 0.95 g kg 1 FW. TPC in Brndywine cultivr treted with Stimplex contined the highest TPC but the difference ws not significnt (P > 0.05). Therefore, the results indicted tht Stimplex hd no effect on TPC in tomto cultivrs. Similrly, Rihi nd Hdider [22] hve used different orgnic fertilizers on

4 4 Journl of Food Qulity Tble 1: Totl phenolic content in different tomto cultivrs. Tretment Vrieties Totl phenolic content (g kg 1 FW) Blck Cherry ± 2.02E 02 Brndywine ± 4.66E 02 Germn Johnson ± 5.17E 02 Rom ± 3.04E 02 Blck Cherry ± 3.06E 02 Stimplex tretment Brndywine ± 5.15E 02 Germn Johnson ± 5.03E 02 Rom ± 2.03E 02 Note. Vlues with the sme superscript letters were not significntly different t P < Tble 2: Estimted lycopene nd β-crotene concentrtions in tomto cultivrs. Tretment Vrieties Lycopene (g kg 1 FW) β-crotene (g kg 1 FW) Blck Cherry 6.97 ± 0.35E 02 b 1.99 ± 0.11E 02 Brndywine 5.21 ± 0.24E 02 c 1.69 ± 0.03E 02 c Germn Johnson 5.82 ± 0.07E 02 c 1.82 ± 0.02E 02 b Rom 6.78 ± 0.04E 02 b 1.88 ± 0.04E 02 b Stimplex tretment Blck Cherry 7.32 ± 0.22E 02 b 1.96 ± 0.14E 02 Brndywine 5.34 ± 0.14E 02 c 1.71 ± 0.09E 02 bc Germn Johnson 6.83 ± 0.16E 02 b 1.90 ± 0.09E 02 Rom 7.83 ± 0.24E ± 0.11E 02 Note. Vlues with different superscript letters were significntly different t P < two tomto cultivrs nd found tht orgnic fertilizers hd no significnt effect on TPC in tomtoes. There ws no significnt difference mong the tomto vrieties, which grees withrihindothers[24].however,aldrichndothers[21] reported tht vriety ffects TPC in orgnic tomtoes. Kocir nd others [4] crried out study investigting effect of seweed extrct, Lelpk SL, on two common ben cultivrs. Their results hve shown tht the biostimultor resulted in n increse in phenolic contents nd the degree of increse vried bsed on the cultivr. Similrly, Fn nd others [25] in their reserch hve found tht the commercil extrcts of brown seweed (A. nodosum) hve enhnced the totl phenolic nd flvonoid content nd ntioxidnt ctivity in spinch leves. Also, Keitt mngo trees treted with lge extrcts rected to the incresed production of vitmin C in fruits [26] Totl Lycopene nd β-crotene Content. Absorbnce of tomto extrcts ws obtined t different wvelengths for clculting totl lycopene nd totl crotenoid concentrtions. Results re presented in Tble 2. Guinn nd others [27] reported tht biostimulnts improve stress tolernce due to greter production of ntioxidnts. The results from this current study concurred with Guinn nd others [27] nd showed tht Stimplex treted tomtoes contined higher lycopene (ntioxidnt) content thn tht in the controlled group. Significnt difference ws detected intwocultivrs,germnjohnsonndrom,respectively (P < 0.05). Higher β-crotene contents were found in Stimplex treted tomtoes; however, only one cultivr, Germn Johnson, ws detected with significnt difference (P < 0.05). The results from the current study showed tht Stimplex ppliction hs ffected lycopene nd β-crotene contents. Among the cultivrs treted with Stimplex, Rom cultivrs exhibited the highest lycopene content (0.078 g kg 1 FW), followed by Blck Cherry (0.073 g kg 1 FW), Germn Johnson (0.068 g kg 1 FW), nd Brndywine (0.053 g kg 1 FW), respectively. Moreover, Blck Cherry contined higher crotenoids (0.020 g kg 1 FW), followed by Rom (0.019 g kg 1 FW), Germn Johnson (0.019 g kg 1 FW), nd Brndywine (0.017 g kg 1 FW), respectively (Tble 2). Blck Cherry recorded pproximtely the sme mount of crotene for Stimplex treted nd control fruits. The results showed greement to the erlier studies conducted by Shhzd nd others [13] tht lycopene content in tomtoes rnged from to g kg 1 FW. Pinel nd others [16] nlyzed tomto nd β-crotene content using the sme methods on four tomto cultivrs nd reported tht the lycopene content rnged within g kg 1 FW nd β-crotene content rnged within g kg 1 FW. Figàs nd others [20] studied eight tomto cultivrs nd found tht the rnges for totl lycopene nd β-crotene were g kg 1 FW nd g kg 1 FW, respectively. The differences in lycopene nd β-crotene were significnt (P < 0.05) mong some tomto vrieties s shown in Tble 2, which hs greed with the results from other groups [16, 20]. Pise nd Sble [28] studied the effect of three seweed extrcts (Ulv fscit, Srgssum ilicifolium, ndgrcilri cortict) on the yield nd qulity of T. foenum-grecum L. nd found significntly higher chlorophyll, crotenoid, nd phenolic contents in plnt spryed with the tested extrcts.

5 Journl of Food Qulity 5 DPPH scvenging ctivity (%) Blck Cherry Brndywine Germn Johnson Rom Stimplex treted Tomto cultivrs Figure 2: DPPH scvenging ctivity of different tomto cultivrs. Note. Vlues with different superscript letters were significntly different t P < Reducing power Blck Cherry Brndywine Germn Johnson Rom Treted Figure 3: Reducing power of different tomto cultivrs. Note. Vlues with different superscript letters were significntly different t P< Antioxidnt Activities. Comprison of DPPH scvenging ctivities of tomtoes between Stimplex treted nd control cultivrs is presented in Figure 2. Stimplex treted tomto cultivrs exhibited significntly lower DPPH scvenging ctivity thn tht of control (P < 0.05). The DPPH free rdicl scvenging bility of tomtoes lso vried depending on the cultivrs. Of the four tomto cultivrs, Rom presented the highest DPPH free rdicl scvenging ctivity, followed by Blck Cherry, Germn Johnson, nd Brndywine. Liu nd others [29] found negtive correltion between lycopene nddpphscvengingctivity.theresultsfromthecurrent study concurred with Liu nd others [29] sttement by showing n incresed lycopene level but decresed DPPH scvenging ctivity in treted cultivrs compred to the control. The results of reducing power re presented in Figure 3. Three tomto cultivrs in control group, nmely, Blck Cherry, Brndywine, nd Germn Johnson, exhibited higher reducing power thn tht of the Stimplex treted tomtoes but the difference ws not significnt (P > 0.05), while Stimplex treted Rom hd slightly higher reducing power thn tht of the control group but the difference ws lso not significnt (P > 0.05). This result lso indicted tht there ws no significnt difference mong tomto cultivrs in reducing power (Figure 3). Kocir nd others [4] lso investigted the effect of seweed extrct, Kelpk KL, on the ntioxidnt ctivities of twocommonbencultivrs.themethodstheyhveusedfor ntioxidnt ctivity determintion were ntirdicl ctivity (ABTS) nd reducing power (RP). They hve found tht the ntioxidnt cpcity of one cultivr ws significntly improved by ll the studied tretments, while, for nother cultivr, the ntioxidnt ctivity vried bsed on the ppliction tretments. Mny compounds contribute to the ntioxidnt ctivities; for exmple, Pinel nd others [16] nd Ocho-Velsco nd others [30] concluded tht higher DPPH scvenging ctivities ndreducingpowerrereltedtothehigherntioxidnt contents such s phenolic, flvones, nthocynins, crotene, lycopene, vitmin C, nd tocopherol. Kubol nd Sirimornpun[31]reportedthtDPPH,FRAP,ndhydroxylrdicl scvenging bility hd significnt correltion with TPC. Shn nd others [32] reported tht, with the concentrtion increse offlvonoids,thentioxidntctivityndfreerdiclscvenging power were enhnced s well. However, Islm nd others [33] reported tht there ws no significnt difference in the ntioxidnt ctivities mong species nd prepring methods, even though the TPC ws significntly influenced. Therefore TPC ws not influencing the ntioxidnt ctivities. The result discrepncy between DPPH nd RP methods my beduetothedifferenceinprinciplesofthemethods.for DPPH method, the ntioxidnts trnsfer either electron or hydrogen tom to DPPH [31]. On the other hnd, ferricynide method ws ferric iron-bsed totl ntioxidnt cpcity ssy. This ssy ws used to convert the potssium ferricynide complex to potssium ferrocynide complex, which would constitute ferrous complex by reducing ferric chloride [34]. The reducing potentil ws relted to the rtio of compounds which donte hydrogen toms to brek the free rdicl chin [31]. Thus, it ws the hydrogen on crboxyl groups of phenolic cid tht helped reduce DPPH free rdicls nd potssium ferricynide complex. For the reducing power method, the hydrogen group ionizedfromcrboxylndhydroxydontedbythephytochemicl compounds were oxidized by Fe 3+ processed by ferricynide complex. Reducing power lso vried ccording to different frctions bsed on moleculr weight cutoff (MWCO). Frctions with smller MWCO exhibited superior ntioxidnt ctivities compred to the other frctions [35]. In the current study, three phytochemicl compounds were mesured. The trend of ntioxidnt ctivities my involve other phytochemicls tht re not investigted here Color. Colormesurementsoftomtoeswereperformed in triplicte with the L,,ndb vlues received directly using Minolt CR 300 Chrom Portble Colorimeter. These vlues were used to clculte ΔE (color vrition) nd redness to yellowness ( /b )vlues(tble3).δe represents ctul difference in color nd lrger ΔE vlues show higher redness

6 6 Journl of Food Qulity Tble 3: Color chnge nd redness to yellowness of tomtoes. Tretment Vrieties ΔE Redness to yellowness ( /b ) Blck Cherry ± 0.02 d,x 1.25 ± 0.32 Brndywine ± 0.23,x 0.92 ± 0.13 Germn Johnson ± 0.03 b,x 1.09 ± 0.16 Rom ± 0.06 c,y 1.02 ± 0.23 Blck Cherry ± 0.03 c,y 0.86 ± 0.14 Stimplex tretment Brndywine ± 0.30 b,y 0.93 ± 0.21 Germn Johnson ± 0.09 b,y 0.89 ± 0.22 Rom ± 0.06,x 0.86 ± 0.14 Notes., b, c, d s superscript letters show significnt differences in the tretment (P < 0.05); x, y s superscript letters show significnt differences between tretment groups (P < 0.05). Tble 4: Correltion coefficients of different nutritionl prmeters. Lyc TPC Cro DPPH RP L b ΔE /b Symbol + indictes positive correltion. Symbol indictes negtive correltion. Significntly correlted t P < Significntly correlted t P< 0.05; Lyc: lycopene concentrtion; TPC: totl phenolic content; Cro: β-crotene content; DPPH: DPPH free rdicl scvenging bility; RP: reducing power; ΔE: ctul color chnge; L :lightness; /b : redness to yellowness. vlues[36].theptternofcolorchnge(δe)wssignificntly different for Blck Cherry compred with the other 3 cultivrs for both treted nd control groups (Tble 3). Lower ΔE for Blck Cherry ws obtined s result of the typicl blckish red (purple) color tomto. The Stimplex tretment hd significnt effect on two tomto cultivrs in ΔE (P < 0.05), Blck Cherry nd Rom, respectively. The difference in ΔE is lso significnt mong cultivrs (P < 0.05) Correltion Anlysis. Correltion coefficients mong TPC, lycopene content, β-crotene, ntioxidnt ctivity, nd color indexes re presented in Tble 4. The study showed tht lycopene content ws positively correlted with DPPH nd RP but the result is not significnt. However, Liu nd others [29] reported negtive correltion between lycopene nd DPPH. No significnt correltion ws detected between β-crotenecontentnddpphinthepresentstudy,which grees with Liu nd others [29] nd Dun nd others [37]. However, β-crotene content ws significntly correlted with RP (P < 0.01). TPC nd lycopene were not correlted with ny of the color indices. Crotenoids were correlted with (P < 0.05), b (P < 0.05), nd ΔE (P < 0.01). The index /b ws used to present liner reltion in mturity stges of the tomtoes [38]; therefore no correltion with /b ws detected becuse ll smples were collected when they were ripened. In the present study, ΔE ws notsignificntlycorreltedwithlycopenendβ-crotene content. The fruit lightness (L ), redness to yellowness ( /b ), nd ctul color chnge (ΔE) re not correlted to lycopene nd totl phenolic content in this study. This might beduetothecomplexntureofthetomtocolorwhich rnged from yellow nd red to purple [39]. 4. Conclusions The results showed tht there ws no significnt difference (P > 0.05) in TPC mong cultivrs regrdless of Stimplex tretment. Higher lycopene nd β-crotene were obtined in Stimplex treted tomtoes; however, only one cultivr, Germn Johnson, showed significnt difference (P < 0.05). Lycopene nd β-crotene contents were significntly different mong cultivrs (P < 0.05). DPPH scvenging ctivity in controlled group ws significntly higher thn tht in the Stimplex treted tomtoes (P < 0.05). No significnt difference in reducing power ws detected mong cultivrs in control nd tretment groups. The Blck Cherry tomto, purple colored cultivr, exhibited much lower ΔE vlue nd higher /b vluecompredtotheotherredcoloredcultivrs. Correltion study hs reveled tht ΔE ws significntly correlted to lycopene content, β-crotene, nd reducing power (P < 0.01). Lycopene content ws negtively correlted to DPPH (P < 0.05). The result indicted tht the drker

7 Journl of Food Qulity 7 (from red to purple) the tomto color, the higher the lycopene nd β-crotenecontentsndthestrongerthereducingpower. Conflicts of Interest The uthors declre tht there re no conflicts of interest regrding the publiction of this pper. Acknowledgments This work ws supported by USDA Evns-Allen Progrm to Dr. Dilip Nndwni (Grnt no ). The uthors would lso like to cknowledge the reserch tem members, Ms. Drlene Gunther, Rvneet Sndhu, Sochinwechi Nwosisi, Eddie Willims, nd Mr. Shhidullh Chowdhury, for their ssistnce in the field experiment. References [1] Y. Liu, S. Roof, Z. Ye et l., Mnipultion of light signl trnsduction s mens of modifying fruit nutritionl qulity in tomto, Proceedings of the Ntionl Acdmy of Sciences of the United Sttes of Americ,vol.101,no.26,pp ,2004. [2] Z. Pék, L. Helyes, nd A. Lugsi, Color chnges nd ntioxidnt content of vine nd posthrvest ripened tomto fruits, HortScience,vol.45,no.3,pp ,2010. [3] G. R. Tkeok, L. Do, S. 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