The study of Forage Quality of Smirnovia iranica In Different phonological stages in sandy areas-case-study: Band-e-Rig-Kashan

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1 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp The study of Forge Qulity of Smirnovi irnic In Different phonologicl stges in sndy res-cse-study: Bnd-e-Rig-Kshn H. Azrnivnd 1*, H. Joneidi 2, M. Jrri 3 nd S. Nikou 4 1-Assistnt professor, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn 2-P.hD student, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn 3-Professor, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn 4-MSc Student, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn (Received 19 July 2005, Accepted 20 Fe. 2006) Astrct Smirnovi irnic, ntive vlule woody species from Fcee, is n dptle plnt of centrl sndy res of Irn. On other hnd, this species could e mrkedly considered from different view points of forge production, soil conservtion nd medicinl pplictions. The current reserch ws crried out in Bnd-e-Rig of Kshn, Irn to evlute Smirnovi irnic properties including crude protein (c.p), NDF, ADF, P, K, ME nd DMD in different phonologicl stges in order to find its forge qulity for livestock nutrition. The result of chemicls nlysis indictes tht there is significnt difference mong different phonologicl stges of S.irnic in terms of its properties. As the plnt ge is incresed, c.p, ME nd DMD re decresed while NDF nd ADF re incresed. This leds to reduction of S.irnic forge qulity, since there is not significnt difference etween flowering nd growth stges in view point of their c.p, ME, DMD, NDF nd ADF, lso ccording to increse of P nd K in flowering stge, it seems tht this stge could e considered s fvorle time for S.irnic utiliztion y livestock. Key words: Forge qulity, growth stges, Smirnovi irnic, Bnd-e-Rig, Kshn, Irn * Corresponding uthor: Tel: , E-mil: hzr@ut.c.ir

2 2 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp Introduction Understnding the nutrient content of plnt ody will e useful wy for determining rngelnd cpcity, the most proper time of utiliztion of rnge plnts, prediction of mlnutrition nd evlution of nutrition requirements of plnts. In order to optimum utiliztion of rngelnds, it is necessry to consider temporl vrition of forge qulity. For determining forge qulity, different vriles re evluted. Korouri et l (1982) studied crude sh, orgnic mtter, N, N, K, C, P nd Mg in some rnge plnt species. Sfin nd Shokri (1996) lso studied crude protein, C nd P in order to determine nutritious vlue of rnge plnts. Mc Donld (1998) studied some grss species nd concluded reverse reltion etween protein nd fier of given species. Zohdi (2001) compred the qulity of plnt orgns in different growth periods in five rnge plnt species nd found significnt difference etween the qulity of plnt orgns nd phenologic stges. Plnts of rid nd dry lnd regions re vlule species due to their resistnce to humid deficiency, high temperture nd slinity, lck of orgnic mtter content, wind nd wter erosion. Therefore plnt ssocitions of such regions re specil species. Smirnovi irnic is one of the vlule shru species with high resistnce to dry condition nd only ppers on snd dunes. The plnt is importnt for forge production, soil conservtion nd medicinl vlues (Seti, 1994). Current reserch ttempts to determine P, K, crude protein, NDF, ADF, metolic energy, percentge of digestile dry mtter of Smirnovi irnic in different phenologic stges to find the most pproprite time of utiliztion nd nutrient vrition. Mterils nd methods Studied re The study re covers Bnd-e-Rig order nd the surrounding snd dunes locted in south of Nmk lke, 70 km NE of Kshn extended to 55 km SE of the city. The region is in to N ltitudes nd to E longitudes. The nnul verge precipittion sed on 30 yers record is 133 mm which shows uneven distriution in the form of storms. The region lies etween isopotentil evportion lines nd ccording to umrothermic digrm, the study re hs 9 dry months nnully. The region is mostly plced etween c iso-temperture lines. Also, the climte of this region is extremely wrm with dry summers. Methodology of reserch First, vegettive zones of S.irnic species were determined. Then, four res with long distnces from ech other were selected for smpling purposes with five replictions nd t lest 15 shrus. The

3 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp smpling points were recorded to e tested in other sesons in three stges including: 1- Vegettive growth stge (efore flowering) 2- Flowering stge 3- Seed ripening nd fruiting stge Furthermore, the seeds were seprtely smpled. Kjeldl method ws used for mesuring Nitrogen content of the plnt. Phosphorous nd Potsium were mesured using spectrophotometer nd flme photometry techniques, respectively. Mesurements of cell wlls except hemi cellulose (ADF) nd cell wll (NDF) ws done sed on the guidelines of AOAC (1990) using Fiertec device. The formul proposed y Oddy et l (1983) ws used for mesuring digestile dry mtter (DMD) while metolic energy (ME) ws mesured using the equtions proposed y the US Agriculturl Stndrd Committee (1990). Fctoril method ws used to determine the vrition of nutrients in different phonologic stges using Excel nd SPSS. Duncn method ws lso used for comprison nd grouping of nutrients. Results nd Discussion Bsed on the comprison of nutrient men content (tle 1) the following results re suggested: Crude protein: the results showed tht there is significnt difference in protein content mong growth stges. The highest protein content ws 18.41% in vegettive growth stge nd the lowest vlue (14.49%) ws in legume fruiting stge. The crude protein content of seeds ws 12.65%. The figure 1 shows the mesured protein content in three phenologic stges. NDF nd ADF: The results indicted the significnt difference in NDF nd ADF in different stges of plnt growth. The highest vlues of NDF nd ADF in legume ppernce period were 45.4 nd 42.76%, respectively. While the lowest vlues in vegettive growth stge were 37.4 nd 33.13%, respectively. Also, NDF vlue of fruits of the plnt ws 44.6%. Figure 2 shows NDF nd ADF of the plnt in different phenologic stges.

4 4 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp Tle 1: Comprison of the studied minerl of S. irnic in different phenologic stges nd regions Properties Tretment DF Men of squres F Result Region ** Nitrogen Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ** Crude protein Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ** NDF Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ** ADF Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ** Potssium Stge ** Region nd stge ** Error Region ns Phosphorus Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ns DMD Stge ** Region nd stge ns Error Region ns Metolic Energy Stge ** (ME) Region nd stge ns * Significnt in 0.01 ** Significnt in 0.05 *** Not Significnt Error proteincontent(%) c Vegettive growth flowering Growth stge Seed ripening Figure 1: Comprison of protein content in three vegettive growth stges

5 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp NDF, ADF (% NDF ADF Vegettive growth Flowering stge Seed ripening growthstge Figure 2: Comprison of ADF nd NDF vlues in three vegettive growth stges Potssium: The content of K in different phonologic stges of S.irnic ws significntly different. So the highest mesured vlue ws 1.06% in flowering stges while the lowest vlue ws 0.622% in vegettive growth stge. Also, the oserved vlue K in legumes ws 1.76% (Figure 3). Potsiumcontent(%) Vegettive growth Flowering Seed ripening growth stge Figure 3: Comprison of Potssium content in different vegettive growth stges Phosphorus: Vrious vegettive stges of S.irnic showed the significnt differences of P with the highest vlue of 4.33 ppm in flowering stge nd the lowest vlue of 3.19 ppm in vegettive growth stge. There is no significnt difference in P content of flowering nd fruit production stges. Furthermore, P content of legume ws 5.42 ppm. Figure 4 shows the verge content of P in different vegettive stges.

6 6 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp Phosphoruscontent(%) Vegettive growth Flowering Seed ripening growth stge Figure 4: Comprison of Phosphorus content in different vegettive growth stges * Percentge of Digestile Dry Mtter (DMD): The results of sttisticl nlysis showed tht DMD content of plnt tissues in different vegettive stges hve significnt differences. So, the highest vlue of DMD in vegettive growth stges ws 64.19% nd the lowest vlue in fruit ppernce stge ws 57.11%. DMD content of fruits ws lso 61.07%. No significnt difference ws oserved in DMD content of vegettive growth nd flowering stges (Figure 5). DMD (%) Vegettive growth Flowering Seed ripening growthstge Figure 5: Comprison of DMD content in three vegettive growth stges * Metolic Energy (ME): The ME content in different vegettive stges shows significnt differences. The highest vlue of ME in vegettive stge ws 8.93% while

7 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp the lowest vlue in fruit ppernce period ws 7.61%. Furthermore, the ME of fruit ws mesured 7.95%. Figure 6 illustrtes the verge vlue of ME in tissues of the plnt in vrious phenologic stges. ME(mj) Vegettive growth Flowering Seed ripening growth stge Figure 6: Comprison of ME content in three vegettive growth stges Conclusion Arid nd semi-rid regions of Irn hve diverse nd rich collection of plnts. Vegettion cover of such regions hs high resistnce to difficult environmentl condition. Also, the forge, nutritionl, industril, medicinl nd conservtive vlues of these plnts re of high importnce. Smirnovi irnic is one of the rre nd comptile plnts of snd dunes of centrl Irn. The chemicl nlysis of Smirnovi irnic showed tht orgnic nd minerl contents of the plnt in phonologic periods hve significnt differences t 1% level. The comprison of crude protein content of the plnt indictes the decresing trend of protein to 21.3% during the plnt development stges. The verge content of mesured crude protein showed 16.8% in three vegettive growth stges which confirms the results of reserch conducted y Azrnivnd (1998). This fct indictes the high vlue of protein in Smirnovi irnic nd shows the forge vlues of the plnt for livestock feeding. The results of mesured ADF nd NDF showed significnt differences in phenologic stges. Also, NDF nd ADF showed n incresing trend (18.5 nd 21.5%, respectively) during the development stges which is in ccordnce with the results of Bghestni (2003). DMD nd ME in phenologic stges of S.irnic showed significnt differences with the highest vlue during vegettive growth nd the lowest vlue in seed nd fruit ppernce period. It stresses on

8 8 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp decresing of ME nd DMD during growth stges. At the end of vegettive growth, the vlues of DMD nd ME were mesured s 11 nd 14.5%, respectively. The results suggest tht pltility, digestiility nd nutritionl vlues re decresed during the growth period due to ccumultion of fier in plnt tissues. Arzni et l (1999) hve proposed tht metolic energy is decresed during vegettive growth period. The results of current reserch re lso in ccordnce with the results reported y Bghestni (2003) tht shows the decrese of metolic energy during vegettive period. Current reserch showed tht legumes of S.irnic re rich in DMD nd ME nd re considered s suitle source for livestock nutrition. Also, the minimum vlues of K nd P were seen in the first stge of vegettion stge while the mximum vlue ws seen in the flowering stges. This descries tht during flowering stge, the plnt stores high contents of K nd P in its tissues. This increse of K nd P in S.irnic were 34 nd 26.5%, respectively. Also, content of K nd P in fruits were considerle. Generlly, comprison of minerl nd orgnic nutrient of the plnt shows tht crude protein, metolic energy, percentge of digestile dry mtter ll re decresed during vegettive growth stge while NDF nd ADF re incresed. During the plnt development, digestiility nd nutritionl content re decresed nd the content of non-digestile nutrient is lso decresed due to fier increse of plnt tissues. Consequently, forge qulity will e decresed. This result stresses the findings of other reserchers indicting the phonelogic effects on forge qulity nd vrition of properties during the plnt growth period (Koli 2001, Ahmdi 2004 nd Holechek et l 2001). The results reported y other reserchers out the effect of phenologic stge on forge qulity emphsize tht qulity reduction is due to ge, increse of stem to lef rtio, increse of lignin nd chollenchym cells (Fhey 1994, Zohdi 2001, Koli 2001, Ahmdi 2004, Holechek 2001). Torkn (1999) showed tht forge qulity is decresed during plnt growth due to increse of NDF nd ADF nd decrese of crude protein. The results of current reserch indictes tht since there re no significnt differences mong protein content metolic energy, digestle dry mtter, NDF nd ADF vlues in flowering nd vegettive growth stges nd K nd P increses during flowering stge, the most pproprite period for utiliztion of the species is flowering period. This will void lnd degrdtion, erosion nd loss of plnt production. Due to high content of crude protein in tissues of S.irnic, this plnt is vlule source of forge for livestock

9 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp especilly in rid regions. Also, ingredient such s Spherophsinum nd Smirnovinium of the plnt hve medicinl nd industril vlues. References 1- Azrnivnd, H., The finl report of the reserch project on phenology of importnt rngelnd plnts of Kshn, Interntionl Reserch Center for Living with Desert, University of Tehrn. 2- Ahmdi, Z., Determintion nd comprison of qulittive properties nd solule crohydrte content of three vegettive rngelnd species in different phonologic stges in Vrdvrd. MSc thesis of rnge mngement, University of Tehrn. 3- Arzni, H., Nikkhh, A., Arzni, Z., The report of reserch project on determintion of economic size nd socil se units of rnge mngement, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn. 4- Bghestni Meyodi, N., Study of the effects of short term grzing intensities on vegettion cover chrcteristics nd livestock yield in steppe rngelnds of Yzd. PhD. Thesis, University of Tehrn. 5- Dstmlchi, H., Autecologicl studies of Smirnovi irnic in rid lnds of Kshn, MSc thesis, University of Tehrn. 6- Fhey, J.R.C., Forge qulity, evlution nd utiliztion, Americn society of Agronomy, USA, 998 p. 7- Holechek J.L., Hrel, C.H., Pieper, R.D., Rnge mngement principles nd prctices, 4 th edition, Prentice Hll Puliction, 586 p. 8- Koli, S.H., Introduction of indices for determining forge qulity in some rngelnd species, MSc thesis, University of Tehrn. 9- Korouri, S., Mlekpour, B., Tizry, A., Fronmin, P., Chemicl composition of the most importnt ntive nd non-ntive plnts of drylnds in different phonologic stges, report No. 27, Reserch Institute of Forest nd Rngelnds of Irn. 10- Mc Donld, E., Green Hll, L, Livestock nutrition. 11- Oddy, V.H., Rord, G.E., Low, S.G., Prediction of in vivo dry mtter digestiility from the fier nd nitrogen content of feed. N.S.W. Deprtment of griculture nutrition nd feeds evlution units, veterinry reserch sttion, Glenfield. 12- Seti, H., Forest, trees nd ushes of Irn, Yzd University press. 13- Sfin, N., Shokri, M., Appliction of phonologic studies for determining pltility nd nutritionl vlues of rnge lnd plnts in Mzndrn plin regions, Irnin Journl of Nturl Resources, No Torkn, J., Study of the effects of phonologic stges nd environmentl fctors on forge qulity of some rngelnd species, MSc thesis, University of Tehrn.

10 10 BIABAN (Desert Journl), Vol 11, No. 2, pp Vn soest, A.J., The chemicl sis for the nutritive evlution of forge, proc. of Ntionl Conf. on forge qulity & evlution nd utiliztion, Univ. of Nersk. 16- Zohdi, M., Determintion nd comprison of qulity of tissues nd locting crohydrtes content in five rngelnd species, MSc thesis, University of Tehrn.