DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY GANESH KISHANRAO GAIKWAD

Transcription

1 DISTRIBUTION OF AVAILABLE SULPHUR AND MICRONUTRIENTS (Fe, Mn, Zn AND Cu) IN SURFACE AND PROFILE SOILS OF SUGARCANE GROWING AREAS OF SOUTH GUJARAT AND THEIR MAPPING BY GIS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY NAVSARI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY BY GANESH KISHANRAO GAIKWAD M.Sc. (Agri.) DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY N.M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY NAVSARI GUJARAT January (Registratin N.: )

2 Distributin f available sulphur and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in surface and prfile sils f sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat and their mapping by GIS Name f Student Majr Advisr Mr. Ganesh K. Gaikwad Dr. A. Das DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, NAVSARI ABSTRACT In rder t evaluate available sulphur and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface and prfile sil samples frm sugarcane grwing sils f Suth Gujarat, fur hundred fifty (ttal) representative GPS-referenced surface sil samples were randmly cllected based n preliminary survey cvering 27 talukas f 7 districts (Valsad, Navsari, Surat, Bharuch, Tapi, Narmada and Vaddara, encmpassing the jurisdictin area f 15 C-p. sugar mills viz. Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Bardli, Chalthan, Sayan, Kamrej, Madhi, Mahua, Pandvai, Vatariya, Cpper, Vyara, Vdadara and Narmada) f Suth Gujarat. Eight pedns were excavated in the representative sites frm abve area als, studied and sampling was dne hrizn wise. All the cllected sil samples were analyzed fr physicchemical prperties (ph, EC, Org. Carbn, exchangeable catins, CEC and silt+clay cntent), available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O), available sulphur (S) and DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). The data btained frm analysis were interpreted and discussed based n jurisdictin area f each sugar factry and sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat as a whle after statistical analysis. All the data were prcessed in GIS t generate the spatial distributin f physicchemical parameters and available nutrients in map. When 450 sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat were cnsidered, it was bserved that verall sil ph ranged frm 6.06 t 9.53 i.e. frm slightly acidic t very strngly alkaline with verall mean value

3 f 8.09 (i.e. mderately alkaline reactin) percent (90), percent (218), percent (92) and 0.89 percent (4) sil samples were mildly alkaline, mderately alkaline, strngly alkaline and very strngly alkaline in reactin, respectively i.e. majr prtin (> 69 percent) sils were mderately t very strngly alkaline in reactin which might create deficiencies f plant nutrients and s apprpriate measures shuld be taken. Sil EC varied frm 0.10 t 1.86 ds m-1 i.e. frm lw t medium sil salinity with mean f 0.38 ds m-1. The percent (437) samples exhibited lw sil salinity status i.e. nrmal and nly 2.89 percent (13) samples belnged t medium sil salinity. SOC ranged frm 1.95 t g kg-1 i.e. frm very lw t high status with mean value f 5.50 g kg-1. Nearly percent (197) samples depicted lw rganic carbn status, while percent (144) and percent (109) samples belnged t medium and high status respectively. It was further bserved that abut 53, 23, 30, 17, 20, 23, 20, 40, 70, 80, 13, 80, 77, 67 and 43 percent sils samples respectively frm Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Chalthan, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua came under lw categry (lw prductivity ptential) f SOC which called fr additin f mre rganic inputs fr sustaining sil health and crp yield. CEC ranged frm t cml (p+) kg ha-1 with mean value f 45.62cml (p+) kg ha-1 i.e. high range f CEC fr majr sils f entire sugarcane jurisdictin area f Suth Gujarat. Available N ranged frm 58 t 441 kg ha-1 i.e. frm very lw t medium with mean value f 185kg ha-1 i.e. lw status. Out f 450 surface sil samples, 326 samples (74.67%) belnged t lw status and 124 samples (27.56%) shwed medium status. Available P2O5 ranged widely frm 4.63 t kg ha-1 i.e. frm very lw t very high with mean value f 42.54kg ha-1 i.e. medium status % (153) samples were lw, 37.78% (170) exhibited medium status and 28.27% (127) belnged t high status f available P2O5. Available K20 ranged frm 77 t 964 kg ha-1 with mean f kg ha-1 high K- status in majr sils prbably because f higher K-bearing minerals. Available sulphur ranged frm 0.78 t ppm i.e. frm lw t high with mean f ppm i.e. medium status fr sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area.

4 Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with lw available sulphur status, the rder was as fllws: Kamrej (13) >Sayan (23) >Chalthan (27) >Mahua (47) = Vyara (47) = Vatariya (47) = Marli (47) > Vaddara (53) = Gandevi (53) = Pandvai (53) >Madhi (60) = Valsad (60) > Cpper (70) >Bardli (73) > Narmada (87). In case f micrnutrient distributin was cncerned, DTPA-Fe ranged frm 3.12 t ppm (mean f ppm i.e. high status), DTPA-Mn frm 0.04 t ppm (mean f 9.70 ppm i.e. medium status), DTPA-Zn ranged frm 0.10 t 1.84 ppm (mean f 0.72 ppm i.e. medium status) and percent (365) and percent (78) samples were high and medium DTPA-Cu status respectively with its range frm 0.14 t 4.28 ppm (mean f 1.19 ppm i.e. high status). The depth f all pedns was >130 cm indicating that sils f these entire sugarcane areas were very deep which therwise a gd sign fr ptimum plant grwth f sugarcane under Suth Gujarat cnditin. Sil clur f all pedns were dminantly very dark grayish brwn (10YR 3/2) t very dark brwn (10YR 2/2). The sand, silt and clay cntent (<2 mm sil) f different hrizns were ranged frm t 83.67, 5.46 t and t percent, respectively in all pedns. Highest silt and clay cntent were recrded in pedn 4 f Vachnad frm Bharuch district. In general available N, P2O5 and K2O in all pedns varied widely frm 61 t 304, t and 136 t 724 kg ha-1respectively. Available sulphur in all pedns varied widely frm 0.26 t ppm and shwed decreasing trend with increasing sil depth. The highest available S was bserved in pedn 4 (Vachnad f Bahruch district). Pedn 1 frm Kukeri (80m abve MSL) f Valsad, pedn 5 frm Achhyalia (66m abve MSL) f Narmada and pedn 8 frm Vyara (85m abve MSL) Tapi district exhibited lwer available S status. In case f DTPA-Fe, majr samples f Madhi, Cpper, Sayan and Vaddara sugar industrial area shwing lw t medium status. Similarly majr sils particularly frm Madhi, Mahua, Kamrej, Pandvai, Vatariya, Cpper, Bardli, Sayan, Narmada and Vaddara sugar industrial area with lw t medium DTPAMn status. Mre than 60 % samples exhibited lw t medium status f DTPA-Zn in all sugar industries except Chalthan. In case f DTPA-Cu, the entire area shwed high availability (81%)

5 and thus n measures wuld be required. Digitized GIS map f different parameters suggested that ut f 15.7 lakh ha, 6.55 lakh ha area was under lw SOC. Similarly, 14.63, 2.34, and 5.74 lakh ha area was f lw available N, P, K and S, respectively, whereas, area under lw DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 0.023, 0.71, 2.41 and lakh ha, respectively.

6 Dr. A. Das Research Scientist (Sil Science), Department f Sil Science, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari CERTIFICATE This is t certify that the thesis entitled Distributin f available sulphur and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in surface and prfile sils f sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat and their mapping by GIS submitted by Mr. Ganesh KishanraGaikwad, Reg. N in partial fulfillment f the requirements fr the award f the degree f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (AGRICULTURE) in the subject f Sil Science and Agricultural Chemistry f the Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari is a recrd f bnafide research wrk carried ut by him under my guidance and supervisin and the thesis has nt previusly frmed the basis fr the award f any degree, diplma r ther similar title. Place: Navsari Date: 06/01/2015 (A. Das) Majr Adviser

7 DECLARATION This is t declare that the whle f the research wrk reprted here in the thesis fr the partial fulfillment f the requirement fr the degreef DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (AGRICULTURE) in the subject f SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY by the undersigned is the result f investigatin dne by him under direct guidance and supervisin f Dr. A. DAS,Research Scientist (Sil Science), Department f Sil Science, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, and n part f the wrk has been submitted fr any ther degree s far. Place: Navsari Date: 06th January 2015 (Ganesh K. Gaikwad) Cuntersigned by (A. DAS) Research Scientist (Sil Science) Department f Sil Science Navsari Agricultural University Navsari

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and fr mst, I wuld like t thank Almighty Gd, wh made it pssible, nt nly t begin and finish this wrk successfully, als fr his prtectin and favur in my entire life. I wuld like t thankdr. A.R. Pathak, Vice- Chancellr,Dr. A.N. Sabalpara, Directr f Research,Dr. M.K. Arwadia, Principal and Dean, fr prviding pprtunity under strng supprt in Gujarat. Many many thanks t my advisr, Dr. A. Das, wh patiently read and edited the manuscript and prvided me valuable cmments and advices thrughut my thesis wrk. It is prud privilege t place n recrd my sincere and grateful thanks t the members f my advisry cmmittee, Dr. A.M. Bafna, Ex. Head and Dr. G.G. Patel,Head Deptt. Of SSAC,Dr. J. D. Thanki, Head, Deptt. Of Agrnmy, Dr. H. R. Pandya, Prfessr and Head, Deptt. f Statistics, N. M. C.A., Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari fr their guidance and expert suggestins during the curse f present study.i asseverated my deep f sense f gratitudetdr. R.G. Patil, Dr. M. C. Patel, Dr. R.C. Gami, Dr. SnalTripathi, Dr. Gudade, SankalpOza,Dr. Tandelfr assisting their altruistic help during my curse wrk,investigatin and all staff f Sil Science; Hitesh, Viral, Mayuri, Dhansukhbhai, Babarbhai, Desai madam, Bharatbhai,N.A.U. Navsarifr prviding necessary help t me.i wuld like t express my gratitude t Dr. Vijay Singh, BISAG fr instant help in remte sensing and GIS wrk. I am als thankful t the fficials f my Headquarter f V.N. M.K.V, Parbhani, frmer Vice Chancellr Dr. K.P. Gre sir, Directr f Research Dr. G.R. Mre, Dean Dr. V.S. Shinde and Registrar Dr. D.A. Chawanwh prvided me pprtunity t d this task. Have n wrds feeling t my family (Mther, Bhau, SuvarnaShreya andpushkar) fr their all kind f supprt as well as cnstant encuragements, withut whm my life wuld nt have been successful. I wuld like t extend my acknwledgement t my brthers Santsh, Ketan, Naresh, Rahul, Bhagwat and sisters Anita, Vanita, Reshmi, Rupa and Snu fr encuraging me thrughut my study and Dr. Shyamkadam, JanardhanraVidhate, Sunil Shinde, Umeshand PnamBankar,Dr. BipinchandraAwsarml,Vitthaland my all aunty and uncleand all relativesfr helping me in all aspect t finish research n time.i wuld like t thank my best friends: Prf. Adsul, Ple, Patil, Puri, Dhuppe, Ghlve, Gadade, Khedkar, fr prviding me different technical materials and advice that was necessary fr the cmpletin f this thesis.last but nt the least; I wuld like t cnvey my special thanks t my clleagues Shri. Sunil, Ygesh, Shravankumar, Vanave, Dr. Imde, Dr. yadav, Dr. Pisal, Anil, swapnil, shrikant, Aniket, Munna, S. Barkule and P. Wadikar fr sharing wisdm and experiences, as well as spending gd time tgether with family f Sachin Mre (Atharva and Siddhesh), Dr. V. Bawalgave and D. Mutkule during the curse f the Ph. D. prgram. Place: Navsari Date: 6thJanuary 2015 (Ganesh K. Gaikwad)

9 CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. I INTRODUCTION 1-6 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-40 III MATERIAL AND METHODS IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES I - XVIII

10 List f Tables Table N Title Page N. 1 The ratings fr sil ph 45 2 The ratings fr sil electrical cnductivity 45 3 The ratings fr sil rganic carbn cntent 46 4 The Rating fr sil available P2O5 cntent 46 5 The ratings fr sil available K2O cntent 46 6 The ratings fr sil available Sulphur cntent 46 7 The ratings fr sil available Micrnutrients 47 8 Lcatin and GPS readings fvalsad and Gandevi c-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat 50 9 Lcatin and GPS readings f Marli and Chalthanc-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Kamrej and Sayanc-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Pandwai and Vatariyac-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Vaddara and Narmada c-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Bardli and Madhic-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Vyara and Cpper c-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Lcatin and GPS readings f Mahuac-perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Valsad sugar industry Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Gandevi sugar industry Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 67 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Marli sugar industry

11 19 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 70 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugar industry 20 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 72 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Kamrej sugar industry 21 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 75 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Sayan sugar industry 22 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 78 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Pandwai sugar industry 23 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 80 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vatariya sugar industry 24 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 84 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugar industry 25 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 87 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Narmada sugar industry 26 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 90 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Bardli sugar industry 27 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 92 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Madhi sugar industry 28 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 95 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vyara sugar industry 29 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 98 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Cpper sugar industry 30 Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient 101 status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Mahua sugar industry 31 Average values f physicchemical and available nutrient status with 102 respect t jurisdictin area f individual sugar industries 32 Categrizatin f ph, EC and rganic carbn cntent f sils frm jurisdictin area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat 107

12 33 % Categrizatin f CEC, available N, P2O5, K2O and S f sils with 117 respect t jurisdictin area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat 34 % Categrizatin f micrnutrients f sils with respect t jurisdictin 124 area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat 35 Simple crrelatin f sils under Valsad jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Gandevi jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Marli jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Chalthan jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Kamrej jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Sayan jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Pandwai jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Vatariya jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Vaddara jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Narmada jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Bardli jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Madhi jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Vyara jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Cpper jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under Mahua jurisdictin area Simple crrelatin f sils under sugarcane area f Suth Gujarat jurisdictin Lcatin f pedns frm sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat Mrphlgical prperties f pedn sil under sugarcane cultivatin frm Suth Gujarat Physic chemical prperties and particle size distributin f pedn sil under sugarcane cultivatin Prfile distributin f available macrnutrients and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) under sugarcane cultivatin 165

13 List f Figure Fig. N Title After Page 1 Map f Suth Gujarat 1 2 Graphical presentatin f mean sil ph, EC, rganic carbn and 125 exchangeable calcium f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries 3 Graphical presentatin f mean sil exchangeable magnesium, sdium, 128 ptassium and CEC f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries 4 Graphical presentatin f mean sil available N, P2O5, K2O and sulphur f 130 jurisdictin area f different sugar industries 5 Graphical presentatin f mean sil available micrnutrients (DTPA- Fe, 132 Mn, Zn and Cu) f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries 6 Spatial distributin f sil ph under sugarcane cultivatin area frm Suth 169 Gujarat 7 Spatial distributin f sil EC (ds m-1) under sugarcane cultivatin area 169 frm Suth Gujarat 8 Spatial distributin f sil rganic carbn (g kg-1) under sugarcane 169 cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat 9 Spatial distributin f sil CEC (cml (p+) kg-1) under sugarcane 169 cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat 10 Spatial distributin f sil available N (kg ha-1) under sugarcane cultivatin 170 area frm Suth Gujarat 11 Spatial distributin f sil available P2O5 (kg ha-1) under sugarcane 170 cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat 12 Spatial distributin f sil available K2O (kg ha-1) under sugarcane 170 cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat 13 Spatial distributin f sil available sulphur (ppm) under sugarcane 170 cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat

14 14 Spatial distributin f sil DTPA-Fe (ppm) under sugarcane cultivatin 171 area frm Suth Gujarat 15 Spatial distributin f sil DTPA-Mn (ppm) under sugarcane cultivatin 171 area frm Suth Gujarat 16 Spatial distributin f sil DTPA-Zn (ppm) under sugarcane cultivatin 171 area frm Suth Gujarat 17 Spatial distributin f sil DTPA-Cu (ppm) under sugarcane cultivatin 171 area frm Suth Gujarat

15 List f Plates Plate Title N After Page 1 Pedn n. 1 at Kukeri village Pednn. 2 at Khadsupa village Pedn n. 3 at Sachin village Pedn n. 4 atvachnad village Pedn n. 5 at Achhayalia Research farm f N.A.U., Navsari Pedn n. 6 at Mangrl village Pedn n. 7 at Bardli Research farm f N.A.U. Navsari Pednn. 8 atvyara research farm f N.A.U., Navsari 153

16 Abbreviatins

17 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED C -1 > AEZ Ann. BD BC C.D. C.V. Cm cv. ds m-1 DTPA E EC ESP FAO et al. etc. Fig. FAO GIS GPS G g ha-1 g kg-1 Ha Hrs i.e. INM kg ha-1 Km l ha-1 Per cent At the rate f Degree Celsius Per Mre than Agr eclgical zne Annymus Bulk density Bi-cmpst Critical Difference Cefficient f Variatin Centimeter Cultivar Deci Siemens per meter DiethyleneTriaminePenta Acetic Acid East Electrical cnductivity ExchangeableSdium Percent Fd and agricultural rganisatin And thers et cetera (and s n) Figure Fd and Agriculture Organizatin Glbal infrmatin System Grund psitining system Gram Gram per hectare Gram per kilgram Hectare (s) Hurs id est. (that is) Integrated nutrient management Kilgram per hectare Kil meter Liter per hectare

18 M mg kg-1 mg l-1 Mg m-3 Mm MT NC N n. NS OC Ppm q ha-1 RDF Rs. SOC TCA SPR SEm spp. t ha-1 TGA WSA VC viz., v/s Meter (s) Milligram per kilgram Milligram per liter Mega gram per cubic meter Milli meter Metric tnne (s) Neem Cake Nrth Number Nn-significant Organic carbn Parts per millin Quintal per hectare Recmmended dse f fertilizer Rupees Sil rganic carbn Tri carbxalic acid cycle Sil Ptential Rating Standard errr f mean Species Tnnes per hectare Ttal Gegraphical Area Water stable aggregates Vermicmpst Videlicet (Namely) Verses

19 INTRODUCTION

20 I.INTRODUCTION The natural resurces (sil, climate features and water) f any specified regin prfundly influence the crp prductivity and crpping patterns f that regin. In the present day the pssibility f expanding agriculture t new areas in the cuntry is remte (Kanwar, 1994). Further, the per capita land availability is decreasing gradually with time. It is therefre imperative that the land resurces be interpreted in terms f their suitability fr different agricultural uses with a view t maximize prductin f fd, fuel and fiber. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the main sugar prducing crp that cntributes mre than 75 per cent t the ttal sugar pl at the glbal level. India, being the wrld s secnd largest prducer after Brazil, is prducing nearly 15 and 25 percent f glbal sugar and sugarcane, respectively. Indian sugar industry is playing a lead rle in glbal sugar market cntributing significantly t the sci-ecnmic develpment f the natin. Area cverage, prductin and prductivity f sugarcane in India are 4.94 millin ha, millin tnes and 68.6 tnnes ha-1, respectively, while in Gujarat the crrespnding values are 0.19 millin ha, millin tnnes and f 75.7 tnnes ha-1, respectively (Ann., 2012). The area under sugarcane is arund 5 millin ha which is nearly 3 % f the grss cultivable area in the cuntry. In India abut MT cane, MT white sugar and 6-8 MT jaggery and khandsari are prduced. Abut 597 sugar mills, 309 distilleries and 213 cgeneratin plant and numerus pulp, paper and chemical making units are perating in this subcntinent. The industryis gradually transfrming int sugar cmplexes by prducing sugar, bielectricity, bi-ethanl, bi-manure and chemicals cntributing abut 1.1 percent t the natinal GDP. In suth Gujarat, sugarcane is mainly grwn in the districts f Navsari, Valsad, Surat, Bharuch, Tapi and Narmada and the area f this crp is distributed in tw agrclimatic znes f Gujarat i.e. (1) Suth Gujarat heavy rainfall agr-climatic zne and (2) Suth Gujarat agr-climatic zne. Majr sils f these areas belng t Vertisl, Inceptisl and Entisl with majr great grup f Typic Haplusterts, Typic Halaquepts, 1

21 Vertic Haplustepts and Typic Ustrthents (Sharma et al. 2006), while Bdeli, Eru, Haldhar, Jalalpur, Kabilpur, Karali, Mandir, Marli, Mulad, Sisdara, Dandi, Panwadi and Billimda are majr sil series in the abve area identified by "NBSS & LUP, Nagpur". The prductivity f sugarcane crp varied widely in India and abrad depending upn sil, gentypes, agrclimatic situatin as well as management. Overall sugar prductivity in Gujarat is medium. Hwever, due t ver irrigatin, pest /red-rt attack and use f ld variety, prductin fr quite sme time in the past was in the decreasing trend. The imbalance use f fertilizers is als a reasn fr negative effect n the sugarcane prductin. Hwever, nw the verall sugar prductin f the state is n the rise. Accrding t Blackburn (1984) the best rting medium fr sugarcane crp shuld be mre than 1.0 meter deep Fig 1:Map f Suth Gujarat lam t clay lam sils, with CEC greater than 15 cml (P+) kg-1, while the favrable ph range fr gd cane grwth is 6-8 (Hunsigi, 1993). In general, inadequate drainage cnditin reduces rt grwth and as a result reduces cane grwth. In clayey sils cane rt and stem grwth is prer. Mehrad (1968) reprted that the threshld limit f sluble salts which had n adverse effects n cane grwth, was EC< 2 dsm-1 and ESP < 15percent (Valdivia, 1977), while lime cntent >8.5 percent culd induce chlrtic symptms (Tandn and Srivastava, 1981). General characteristics f sils f Suth Gujarat (Trivedi et al. 1996) revealed that distributin f samples under ph f 6.5 t 7.5, >7.5 and > 8.5 were 54.17, and 3.83 percent respectively and hardly 0.5 percent f samples exhibited ph < 6.5. Further, distributin samples under EC f <1 and >1dS m-1 were 2

22 83.83 and 16.5 percent, respectively. In case f available N, P2O5 and K2O, samples belng t lw categry were 36.67, percent respectively while, the crrespnding distributin fr medium and high status were 62.67, and percent, and 0.67, and percent respectively in chrnlgical rder. Distributin f the available S in different categries, were percent (Lw), percent (Medium) and percent (High). Distributin f available micrnutrients i.e. DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 6.0, 3.67, and 0.17 percent respectively under lw categry, while the distributin f the same micrnutrients under medium and high categry were 47.83, 13.33, and 0.83 percent, and 46.0, 83.0, and 99.0 percent respectively in chrnlgical rder. Zinc deficiency is mst wide spared at cuntry level. The deficiency f zinc was mre in sils having lw rganic carbn, high sil ph and calcium carbnate etc. Its deficiency was recrded < 40 percent in AEZ 1, 2, 5, 15, 16, 18, 19; percent in AEZ 9, II, 12; percent in AEZ 4, 7, 13 and > 55 percent in remaining znes f the cuntry. Majr factrs cntributing t the lw and declining crp respnses t fertilizer nutrients are (a) cntinuus nutrient mining due t imbalanced nutrient use leading t depletin f sme f the majr, secndary, and micrnutrients like P, K, S, Zn, Mn, Fe and B and (b) mismanagement f irrigatin systems leading t serius sil quality degradatin. Sugarcane is annual exhaustive crp and requires large amunt f nutrients during its different stages f grwth. Chinnusamy and Jayanti (2004) stated that remval f N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu frm the sil fr prducing 100 t cane ha-1 were abut 208, 53, 280, 3.4, 1.2, 0.6 and 0.2 kg ha-1, respectively in sugarcane crp prductin, whereas, Yadava (1993) stated that sugarcane being a lng duratin crp, fr prductin f 125 t ha-1 sugarcane, remval f nutrients were 83 kg N, 37 kg P2O5 and 168 kg K2O. Isherwd (2006) bserved that less than tw percent f the farmers apply ptash, whereas 92 percent farmers apply nitrgen and 83 percent apply phsphate fertilizers. Gurmani et al. (2003) and Bkhtiar et al. (2002) reprted the cane height, number f tillers, millable cane stalks, yield f cane and sugar increased prgressively with applicatin f NPK. 3

23 N plays a majr rle in almst all plant metablic prcesses. It is a cnstituent f amin acids and chlrphyll. It prmtes plant grwth (tillering, fliage frmatin, stalk frmatin and rt grwth), maturity, fruit / seed develpment and influence yield and quality. Phsphrus plays an imprtant rle in sugarcane germinatin, crp establishment, rt and sht develpment, tillering and stalks elngatin, prmtes sucrse synthesis and accumulatin (Blackburn, 1984). It is als necessary fr frmatin f prteins and thus fr yield build up and sugarcane ripening and its deficiency ultimately results in reduced yield and quality. The main rle f K is as an enzyme activatr in phtsynthesis, prtein synthesis, starch frmatin and translcatin f prteins and sugar and als develps resistance t sugarcane against pest, disease, ldging and misture stress (Filh, 1985). Accrding t Humbert (1968) translcatin f carbhydrades reduces t belw half that value and als sucrse level due t lack f K. Sulphur is essential fr maximum crp yield and quality and ften ranked behind nly nitrgen, phsphrus and ptassium in imprtance (Jeschke and Diedrick, 2010). Sulfur plays an imprtant rle in the plant s metablism and is required fr amin acids, prteins and phtsynthesis and N uptake (Campbell et al. 2013). At glbal level the prjected S deficit fr the year and 2013 were 9.6 millin tnes and nearly 12.0 millin tnes, respectively with china and India as the majr S deficit cuntries (Tewatia et al. 2007). Sulphur is nw thus cnsidered an essential part f balanced fertilizatin and is placed as furth majr nutrient, besides the NPK. The respnse f sugarcane t sulphur applicatin in terms f yield and quality has been studied by several wrkers such as, Gsnell and Lng (1969) n cane yield and n sucrse cntent by Rakkiyappan et al. (1985), Rakkiyappan and Ra (1989) and Tiwari (2006). Cane yield significantly increased up t applicatin f S 40 kg ha-1, brix and sucrse cntent in juice up t S 80 kg ha-1. Similar finding was reprted by Sakal et al. (2002). Furthermre, the effect f inapprpriate nutrient recmmendatin ratis, cupled with rapidly grwing evidence f secndary and micrnutrient deficiencies, 4

24 has led India in the era f multiple sil nutrient deficiencies. The impact f secndary and micrnutrients in sugarcane crp in the state f Maharashtra was shwn by Phnde et al. (2005). As an example, n high ph sils, deficiencies f several nutrients including phsphrus (P), irn (Fe) and zinc (Zn) ccur even thugh they are abundant in the sil, since they are tied up in unavailable frms. Unless multiple nutrient deficiencies are met ut, the future fd prductin gals are ging t be largely limited. Thus, there is a paramunt need t characterize sils f sugarcane grwing track f ther states with respect t secndary and micrnutrients. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) nutritin requires substantial attentin n inputs in rder t ensure maximum prductin. Hwever, effrts t crrect these deficiencies are nt easy, since nutrients applied as fertilizer in sil, quickly becme unavailable. Experiments cnducted with different varieties f sugarcane (having yield frm 79 t 105 tnnes ha-1) at NAU, Navsari revealed that uptake f nutrients like, Sulphur, irn, manganese, cpper and zinc ranged frm 32 t 61, 6.5 t 8.7, 1.06 t 1.50, 1.28 t 1.81 and 0.53 t 1.51 kg ha-1, respectively and these areas are deficient in available S ranging frm 0 t 45 percent (Trivedi et al. 1996). The micrnutrient catins (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) are mainly invlved in enzyme system as cfactr in plant. Irn (Fe) acts as a catalyst t chlrphyll frmatin and aids in respiratry enzyme systems. Irn and cpper cntaining several enzymes play imprtant rle in grwth and develpment f plant. Irn deficiency symptm is bserved as inter-venal chlrsis, a pale green t yellw leaf with sharp distinctin between green veins and yellw inter-venal tissue. Manganese is a part f decarbxilases and dehydrgenases f TCA and is imprtant in phtsystem II fr phtlysis (Deb and Sakal, 2002). Mn als plays a majr rle in prtein synthesis, thereby increasing the yield, quality and nutrient cntent f sugarcane crp. Irn and manganese being nn-translcated in the plant, their symptms first appear n yunger leaves. Zinc, cpper and manganese are invlved in carbhydrate and prtein metablism. Zinc is immbile in sil but is invlved in prducing varius grwth hrmnes in reprductive prcesses and enzymes in plant that leads t grain 5

25 frmatin. Cu is als cnstituent f several enzyme systems invlved in building and cnverting amin acids t prteins. It is imprtant t the frmatin f lignin in plant cell walls which cntribute t the structural strength f the cells, and the cane. Recent data n available status f S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn fr the abve sugarcane grwing areas (Fig. 1) are nt available and hence is f immense imprtance t generate data fr bth surface and depth sil samples fr better management planning f these sils in rder t imprve sugarcane yield and sustain sil health. Further scant attentin was paid s far t cllect ge-referenced samples in Suth Gujarat frm any particular area under any crp r crpping systems. Grund Psitining System (GPS) is a tl under Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy (ICT) which wuld help in cllectin f ge-referenced surface and depth sil samples f pedn frm the entire sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat. Sampling by this kind f systems has nt been dne s far fr the abve area. Hence, entire sampling was dne by GPS. Similarly, GIS mapping is a tl under Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy (ICT) which wuld help in generating spatial data in map - frm based n labratry generated data n the distributin f nutrients. This technique has nt been used s far fr sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat. S, keeping all the abve pints in view, a research study was planned in the abve area by use f GPS and GIS especially in sils f sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat with the fllwing bjectives. 10. Objectives: 1. T find ut the available sulphur status in surface and prfile sil samples. 2. T find ut available micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in surface and prfile sil samples. 3. T evaluate sme physic-chemical prperties f surface sils. 4. T evaluate sme physic-chemical prperties f representative sil prfiles. 5. Mapping f available S and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) by use f GIS. 6

26 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

27 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Sil physic-chemical prperties mainly depend n crpping pattern and sil management practices ver a perid f time which may ften mdify the sil prperties. Sugarcane is annual exhaustive crp and requires large amunt f nutrients during its different stages f grwth. A large number f elements are required fr the grwth and reprductin f plants. Of these nutrients nly a few are required in large amunts. But as crpping systems becme mre intensive, changes in sil management practices frequently alter micrnutrient availability, and depletin f nutrients nt added in fertilizers becmes mre rapid. As the demand fr higher yields increases and the plant's requirement fr majr elements is mre efficiently met, ther nutrients are mre likely t becme limiting as reprted by Hdgsn (1963). The imbalance use f fertilizers als has shwn a negative effect n the sugarcane prductin, where cntinuus nutrient mining very likely wuld deplete sme f the majr, secndary, and micr nutrients like P, K, S, Zn, Mn, Fe and B. The effect f inapprpriate nutrient recmmendatin ratis, cupled with rapidly grwing evidence f secndary and micrnutrient deficiencies, has led India in the era f multiple sil nutrient deficiencies. Wrk dne in India and abrad n sil reactin, sil salinity, Sil rganic carbn (SOC), nitrgen, phsphrus, ptassium, sulphur, secndary and micrnutrients in sils under sugarcane and varying agricultural crpping systems is presented briefly under the fllwing heads. 2.1 Physic-chemical prperties f surface sil 2.2 Available macrnutrients status f surface sil 2.3 Available micrnutrients status f surface sil 2.4 Crrelatins amng prperties f surface sil 2.5 Physic-chemical prperties f sil prfile 2.6 Available macrnutrients status f sil prfile 2.7 Available micrnutrients status f sil prfile 7

28 2.8 GIS mapping and spatial variability f prfile and surface sil 2.1 Physic-chemical prperties f surface sil a) ph and EC The best rting medium fr sugarcane crp shuld be > 1.0 m deep lam t clay lam sils (Blackburn, 1984), while the favrable ph range fr gd cane grwth wuld be 6-8 (Hunsigi, 1993) and the threshld limit f sluble salts in sil which had n adverse effects n cane grwth wuld be EC< 2 dsm-1 (Mehrad, 1968). In general, inadequate drainage cnditins reduce rt grwth and as a result reduce cane grwth. In clayey sils cane rt and stem grwth is prer. Wrk dne by sme scientists / researchers n sil ph and EC are given as under. Kadam et al. (1983a) reprted n the ph f sugarcane sils ranging frm 7.5 t 9.00 with an average f The majrity f sils were fund t be alkaline in reactin which might be due t cntinuus crpping f sugarcane, excess use f canal irrigatin and mderate drainage cnditins. Further, Kadam et al. (1983b) recrded similar bservatins frm sugarcane grwing sils f Malshiras Tahsil f Slapur district. Hartemink (1998) studied sil prperties in Fluvisls and Vertisls where he bserved tpsil with ph 6.5 under sugar cane plantatin in the Madang prvince f Papua New Guinea, which decreased afterwards t 5.8 in bth the sils due t increased mineralizatin f rganic matter, a cmmn cause fr sil acidificatin. Kulkarni (2001) reprted that cntinuus crpping f sugarcane had significantly affected the physic-chemical prperties f sils f Purna f Parbhani district (Maharashtra) where, the sil ph was fund t vary frm 8.33 t 7.75 with statistical significance difference due t the increased accumulatin f rganic matter in the sil. Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) studied land suitability f shrink-swell, lateritic and lamy sils frm five sites f Karnataka fr grwing sugarcane. They reprted that sil ph in Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi, Chikdi and fr Bidar were 6.4, 8

29 8.6, 8.7, 8.2, and 6.4 respectively. They als reprted that sil EC in Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi and fr Chikdi were 0.38, 0.20, 0.15 and 0.62, respectively. Naidu (2002) studied sugarcane grwn sils f Karnataka representing extensive cane grwing tracts Belgaum, Khanapur, Chikdi, Jamkhandi, Indi, Hangal, Bidar, Nanjangud, Mandya. He reprted that ph varied frm 6.2 (slightly acidic) t > 9.0 (very strngly alkaline). Sil with slightly acidic and neutral ph did nt cntain calcium carbnate, while sils with mderately alkaline t strngly alkaline ph were fund calcareus in nature. Further, sils f lw-lying areas (Mandya) was strngly alkaline in reactin (ph>8.6), whereas thse n slightly upper reaches were neutral in reactin (ph 7.3). Sharma et al. (2008) studied sils f Ind Gangetic alluvial plain in Amritsar district f Punjab under three majr landfrm units viz. alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars. They bserved that ph f sils varied frm 7.0 t 9.76 and nearly 54 percent sil samples had ph between 7.0 and 8.5 with remaining 46 percent had ph higher than 8.5. In case f salt cncentratin, electrical cnductivity (EC) f sil varied frm 0.1 t 1.0 ds m-1 with an average f 0.34 ds m-1. The majrity f sil samples (99%) were in the nrmal EC range (<0.8 ds m-1). The nrmal EC might be ascribed t leaching f salts t lwer hrizns indicating salinity was nt a prblem in Amritsar district. Talukdar et al. (2009) determined physic-chemical prperties f sils under rice and sugarcane land use systems f Glaghat district in Assam (in tw agrecsystems) and reprted that sils were acidic in reactin with average ph values ranging frm 4.64 t 4.71 and 4.75 t 4.96, respectively. Pujar et al. (2010) studied surface sils (0-20cm) f sugarcane grwing area f five talukas frm Bijapur district and reprted that sil ph varied frm 5.2 t 8.8 with percent sil having alkaline reactin and the electrical cnductivity (EC) varying frm 0.08 t 2.38 mm hs cm-1. 9

30 Kumar and Babel (2011) studied sils f Rajasthan and reprted that the sils were mderately alkaline and nn-saline in nature, where EC1:2 varied frm 0.20 t 2.14 dsm-1 with mean f 1.05 dsm-1. Chudhary et al. (2012) studied ne hundred surface sil samples frm tw tehsils f Agra district f Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that all the sils were alkaline in reactin, where ph varied frm 7.0 t 9.2. The ranges f variatin within sils f Etmadpur and Sadar tehsils were frm 7.9 t 9.0 and 7.0 t 9.2 respectively with mean value f 8.28 and 8.76, respectively. Sil-EC varied between 0.10 and 0.49 dsm-1. The EC variatin within the sils f Sadar and Etmadpur tehsil were frm and dsm-1, respectively. Athkpam et al. (2013) studied sil macr and micrnutrients f Senapati district (rice crp with alluvium, lateritic black regur and red ferruginus sil type) f Manipur and they reprted that ph f the sils ranged frm 5.08 t 6.97 (slightly acidic t neutral) with mean f EC varied frm 0.02 t 0.22 dsm-1 with mean f 0.07 dsm-1. They pined that wide variatin f sil EC might be due t the different cncentratin f basic catins. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) studied physic-chemical and nutrient status f sugarcane grwing sils f three sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu. They reprted that sil ph varied widely frm strngly acidic (4.7) t alkaline (9.2) while, electrical cnductivity (EC) frm 0.03 t 1.64 dsm-1. The sils f Smayyanur, Palaviduthi and Irugur series recrded average sil ph f 7.76, 8.03 and 7.98, respectively and average sil EC f 0.24, 0.26 and 0.28 dsm-1 in chrnlgical rder. With the increase in ph, the availability f micrnutrients decreased which prbably due t alkaline sil nature. Dhan and Selassie (2013) reprted that EC and ESP f mst f the sils frm sugarcane grwn area studied, ranged widely frm 0.64 t 39.5 ds m-1 and 4.9 t 79.4 percent, respectively and were slightly t mderately alkaline. The prject lands were generally affected by salinity-sdicity prblems. The ph values ranged frm 7.54 t

31 b) Organic carbn Sil rganic matter plays three majr rles in sil system i.e. bilgical, physical, and chemical. Many and varied interactins ccur in sil amngst these rles f SOM. Additinally, the active and stable fractins play different rles in specific SOM functins. The decline in sil rganic matter wuld invite the multiple nutrient deficiencies in sil and a decline f tw third f initial level wuld represent a serius suppressin f nutrient availability. In ther wrds, verall rganic matter in sugarcane grwing sil helps in sustaining chemical, physical and bilgical prperties and thereby assists fr better nutrient uptake and as a result verall cane yield and quality. Phan (1995) studied sil fertility in an existing sugarcane plantatin in first ratn cane. They fund that leaving the dead leaves n the sil surface (mulching) increased bimass prductin and increased the amunt f rganic carbn (0.55 t 0.82 percent). The effects f mulching and f N fertilizatin were mstly additive fr carbn sequestered in sil. Battacharya et al. (2000) expressed that the sil rganic carbn stck culd t be a single parameter that culd cntrl effectively in priritizing the area fr restring sil health in Indian sils. Similarly, Katyal (2000) reprted that verall rganic matter level in sugarcane grwing sil wuld help in sustaining chemical, physical and bilgical prperties and thereby wuld assist fr better nutrient uptake and as a result verall cane yield and quality. Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) studied shrink-swell, lateritic and lamy sils frm five sites f Karnataka n land suitability evaluatin f grwing sugarcane. They nted that percent (%) sil rganic carbn in sils f Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi, Chikdi and in Bidar were 0.7, 0.3, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.5, respectively. Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm units viz., alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars in Amritsar district f Punjab and reprted that rganic carbn f sil varied frm 0.16 t 0.97 percent with an average value f 0.61 percent. Cnsidering the sils having <0.4 percent OC as lw, percent as 11 0

32 medium and >0.75 percent as high in O.C. status, the distributin f sil samples under these categries was 6.8, 73.5 and 19.7 percent, respectively. Pujar et al. (2010) characterized surface sils (0-20cm) f sugarcane grwing area frm five talukas f Bijapur district. They revealed that irrespective f talukas, rganic carbn cntent f sils was in the range f 0.29 t 1.24 percent. In mst f the samples, rganic carbn cntent was higher which culd be attributed t gd vegetable grwth and the cnsequent additin f rganic matter t the sil in that area. Chudhary et al. (2012) studied 100 surface sil samples frm semi-arid regins f Etmadpur and Sadar tehsils f Agra district (Uttar Pradesh). They bserved that the amunt f rganic carbn ranged frm g kg-1 and g kg-1 in sils f Etmadpur and Sadar tehsil respectively, with mean f 4.37 and 4.11 g kg-1, respectively. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) studied sugarcane grwing sils frm three sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu. They reprted that the highest mean sil rganic carbn (5.6 g kg-1) was assciated with Palaviduthi series, while the lwest was bserved in the Smayyanur and Irugur sil series with mean f 5.3 g kg-1. In case f lw rganic carbn status (<0.5%), 50, 47 and 46 percent sils respectively frm Irugur (Ttal 95 samples), Palaviduthi (Ttal 159 samples) and Smayyanur sil series (Ttal 146 samples) belnged t lw categry. Athkpam et al. (2013) studied sil macr and micrnutrients f Senapati district (rice crp n alluvium, lateritic black regur and red ferruginus sil) f Manipur and they reprted that SOC ranged frm 6.0 t 25.2 g kg-1 with average f g kg-1. The high O.C. in the sil was due the luxuriant grasses grwth alng with the seasnal decmpsitin f vegetative parts and rts. Sil rganic carbn was psitively and significantly crrelated with sil available N and DTPAextractable micrnutrient catins. 12 0

33 Dhan and Selassie (2013) studied physicchemical prperties f sils frm Tendah f Assaiyita and reprted that the average carbn cntents in mst f the sugarcane grwn sils ranged frm 2.0 t 7.7 g kg-1 which is lw t medium. 2.2 Available macrnutrients status f surface sil Integrated Nutrient Management is ne f the mst imprtant management factrs fr achieving the higher cane yield in sugarcane cultivatin. Balanced nutrient management nt nly plays an imprtant rle n grwth and develpment, yield attributes and yield as well as quality characters f sugarcane, but als helps in sustaining sil health and prductivity (Patel et al. 2008). N, P and K being the majr nutrients, their uptake by sugarcane crp is als cmparatively high. Majr farmers are ften fund t apply higher fertilizer dses than that f scientific recmmendatin causing wide yield and management gaps between research recmmendatins and farmer's practices. Depending upn sil type and available nutritinal status, prper management fr achieving higher yield f sugarcane crp is f highly imprtance. Thus, knwledge f actual status f available N, P and K in sil wuld help in apprpriate nutrient management thrugh varius rganic and inrganic inputs in sugarcane crps. Sme f imprtant wrks dne n sil available N, P and K was given belw. a) : Available nitrgen, available phsphrus and available ptassium Meena et al. (2006) studied sil samples (0-20 cm) cllected frm 120 sites cvering 26 Gram Panchayats (Tnk district, Rajasthan) and reprted that available N cntent varied frm 125 t 555 kg ha-l with an average value f 309 kg ha-l. They fund that 32 percent samples were lw (< 250 N kg ha-1), 61 percent medium (250 t 500 N kg ha-1) and nly 7 percent samples were high (>500 N kg ha-1) in available N. Available P cntent varied frm 9.2 t 65.2 kg ha-l with a mean value f 25.2 kg ha-l and that 35 percent samples were lw (<20 P2O5 kg ha-l), 60 percent medium (20 t 50 P2O5 kg ha-l) and 5 percent were high (>50 P2O5 kg ha-l). In case f available K2O cntent, it varied frm 105 t 1059 kg ha-l with a mean value f 377 kg ha-l and that 2.5 percent samples were lw (<125 K2O kg 13 0

34 ha-1), 41 percent were medium (125 t 300 K2O kg ha-1) and 56.5 percent samples were high (>300 K2O kg ha-1). Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm-units viz., alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars in Amritsar district f Punjab and reprted that available N f these sils ranged between 63 t 170 kg ha-1 with a mean value f 117 kg ha-1. All sil samples were deficient in N which was due t N lss thrugh varius mechanisms like, NH3 vlatilizatin, nitrificatin, succeeding de-nitrificatin, chemical and micrbial fixatin, leaching and runff. The available P ranged between 9.38 and 84.9 kg ha-1 with a mean value f 37.3 kg ha-1. Nearly 48 and 29 percent samples tested were high and very high respectively in available P. 20 percent samples had medium P status and nly 3 percent samples were deficient in available P. Adequate amunt f P in majrity f sils might result in buildup f phsphrus as efficiency f applied P was very lw and it came in available- frm very slwly. Available K cntent ranged frm 84 t 700 kg ha-1 with a mean value f 340 kg ha-1. Only 5 percent samples were fund t be lw, whereas 51 percent samples were medium and remaining 44 percent samples tested were high in available K status. Adequate (medium r high) available K in these sils had been attributed t the prevalence f ptassium- rich minerals like illite and feldspars. Talukdar et al. (2009) reprted that irrespective f land use, the available nitrgen, phsphrus and ptassium cntent f the sils f Glaghat district f Assam (in tw agr-ecsystems) varied frm 205 t 479, 9.50 t 28.5 and 60 t 347 kg ha-1, respectively. The rice ecsystem shwed the highest values f available N, P2O5 and K2O as cmpared t the sugarcane ne. The reasn might be the high cntent f rganic carbn which n mineralizatin released higher amunts f NPK as cmpared t thse in sugarcane system. Pujar et al. (2010) characterized surface sil (0-20 cm) f sugarcane grwing area frm five talukas f Bijapur district. They revealed that available phsphrus cntentin mst f the samples was lwer ranging frm 0.35 t kg acre-1. Available ptassium cntent f sil was generally high and ranged frm 14 0

35 106 t 471kg acre-1. The higher cntent f the available ptassium was attributed t the prevalence f illite, ptassium rich mineral in these sils. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) studied sugarcane grwing sils frm three different sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu. They bserved that sil available N varied frm 69 t 449 kg ha-1 in three series with mean f 209 kg ha-1 in Palaviduthi series, 208 kg ha-1 in Smayyanur and 201 kg ha-1 in Irugur sil series. Abut 95% sils recrded lw nitrgen status and rest was f medium status. They bserved extreme variatin in sil available phsphrus exhibiting between 9 and 183 kg ha-1 where abut 80 t 96 percent sils belnged t high available phsphrus status (> 22 kg ha-1). The mean phsphrus status f Palaviduthi, Smayyanur and Irugur sil series were 55.83, and kg ha-1 respectively. The available ptassium cntent was in the range f 83 t 2010 kg ha-1 with the highest mean value f 539 kg ha-1 in Palaviduthi series. Abut 79%, 70% and 67% f sils respectively frm Palaviduthi, Smayyanur and Irugur sil series, recrded high status f available ptassium (> 280 kg ha-1). Athkpam et al. (2013) studied sil macr and micrnutrients f Senapati district (rice crp n alluvium, lateritic black regur and red ferruginus sil) f Manipur and they reprted that available N varied frm t kg ha-1 with mean kg ha-1, P2O5 varied frm t kg ha-1 with mean kg ha-1 and available K2O varied frm t kg ha-1 with mean value f kg ha-1. Dhan and Selassie (2013) studied physicchemical prperties f sils frm Tendah f Assaiyita and reprted that available P and available K ranged frm 7.0 t 30.7 mg kg-1 and 400 t 645 mg kg-1, respectively. This indicated that sils were mderately fertile in mst f the sugarcane grwn area. b) Available sulphur Sulphur is ne f the 17 elements essential t crp prductin and it is essential fr maximum crp yield and quality, ften ranked behind nly nitrgen, phsphrus and ptassium in imprtance. Sulfur plays an imprtant rle in 15 0

36 sugarcane plant s metablism and is required fr amin acids, prteins, vitamins, phtsynthesis prcess and N uptake. It increases the juice quality, CCS% and cane yield. Symptms f sulphur deficiency appear as: stunted plant grwth, general yellwing f leaves. In less severe S deficiency situatins, visual symptms may nt be apparent, but bth yield and quality f crps will be affected (Cecctti, 1996). At glbal level the prjected S deficit fr the year and 2013 were 9.6 millin tnes and nearly 12.0 millin tnes, respectively with China and India as the majr S deficit cuntries (Tewatia et al. 2007). In India, S deficiency is widespread averaging f 46% f arable sil S deficient, and 30% ptential deficient, with the mst severe in suthern regins with 63% deficient sils, fllwed by western regin f 45% S deficient. It is estimated abut 1 millin tnes S deficit r mining year-1 in Indian agriculture. Sulphur is nw thus cnsidered an essential part f balanced fertilizatin and is placed as furth majr nutrient, besides the NPK. Patel et al. (1998) studied sulphur and micrnutrient status f Amdavad (Gujarat) sils (Inceptisl and Entisl) and reprted that available sulphur ranged frm 4.3 t 30.1 mg kg-1 in surface sils. Significant crrelatin was bserved between available S and EC (r = 0.76**) which indicated that sulphate ins cntributed t the extent f nearly 58 percent f the accumulatin f sluble salts. Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm-units viz., alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars in Amritsar district f Punjab and reprted that the available S cntent in the sil varied frm 24.6 t 60.0 kg ha-1 with an average f 37.6 kg ha-1. The sils f the district were adequate in S based n 22.4 kg ha-1 as critical limit fr available S. Hwever, 47, 45 and 8 percent f the samples were fund t be medium, high and very high respectively in available S. Patel and Patel (2008) studied sil prfile samples frm prminent sil series (Amalsad, Att, Bdeli, Dandi, Eru, Gadat, Jalalpur, Kabilpur, Mandie and Sisdra) f Suth Gujarat, India, fr the status and distributin f 16 0

37 varius frms f sulfur and reprted that n an average available S in these series varied between mg kg-1. Das et al. (2011) analyzed surface sils ( m) frm Entisls f fur districts f Assam in rice-mustard crpping sequence and reprted that the available sulphur ranged frm 13.4 mg kg-1 in Sibsagar district t 21.9 mg kg-1 in Dibrugarh district with a mean value 15.4 mg kg-1. Abut 26.4% samples were deficient in available S. They fund that all the frms f S was significantly and psitively crrelated with rganic carbn, and psitively crrelated with clay and silt fractins. Hwever, available sulphur was negatively crrelated with sil ph, free and crystalline Fe-xides. Patel et al. (2011) studied distributin f sulphur in surface sils frm Banaskantha, Gujarat. They reprted that the sulphur ranged frm t mg kg-1. Different frms f sulphur decreased with depth. All the frms f sulphur had significant psitive relatinship with rganic carbn. Crrelatin between silt, clay and frms f sulphur indicated that appreciable quantity f sulphur was adsrbed n finer fractin f sils. The electrical cnductivity f sil was psitively crrelated with sulphate-sulphur, water sluble-sulphur and heat sluble-sulphur, while it was negatively crrelated with ttal sulphur, rganic sulphur and nn-sulphate sulphur. Chuhan et al. (2012) assessed sulphur status in medium black sils f Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh and reprted that available S cntent in sils varied frm 0.9 t 50.2 mg kg-l with a mean value 13.7 mg kg-l. Based n 10 mg kg-l as the threshld value, abut 38.6 per cent sil samples were fund t be deficient. These sils were medium in sulphur status as per sil nutrient index. Kaleeswari (2012) studied surface sil samples frm 1791 lcatins fr available sulphur in nrthern Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu using GPS. She reprted that the available sulphur cntent varied frm 1.25 t mg kg-1 with a mean value f mg kg-1. The highest available sulphur (66.97 mg kg-1) was recrded in the Melmalayanur blck. 17 0

38 Basumatary and Das (2012) studied sulphur in sils f rapeseed-grwing Inceptisls f Lakhimpur, Snipat and Darrang districts f Assam. They reprted that abut 28 and 40 percent f sils f Lakhimpur and Darrang district respectively, were fund deficient in available S. Accrding t sulphur availability index (SAI), abut percent were fund t be deficient, percent under medium and percent under sufficient categry. Bhaskaran et al. (2012) surveyed eight sugarcane grwing districts f Tamil Nadu and reprted that the sulphur cntent f sils (up t 30 cm) varied widely frm 2.45 t ppm with an average f ppm. Abut 17 per cent f the sils were fund t be deficit (lw) in available S cntent f (<10.0 ppm), 35 percent were in medium categry (10 t 20 ppm) and 48 percent were in high (> 20 ppm) categry. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) reprted that the average available sulphur cntent varied frm 1.02 t 98.3 ppm in sugarcane grwing sils f three different sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu. 45, 26 and 24 percent f sils frm Smayyanur, Palaviduthi and Irugur sil series, respectively registered lw (10 ppm as critical limit) available sulphur, while 50 percent f sils were fund t be adequate in sulphur availability. Sulphur in relatin t sugarcane yield and quality The respnse f sugarcane t sulphur applicatin in terms f yield and quality has been studied by several wrkers. In S-deficient medium black sils f Madhya Pradesh, sugarcane crp shwed gd respnse t S applicatin. Respnse f sulphur was bserved by Gsnell and Lng (1969) n cane yield and sucrse cntent by Rakkiyappan et al. (1985) and Rakkiyappan and Ra (1989) sugarcane juice and jaggery quality by Tiwari (2006). Cane yield significantly increased up t S 40 kg ha1, brix and sucrse cntent in juice up t S 80 kg ha-1. Similar finding was reprted by Sakal et al. (2002). Accrding t Tandn and Messick (2002) activatin f enzymes in bi-chemical reactins within the plant had played a key rle in yield and quality imprvement f sugarcane and its 18 0

39 available status in sil. Campbell et al. (2013) it is expected that an imprvement in nitrgen (N) uptake by plants wuld ccur if sulphur (S) availability in the sil slutin is nn-limiting. c) Catin exchange capacity (CEC) and Exchangeable Ca++& Mg++ Prasad et al. (2001) reprted fr sme range grwing sils in Nagpur district f Maharashtra that exchangeable calcium ranged frm 24.1 t 42.5 cml kg-1and exchangeable Mg++ ranged frm 8.6 t 14.2 cml (p+) kg-1. Shetty et al. (2007) reprted that the exchangeable Ca++ in arecanut garden sils f Karnataka varied frm 0.40 t 5.65 cml (p+) kg-1 and the exchangeable Mg++ varied frm 0.30 t 3.94 cml (p+) kg-1. Ravte (2008) analyzed Vertisls and Inceptisls f Ausa and Nilanga tahsils f Latur district f Maharashtra and reprted that the Ca++ cntent in these sils ranged frm t 50.7 cml kg-1and the Mg++ cntent varied frm 20.6 t 28.9 cml (p+) kg-1. Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm units viz., alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars in Amritsar district f Punjab and reprted that the catin exchange capacity (CEC) f these sils varied frm 17.2 t 5.3 cml (p+) kg-1 with an average f 11.6 cml (p+) kg-1. The CEC shwed significant psitive crrelatin with clay cntent. Talukdar et al. (2009) determined physic-chemical prperties f sils frm Glaghat district in Assam (in tw agr-ecsystems) and reprted that CEC varied frm 5.8 t 7.5 and 6.4 t 7.9 cml (p+) kg-1 fr rice and sugarcane sils, respectively. Rashmi et al. (2009) studied paddy grwing sils f upper Krishna prject in Karnataka and fund that exchangeable Ca++ f auger samples varied between and cml kg-1. Similarly, magnitude f exchangeable Mg++ was nted between 3.99 and 9.10 cml (p+) kg-1. 19

40 Jhn et al. (2009) reprted that the exchangeable Mg++ varied between and cml (p+) kg-1 in cassava grwing sils f the humid trpics f Kerala. Dhan and Selassie (2013) studied physicchemical sil prperties f Tendah f Assaiyita and reprted in mst f the sugarcane grwn sils f prject area had high CEC ranging frm 33.5 t 61.3 cml (p+) kg Available micrnutrients status f surface sil Apart frm majr and secndary plant nutrients, micrnutrient catins (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) als have large bearing particularly in plant enzyme system as cfactrs, grwth and develpment f plant, prduce and its quality. Thus, plant shuld be well supplied with sufficient available frms f micrnutrient catins (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in sil system. Hwever, sils vary widely in their micrnutrient cntent and in their ability t supply micrnutrients in quantities sufficient fr ptimal crp grwth. Sme f the wrks dne in India and abrad n the sil available / DTPA- extractable micrnutrients by varius scientists are mentined as belw. a) DTPA extractable irn, manganese, zinc and cpper Kumar et al. (2001) determined available micrnutrients frm sil samples f fur majr sil series f Jharkhand plateau. They reprted that DTPA-Fe cntent varied frm 0.76 t mg kg-1 and the highest available Fe was bserved in sils f Karaya series (24.11 mg kg-1) and the lwest in Bandhi series (5.69 mg kg-1). 56 and 2 percent sil samples respectively frm Bandhi and Pusar series were fund t be deficient cnsidering 4.5 mg kg-1 as threshld value, while Debatli and Karaya series were fund sufficient in DTPA-Fe. Wide variatin in the DTPA extractable Mn (0.83 t mg kg-1) was bserved in different sils series with the minimum in Bandhi series (3.46 mg kg-1) and the maximum in Karaya series (12.39 mg kg-1). Only 1.54 percent sils f Debatli and 22 percent f Bandhi series were deficient in available Mn based n 2.0 mg kg-1 as critical limit. DTPA extractable Zn in these sil series ranged frm traces t 20

41 3.84 mg kg-1. The highest (1.80 mg kg-1) amunt f DTPA- Zn was nted in sils f Dehatli series and the lwest (0.77mg kg-1) in Bandhi series. 0.6 mg kg-1 DTPA extractable Zn as critical limit, Debatli and Bandhi sil series was 9.2 and 40.0, percent deficient. Cpper in the sils varied frm 0.60 t 9.26 mg kg-1 and the highest value (4.28 mg kg-1) was recrded in Karaya and the lwest ne (1.45 mg kg1 ) in Pusar series which might be due t variatin in clay cntent. Based n the threshld value 0.2 mg kg-1, all the sils were fund t be adequate in DTPAextractable Cu. Satyavathi and Reddy (2004) studied micrnutrients distributin in sils f Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and reprted that DTPA-Fe cntent was fund t vary between 2 and 62 mg kg-1. Cnsidering the critical limit f 4.5 mg kg-1, 11 samples, i.e., 20 per cent sil samples were deficient in DTPA- Fe. DTPA extractable Mn cntent was fund t vary between 6 and 57 mg kg-1. All sils were adequate r abve the critical limit (3.0 mg kg-1) fr DTPA-Mn. DTPA-Zn in the sils was varied frm 0.22 t 1.88 mg kg-1. Cnsidering 0.6 mg kg-1 as critical limit, 24 samples were deficient in zinc. DTPA-Cu cntent ranged frm 0.26 t 2.0 mg kg-1 with a mean value f 1.02 mg kg-1. The sils were rated adequate in available Cu (critical limit f 0.2 mg kg-1) fr nrmal plant grwth. Hundal et al. (2005) reprted that DTPA-Fe in the surface sil varied frm 2.8 t 2.1 mg kg-1 with a mean value f 9.39 mg kg-1 in different sugarcane cultivated areas f deep alluvium sils f Punjab encmpassing fur rders (Inceptisl, Entisl, Aridisl and Alfisl), The DTPA-Zn (available) in the surface sil varied frm 0.35 t mg kg-1 with a mean value f 1.74 mg kg-1, DTPA- Mn varied frm 5 t 52 mg kg-1 with a mean value f 18 mg kg-1 and DTPA- Cu varied frm 0.37 t 3.10 mg kg-1 with a mean value f 1.17 mg kg-1 sil. Meena et al. (2006) determined micrnutrients status in sil samples (0-20 cm) cllected frm 120 sites cvering 26 Gram panchayats (Tnk district, Rajasthan) and reprted that DTPA- Fe cntent varied frm 2.23 t mg kg-1 with a mean value f 5.38 mg kg-1 and 35 percent samples were deficient. DTPA 21

42 -Zn varying frm 0.19 t 1.93 mg kg-1 with mean values f 0.83 mg kg percent samples were fund deficient, 47 percent were marginal and 21 percent were sufficient in available Zn. DTPA-Mn varied frm 6.85 t mg kg-1 with mean values f mg kg-1, all the sil samples were sufficient in available Mn. DTPACu varied frm 0.21 t 1.87 mg kg-1 with mean values f 0.61 mg kg-1. Based n critical limits suggested by Lindsay and Nrvell (1978), all the sil samples were sufficient in available Cu. Sd et al. (2009) reprted that the available Fe cntent in sils f Muktsar district varied frm 1.18 t mg kg-1 with a mean value f mg kg-1 and 31 percentages f samples was deficient in available Fe. The available Fe cntent increased with increase in rganic carbn, CaCO3 and clay cntent in the sil. The sil ph had reverse effect n the availability f Fe cntent in sil. Talukdar et al. (2009) determined sil prperties f sugarcane land use systems f Glaghat district in Assam and reprted that the DTPA-Fe varied frm t mg kg-1 and were sufficient in Fe. The sils were fund t be well supplied (86% were sufficient) with DTPA-Zn where, 6 percent samples were deficient and 8 percent were marginal. DTPA-Mn cntent f the sils varied widely and was higher under rice land use system than under the sugarcane land use. Based n critical limit f Lindsay and Nrvell (1978), all the sils was sufficient in DTPA-Mn. DTPA-Cu ranged frm 0.35 t 6.05 mg kg-1 with a mean value f 3.83 mg kg-1. Based n critical limit, all the sils were sufficient in DTPA-Cu. Organic carbn and ph were the main sil parameters which cntrlled micrnutrient availability. Chuhan et al. (2012) assessed sulphur and micrnutrient status in medium black sils f Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh and reprted that the DTPA- Fe in sils varied frm 4.50 t 22.5 mg kg-l with mean value f 6.80 mg kg-l and samples were sufficient in Fe cntent as per guidelines prpsed by Fllet and Lindsay (1970). Cnsidering sil nutrient index, these sils were medium in DTPA-Fe. Similarly DTPA-Mn in sils varied frm 1.70 t mg kg-l with 22

43 mean value f 5.4 mg kg-l. Cnsidering 2.0 mg kg-l DTPA-Mn as critical limit (Fllet and Lindsay, 1970) nne f the sils samples was deficient in available Mn. Cnsidering sil nutrient index, these sils were high in Mn. DTPA-Zn varied frm 0.04 t 4.9 mg kg-l with a mean value f 0.49 mg kg-l and abut 72.7 percent sil samples were fund deficient in DTPA-Zn against the critical limit f 0.6 mg (Fllet and Lindsay, 1970). DTPA-Cu in sils varied frm 0.24 t 5.90 mg kg-l with mean value f 1.80 mg kg-l. These samples were sufficient in Cu cntent as per guidelines prpsed by Fllet and Lindsay (1970). Cnsidering sil nutrient index, these sils were medium in Cu. Verma et al. (2012) studied sils f Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur representing fur majr landfrms (ld alluvial plain, recent alluvial plain, ravinus land and active fld plain) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that DTPA-Fe in surface sil f abve pedns were 13.55, 3.96, 11.02, 3.81, 4.81, 2.06, 2.69, 3.94 and 3.92 mg ha-1, respectively. Overall, these sils were lw in DTPAextractable Fe. DTPA- Mn in surface sils f abve prfiles were 11.30, 14.25, 6.49, 18.65, 1.28, 7.14, 8.94, and 3.43 mg ha-1 respectively. Overall, these sils were sufficient in Mn. DTPA- Zn in surface sil were 0.50, 0.58, 0.30, 0.52, 0.51, 0.20, 0.71, 0.39 and 0.46 mg ha-1 respectively. Overall, these sils were lw in DTPAextractable Zn. Similarly, DTPA- Cu in surface sils were 0.80, 0.66, 1.35, 1.29, 0.78, 0.51, 0.59, 0.77 and 0.16 mg ha-1 respectively. Overall, these sils were lw in DTPAextractable Cu. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) bserved that the available irn cntent in sugarcane grwing sils frm three different sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu varied frm 1.44 mg kg-1 (Palaviduthi sil series) t 186 mg kg-1 (Irugur sil series). The highest mean (17.28 mg kg-1) irn cntent was recrded in Irugur sil series, while the lwest was fund in Smayyanur sil series. Cnsidering 3.7 mg kg-1 as critical limit, Irugur, Smayyanur and Palaviduthi sil series recrded 16, 13 and 6 percent irn deficiency, respectively. Available zinc 23

44 cntent ranged frm 0.12 t mg kg-1. Abut 60 percent f sils frm Irugur, 53 percent f Smayyanur and 46 percent f sils frm Palaviduthi sil series, registered deficiency in available zinc. Available manganese cntent in Irugur sil series ranged frm 0.98 t mg kg-1. All the sil samples frm these series recrded sufficiency in available Mn status. Crrelatins amng sil prperties Crrelatin can be used t make predictins. By knwing a scre n ne measure we can make a mre accurate predictin f anther measure that is highly related t it. The strnger the relatinship between/amng variables, the mre accurate is the predictin. Hwever, it is true that crrelatin des nt necessarily imply causatin, causatin des imply crrelatin. Hwever, used apprpriately, crrelatin studies are imprtant t science. Sme f the wrks dne in India and abrad n crrelatin between / amng varius sil prperties by scientists are mentined as fllws. Kumar et al. (2001) reprted n crrelatins between / amng available micrnutrients and sme physicchemical prperties f fur majr sil series f Jharkhand plateau. They fund t exist highly significant psitive crrelatins between available Fe and silt, clay, Zn, Cu and Mn whereas; there was a negative relatinship with sil ph. Available Zn had a psitive relatinship with rganic carbn, silt and clay cntent f sils and was negatively crrelated with sil ph. Available Cu was psitively crrelated with rganic carbn, clay and Zn. A psitive and highly significant relatin existed amng available Mn with silt, Zn and Cu. In general, sils were sufficient in catinic micrnutrients. Satyavathi and Reddy (2004) studying micrnutrients distributin in sils f Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, reprted that sil ph, sand and silt als had negative crrelatin, but rganic carbn and clay had psitive influence n DTPA-Zn. Sil ph had significant negative crrelatin (r= -0.45**) with Cu, but rganic carbn (r= 0.58**) and clay (r= 0.32*) had significant and psitive crrelatin 24

45 with Cu. Available Mn cntent was significantly and psitively crrelated with rganic carbn (r=0.39**) and clay (r=0.40**). Meena et al. (2006) fr surface sil frm 120 sites cvering 26 Gram panchayats (Tnk district, Rajasthan) reprted that available N was significantly psitively crrelated (r = 0.639**) with rganic carbn. Available P was significantly psitively crrelated (r = 0.797**) with rganic carbn, clay cntent (r = **) and significantly negatively crrelated with ph (r = **). Available ptassium was significantly psitively crrelated (r = 0.420**) with rganic carbn and clay cntent (r = **) which might be due t the presence f mst f the mica (bitite and muscvite bth) in finer fractins (< mm size). Available Fe was psitively crrelated (r =0.226*) with rganic carbn, clay cntent (r =0.180*). All the sil samples were sufficient in available Cu which exhibited significant negative crrelatin (r = *) with sil ph and significant psitive crrelatin with clay cntent (r = 0.196*) and rganic carbn cntent (r = 0.268*). Talukdar et al. (2009) fr sugarcane land use systems f Glaghat district in Assam reprted that the DTPA-Fe was psitively and significantly crrelated with rganic carbn cntent and CEC f sils which might be due t frmatin f rganic chelating agents int sluble metallic cmplexes. DTPA-Fe shwed significant and negative crrelatin with ph, maintained psitive crrelatin with DTPA-Mn and Cu and negative relatinship with Zn under bth the land use systems. Zn shwed psitive crrelatin with silt, rganic carbn, CEC, available N DTPA-Cu and Mn and significant negative relatinship with ph. This psitive relatinship might be attributed t the increased availability f Mn, Zn and Cu under lw ph cnditin which increased slubility f xides and hydrxides f these micrnutrients. Mn shwed significantly psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn (r= 0.40* fr sugarcane) and nn-significant 25

46 psitive crrelatin with clay cntent, CEC f sils, DTPA-Fe and Zn. Mn shwed significantly psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn (r= 0.40* fr sugarcane) and nn-significant psitive crrelatin with clay cntent, CEC f sils, DTPA-Fe and Zn. DTPA-Cu had negative relatinship with sand and psitive crrelatin with silt, clay, rganic carbn, CEC, available nitrgen, phsphrus and ptassium, DTPA-Fe and Zn. Organic carbn and ph were the main sil characteristics which cntrlled micrnutrient availability. In case f sugarcane sils frm pedns at varying physigraphy in Ahmadnagar district f Maharashtra Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) reprted that the ph had negatively influenced by rganic carbn (r = -0.39*). CEC f sils in different hrizns f pedns was psitively crrelated with clay (r = 0.87**), silt (r = 0.44*) and it was negatively crrelated with sand (r = -0.81**), CaCO3 (r = -0.48*) and ph (r = -0.05). The sils were base-rich which ranged frm 93.3 t percent. Thakur et al. (2011) studied Vertisl frm Jabalpur and reprted that the micrnutrient catins (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) had significant negative assciatin with sil ph (r2 = -0.65**, -0.65**, -0.46* and -0.51*, respectively), recrded fr cm sil depth. The rganic carbn cntent exhibited significant psitive crrelatin with sil available Fe (0.62**), Mn (0.65**) and Cu (0.69**) cntents f the surface sil (0-20 cm). The psitive crrelatins with rganic carbn suggested that the micrnutrients frm cmplexes with rganic matter and cnsequentially remained in the frms, easily available t the plants. Basumatary and Das (2012) in sils f rapeseed-grwing Inceptisls f Lakhimpur, Snipat and Darrang districts f Assam reprted that rganic carbn was the mst dminant factr gverning the sulphur availability index (r = 0.795**) fllwed by clay (r = 0.672**). Chuhan et al. (2012) fr medium black sils f Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh reprted that DTPA-Mn had negative crrelatin with ph (r=0.683**) and had psitive relatinship with rganic carbn (r =0.237***). DTPA-Zn had psitive relatinship with rganic carbn (r=0.353**). The simple crrelatin study indicated that rganic carbn had psitive relatinship with DTPA-Zn 26

47 (r=0.353**). DTPA-Cu had negative crrelatin with ph (r= **) while DTPA-Zn had psitive relatinship with rganic carbn (r=0.353**). In sugarcane grwing sils frm three different sil series f Theni district f Tamilnadu (Palaviduthi sil series) (Irugur sil series), Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) bserved that the significant and negative crrelatin f sil ph with available irn (r= **, **, *) was nticed in Palaviduthi, Smayyanur and Irugur sil series respectively. Sil available N had significant and psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn cntent (r= **, ** and **) in Palaviduthi, Smayyanur and Irugur sil series. Available K f Smayyanur sil series had a significant psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn (r= **) and available sulphur (r= ). Hwever, the sils f Palaviduthi series had significant psitive crrelatin with available nitrgen (r= *). Available sulphur nly in sils f Smayyanur series had a significant psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn (0.3200*), while the sils f Palaviduthi series had psitive crrelatin with electrical cnductivity (r=0.6042**). The available zinc shwed psitive crrelatin with rganic carbn (r= *) and significant negative crrelatin with ph (r= *). Hwever, in Smayyanur sil series available Mn had significant and negative crrelatin with sil ph (r= **). Athkpam et al. (2013) analyzing sil macr and micrnutrients f Senapati district (rice crp with alluvium, lateritic black regur and red ferruginus sil type), Manipur reprted that SOC was psitively and significantly crrelated with sil available N and DTPA-extractable micrnutrient catins. Fe shwed psitive and significant crrelatins with ph (r = **), OC (r = **), available N (r = **), available P2O5 (r = **), and als psitive and significant crrelatins with ther micrnutrient catins. Available Mn shwed significant and psitive crrelatin with ph (r = **), EC (r = *), rganic carbn (r = **), available N (r = **), available P2O5 (r = **), and available K2O (r = *) and als had psitive significant crrelatins with ther sil micrnutrient catins. Available Zn shwed significant 27

48 and psitive crrelatin with ph (r = **), rganic carbn (r = **), available N (r = **), and available P2O5 (r = *). DTPA-Cu shwed significant and psitive crrelatin with ph (r = **), rganic carbn (r = **), available N (r = **), available P2O5 (r = **) and available K2O (r = *). 2.4: Mrphlgical, physical and physic-chemical prperties f prfile sil Cntemprary sils carry imprints f pedgenic prcesses that were active in the past, althugh in many cases these imprints are difficult t bserve r quantify. Characterizatin f pedns is imprtant fr the recgnitin and understanding f vertical distributin f prperties and prperties f imprtant hrizns and fr future sil changes. T assess a single hrizn f pedns efficiently is a gd first apprach technique t study sils in an area. Maximum values are generally btained in the A hrizns f yunger sils and in the B hrizns f lder sils. Characterizatins f sils frm pedns by sme earlier wrkers in India are presented belw. a) Mrphlgical prperties f prfile sil Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) studied shrink-swell, lateritic and lamy sils frm five sites (Bidar, Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi and Chikdi) f Karnataka. They reprted that Chikdi sils were deep, mderately well-drained, clayey, calcareus in nature, with high catin exchange capacity and are classified as fine, smectitic, calcareus, Vertic Haplustepts. Jamkhandi sils were deep, mderately well-drained, clayey, strngly alkaline, calcareus with high catin exchange capacity and are classified as very fine, smectitic, calcareus, Typic Haplusterts. Sil thickness and nutrient status are favurable whereas heavy texture, drainage, and presence f lime are limitatins. Bidar sils were deep, well-drained, clayey and neutral with lw catin exchange capacity, with gravel cntent (60 t 10%) that decreases with depth. They are classified as fine, kalinitic, Rhdic Paleustalfs. Sil thickness, drainage and neutral reactin are cngenial whereas fine texture, gravelly rting medium and pr nutrient status 28

49 are limitatins. Bhadravathi sils were deep, mderately well-drained, clay lam, neutral with medium catin exchange capacity, with water table at 110 cm depth and were classified as fine-lamy, mixed, Typic Trpaquepts. Sil depth, texture and neutral reactin were in desirable range, whereas nutrient status was the majr limitatin. Mandya sils were deep, well-drained, sandy clay lam, strngly alkaline with lw catin exchange capacity especially in lw lying areas. Hwever, large extents f Mandya sils which ccur n higher grund were neutral in reactin. They were classified as fine-lamy, mixed, Typic Haplustepts. Sil depth, drainage, reactin and texture were desirable fr sugarcane, whereas nutrient status was a limitatin. Naidu (2002) studied ten pedns representing extensive cane grwing tracts fr characterizatin f sugarcane grwn sils f Karnataka. He reprted that Belgaum sils was very deep (> 150cm), well drained valley sils, clayey in texture with 10 t 60 percent quartz gravels in subsurface hrizn. Khanapur sils was deep (> 100 cm), mderately well drained valley sils clayey in texture with 15 percent fine gravels in subsurface hrizns, develped n clluvi-alluvium f laterites ccurring n 0-3 percent slpes. Over all, heavy texture, imprper drainage, presence f lime and sluble salts were fund as imprtant sil related cnstraints affecting the cane prductivity. Chikdi sils are very deep (>150 cm), mderately well drained shrinkswell sils, clayey in texture (clay 48.7%), with fine gravels (5 t 20%) that increase with depth. Jamkhandi sils were very deep (>150 cm), mderately well drained heavy cracking clayey sils develped n basaltic alluvium n nearly level valleys. Indi sils are deep (> 100 cm), mderately well drained cracking clayey sils with 1015 percent fine gravels in subsurface hrizn develped n basaltic alluvium ccurring n 0-1 percent slpes. Hangal sils were mderately deep (<100 cm) well drained gravelly red sils with percent gravels in subsil, lamy in texture, develped n granite gneiss n undulating lands. Bidar sils were deep (> 100 cm), well-drained gravelly red clayey sils develped n plateaus f laterites. They were highly 29

50 gravelly sils with gravel cntent (60 t 10%) that decrease with depth. Nanjangud sils were very deep (> 150 cm), mderately well drained cracking clayey sils ccurring n nearly level valleys develped n clluvi-alluvium f granite gneiss. Mandya sils were deep (> 1 00 cm), well drained sandy clay lam sils develped n clluvi-alluvium f granite gneiss n nearly level valleys. Varaprasadra et al. (2008) studied pedns frm Ramachandrapuram mandal (Chittr f A.P.) and reprted that sil clur varies frm very dark grayish brwn (10YR 3/2) t brwn (7.5YR 4/4) in plains, brwn (10YR 4/3) t dark red (2.5YR 3/6) in upland and very dark grayish brwn (10YR 3/2) t dark red (2.5YR 3/6). The sils shwed wide textural variatin i.e. frm sandy t clay lam (plain), sandy lam t clay lam (upland) and sandy clay lam (hill slpe). This wide variatin in sil texture was caused by tpgraphic psitin, nature f parent material, in situ weathering, clay translcatin and age f sils. Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) studied six pedns based n variatin in physigraphy, sils and cane yield in Ahmadnagar district f Maharashtra. The pedns had their Munsell clur ntatin in the hue f 10YR barring P1 (7.5YR), value 3 t 4 and chrma 1 t 3. The dark clur f these sils as per their pinin was due t dminatin f highly dispersed frms f humus and smectite minerals. The dminant structure was mderate, medium t strng, sub-angular blcky. Pressure faces with a thickness f mre than 50 cm were cmmn in sub-surfaces hrizn f all the pedns with certain exceptin. Verma et al. (2012) studied nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. The sils were develped frm the alluvia f Yamuna and Chambal rivers and was slightly t strngly alkaline. The texture varied frm sand t sandy clay lam. The sil n very gently t mderately steep slping lands (3-15%) were yellwish brwn t dark yellwish brwn (10YR 5/4 t 4/4M) and n nearly level slpes (0-1%) light yellwish brwn t live brwn ( 10YR 5/4 t 2.5 Y 4/4M) with fine t medium, distinct t 30

51 prminent yellwish brwn mttles (10YR 6/8). The structure f the sil was fund sub-angular blcky t single grain. They als reprted that pedn 1: Clur (mist)10yr5/4, structure- m1sbk. pedn 2: Shekhupur 10YR5/4, structure- m1sbk. pedn 3: Makhanpur 10YR5/4, structure- m1sbk. pedn 4: Rahtauli 10YR5/4, massive t m1sbk pedn 5 : Akbarpur 2.5Y5/4, structure- f1sbk t massive. pedn 6 : Ayanaclur (mist)- 10YR5/4 pedn 7 : Paigamberpur 10YR5/4, structure- mlsbk. pedn 8 : Dhakra 10YR5/4, structure- massive t mlsbk. pedn 9: Bijhalpur 10YR5/4, structure- sub granular. b) Physical and physic-chemical prperties f prfile sil Prprtin (percent) f sand:silt:clay Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) studied shrink-swell, lateritic and lamy sils frm five sites (Bidar, Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi and Chikdi) f Karnataka n land suitability evaluatin f grwing sugarcane fllwing FAO and sil ptential rating (SPR) appraches. They reprted that prprtin (percent) f sand:silt:clay in sils f Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi, Chikdi and Bidar were 46.7:23.3:30.0, 68.5:8.5:23.0, 15.4:20.2:64.4, 28.6:22.1:49.3 and 49.9:16.4:33.7. Nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh was studied by Verma et al. (2012) and they reprted that prprtin (%) f sand: silt: clay in abve pedns were 48.5:35.2:16.3, 67.0:15.0:17.7, 33.2:48.5:18.3, 37.7:50.6:11.7, 54.2:39.0:6.8, 74.1:15.2:10.7, 62.7:25.8:11.5, 28.5:31.5:40.0 and 95.5: 2.0:2.5 respectively. Sand and silt cnstituted majr prtin in these sils and clay varied frm 2.50 t 45.5%. Silt and sand were irregularly distributed with depth. Satyavati et al. (2012) studied tw basaltic Vertisls series f Gujarat and reprted that in Semla series percent sand, silt and clay cntent was 7.3 t 23.7, 26 t 33 and 37 t 67, respectively, whereas in Skhda series percent sand, silt and clay cntent was 8.5 t 37.3,20 t 43 and 41 t 55, respectively with depth wise 31

52 decreasing trends in bth the series. Bth sils had 2 t 9 per cent f carse clay (2 t 0.6µm) and 4.3 t 14.6 per cent f medium clay (0.6 t 0.2µm). These sils were interpreted as vertic palesls based n high clay cntent (>40% t 60%), mst f which was smectite accmpanied by intersecting slickensides and mukkara structure. Physic-chemical prperties Nayak et al. (2001) frm CRS (O.U.A.T), Bhubaneswar characterized and classified five pedns (Three n upper ridge and tw n lw lying waterlgged area) f central research statin (O.U.A.T), Bhubaneswar. They reprted that in general, the value f ph increased dwn the depth. The ph f surface hrizn (Ap) f pedns varied frm 4.7 t 5.6. They reprted that sil electrical cnductivity f pedns ranged frm 0.02 t 0.90 dsm-1, whereas EC f surface hrizns (Ap) varied frm 0.06 t Organic carbn cntent varied frm 1.0 t 10.2 g kg-1 in pedns and the value decreased frm surface dwnwards. They reprted that the CEC f pedns ranged frm 4.8 t 28.0 cml (p+) kg-l and was psitively crrelated with clay (r = 0.96) and rganic carbn. The CEC/clay per cent varied frm 44 t 54 indicating mixed mineralgy class f sils. Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) studied shrink-swell, lateritic and lamy sils frm five sites (Bidar, Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi and Chikdi) f Karnataka. They reprted that catin exchange capacety (CEC) in Bhadravathi, Mandya, Jamkhandi, Chikdi and fr Bidar were 12, 12, 58, 21 and 10 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Naidu (2002) studied ten pedns representing extensive cane grwing tracts fr characterizatin f sugarcane grwn sils f Karnataka. He reprted that Belgaum sils was lw in catin exchange capacity (<10.8 cml (p+) kg-1), Khanapur sils was medium CEC, Chikdi sils was high CEC, Jamkhandi sils was high CEC (64.3 cml (p+) kg-1), Indi sils was high CEC, Hangal sils was lw CEC 8.0 cml (p+) kg1, Bidar sils was lw catin exchange capacity (9.3 32

53 cml (p+) kg-1), Nanjangud sils was high CEC (35.0 cml (p+) kg-1) and Mandya sils was CEC cml (p+) kg-1. Varaprasadra et al. (2008) studied pedns frm Ramachandrapuram mandal (Chittr f A.P.) and reprted that granulmetric percent clay cntent varied frm 4.3 t 35.6 in plains, 15.0 t 32.1 in upland and 20.0 t 24.2 n hill slpe. The bulk density varied frm 1.45 t 1.66 Mg m-3. Pedn sil ph f the sils varied frm 6.9 t 8.3 (plains), 6.8 t 8.2 (up-lands) and 7.2 t 7.6 (hill slpes). The SOC cntent in sils varied frm 1.2 t 5.6 g kg-1 (plains), 1.5 t 7.1 g kg-1 (uplands) and 2.3 t 7.7 g kg-1 (hill slpe). Irrespective f landfrms, the rganic carbn cntent decreased with depth in all the pedns. The CEC in sils ranged frm 6.7 t 27.6 cml (p+) kg-1, which crrespnds t clay cntent in the hrizns. Exchangeable bases in all the pedns irrespective f landfrms were in the rder: Ca++> Mg++> Na+> K+. Sudipt et al. (2010) studied 21 typical pedns belnging t Alfisls, Inceptisls and Entisl f West Bengal. They reprted that the ph f these sils ranged frm 4.5 t 6.5, CEC frm 3.9 t 13.5 cml (p+) kg-1, clay frm 13 t 33% rganic carbn 2.0 t 6.3 g kg-1. Verma et al. (2012) studied nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that surface (Ap hrizn) sil ph f the Shekhupur and Akbarpur were slightly alkaline (ph 7.5 t 7.6), whereas the Makhanpur,Rahtauli, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Bijhalpur were recrded mderately alkaline (ph 7.7 t 8.1), and Baghaipur and Dhakra was mderately t strngly alkaline (ph 8.3 t 8.9). They reprted that surface (Ap hrizn) sil EC f Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur varied frm 0.07 t 0.50 dsm-1. Sil EC f abve said pedns were 0.50, 0.12, 0.15, 0.16, 0.12, 0.07, 0.17, 0.12 and 0.08 dsm-1 respectively and surface (Ap hrizn) sil CEC in abve pedns were 10.87, 9.81, 10.46, 6.69, 3.13, 5.96, 6.83, and 1.74 cml (p+) kg-1 33

54 respectively. The CEC f sil f Baghaipur, Shekhupur and Rahtauli, varied frm 11.3 t cml (p+) kg-1 and was higher than the ther sils. Exchangeable bases decreased in the rder f Ca++ >Mg++ >Na+ >K+ and base saturatin varied frm 64.0 t 99.1 %. All the pedns were lw in rganic carbn (<0.40 g kg-1), where rganic carbn cntent f surface (Ap hrizn) sil varied frm 0.09 t 0.44%. Exchangable Ca, Mg, Na and K Nayak et al. (2001) frm CRS (O.U.A.T), Bhubaneswar characterized and classified five pedns (Three n upper ridge and tw n lw lying waterlgged area) f central research statin (O.U.A.T.), Bhubaneswar. They reprted that the Ca++ ins dminated the exchange cmplex fllwed by Mg++, K+ and Na+ ins. Exchange acidity cntributed by H+ was mre than Al3+ ins. Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm-units viz., alluvial plain, fld plain and sand bars in Amritsar district f Punjab and reprted that the surface sils f Amritsar district are light t medium in texture. Percent sand cntent varied frm 7.50 t 30.8 with a mean value f Similarly, percent silt cntent varied between 38.8 and 90 with a mean value f The percent clay cntent varied frm 2.50 t 26.3 with mean f Rashmi et al. (2009) studied paddy grwing pedn sils f upper Krishna prject in Karnataka and fund that exchangeable Ca++ f pedn samples was spread between 7.0 t 31.4 cml kg-1. Similarly, exchangeable Mg++ f pedn samples was spread between 3.0 t cml (p+) kg-1. Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) studied six pedns based n variatin in physigraphy, sils and cane yield in Ahmadnagar district f Maharashtra and reprted that pedn1, pedn3, pedn5 and pedn4 (Ap hrizn) had mre than 50 percent f clay but was in range frm 24.2 t 46.7 percent in ther hrizns. They bserved lithlgical discntinuity in pedn6 based n marked variatin in sand/silt rati. Silt cntent f sils varied frm 5.6 t 45.2 percent, bulk density frm 1.54 (Pedn1) t 1.95 Mg m-3 (Pedn2). The ph f sils ranged frm 8.2 t 34

55 8.9, Electrical cnductivity 0.16 t 1.65 ds m-1, rganic carbn frm 1.3 t 11.4 g kg1 which decreased with depth. Satyavathi et al. (2012) studied tw basaltic Vertisls frm semiarid and arid tracts f Gujarat and reprted that sand cntent varied frm 7.3 t 23.7 percent, while silt cntent frm 20 t 43 percent and clay cntent frm 26 t 67 percent. One sil (Semla sil) was mildly alkaline (ph 7.8 t 8.0) with decreasing rganic carbn (0.83 t 0.23%), erratic distributin f calcium carbnate (14.5 t 23.3 %), exchangeable Ca/Mg rati f 1.1 t 2.3, CEC f 37.5 t 53.2 cml+ kg-1 and exchangeable magnesium f 30 t 45 percent. On the ther hand, Skhda sil was strngly alkaline with exchangeable magnesium f 32 t 51 per cent, CEC f 27 t 32 cml+ kg-1 and shwed slight inflectins in rganic carbn (0.21 t 0.48%) and calcium carbnate cntents (11.6 t 22%). Verma et al. (2012) studied nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that surface (Ap hrizn) sil exchangeable Ca in abve prfiles were 3.78, 4.68, 3.36, 4.88, 1.65, 2.51, 3.31, 9.05 and 0.89 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Sil exchangeable Mg in abve prfiles was 1.24, 2.17, 2.18, 0.83, 0.66, 0.90, 1.51, 4.16 and 0.27 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Surface (Ap hrizn) sil exchangeable Na in abve prfiles were 1.26, 0.35, 0.56, 0.61, 0.56, 0.50, 0.51, 0.84 and 0.39 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively and exchangeable K in abve prfiles were 0.64, 0.29, 1.28, 0.28, 0.15, 0.51, 0.64, 1.66 and 0.05 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. 2.5 Available macrnutrients and sulphur status f prfile sil Nayak et al. (2001) frm CRS (O.U.A.T), Bhubaneswar characterized and classified five pedns (three n upper ridge and tw n lw lying waterlgged area) f central research statin (O.U.A.T.), Bhubaneswar. They reprted that vertical distributin f available N f the pedns ranged frm 91.9 t kg ha-1 with decreasing trend with depth. The available N status was medium. Available P205 in pedns ranged frm 7.87 t kg ha-1 and the values decreased with 35

56 depth. The available P205 status was medium cnsidering kg ha-1 as medium class and available K20 in pedns ranged frm 50.0 t kg ha-1 and the values decreased with depth. The available K20 status was medium cnsidering kg ha-1 as medium class. Patel and Patel (2008) studied sil prfile samples frm prminent sil series (Amalsad, Att, Bdeli, Dandi, Eru, Gadat, Jalalpur, Kabilpur, Mandie and Sisdra) f Suth Gujarat, India, fr the status and distributin f varius frms f sulfur and reprted that n an average available S in these series varied between mg kg-1. In general, available S shwed a decreasing trend with increase in depth f prfile. Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) fund that the available N in sugarcane sils f six pedns at varying physigraphy f Ahmadnagar district f Maharashtra, ranged frm 47.0 (Pedn 4) t kg ha-1 (Pedn 2), but decreased with depth in pedn 1 and pedn 4. The available P ranged frm 0.6 t 28.6 kg ha-1 and decreased with depth, while the exchangeable K ranged frm 80.3 (Pedn 2) t kg ha-1 (Pedn 5). The sils were calcareus and, in general, Ca++ was the dminant catin (Mg++ in few cases) n exchange cmplex fllwed by Mg++, Na+ and K+. CEC f sils ranged frm 21.6 t 61.7 cml (p+) kg-1 (Pedn1) in different hrizns f pedns. Verma et al. (2012) studied nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that available N in surface sil f abve pedns were 257.6, 246.4, 230.0, 245.0, 212.3, 80.0, 230.0, and 45.0 kg ha-1, respectively. Overall, these sils were lw in available nitrgen. Available P in surface sil f abve pedns was 22.1, 22.4, 12.4, 12.65, 14.9, 8.06, 12.4, 20.2 and kg ha-1, respectively. Overall, these sils were lw t medium in available phsphrus. Available K in surface sil f pedns was 293.4, 138.9, 100.8, , 140.0, 100.8, 200.5, and 47.0 kg ha-1, respectively. Overall, these sils were lw t medium in ptassium cntent. 36

57 2.6 Available micrnutrients status f prfile sil Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) nticed that pedn sils frm sugarcane area (six pedns based n variatin in physigraphy) f Ahmadnagar district frm Maharashtra had relatively lw DTPA-Cu (1.2 t 4.0 mg kg-1) and DTPA-Zn (0.2 t 0.9 mg kg-1) than DTPA-Fe (7.2 t 17.9 mg kg-1), and DTPA-Mn (6.3 t 25.0 mg kg1 ). These sils were sufficient in DTPA-Fe, but were deficient in DTPA-Mn, DTPA- Cu and DTPA-Zn as per critical level. Sudipt et al. (2010) studied 21 typical pedns belnging t Alfisls, Inceptisls and Entisl f West Bengal. They reprted that DTPA- Zn frm 0.9 t 1.64 mg kg-1, Cu frm 0.50 t 4.0 mg kg-1, Fe frm 15 t mg kg-1 and Mn frm 9.5 t mg kg-1 in surface sils. In general, higher cntent f DTPA-micrnutrient catins was bserved in the surface than in the sub-surface layers. They fund that a very acidic sil (belw ph 5.0) was generally pr in DTPA- Zn and Cu (mean cntent) than the sils in near neutral cnditin (abve ph 5.9). Thakur et al. (2011) studied Vertisl frm Jabalpur and reprted that DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu cntent in the surface sil ranged frm 0.39 t 2.09, t 31.04, t 19.65, and 0.97 t 1.82, respectively. Micrnutrient cntents decreased with increasing sil depth in all the treatments. As per critical limits, the cntents f all the micrnutrients with exceptin f Zn were nt indicatrs f their adequacy despite their accelerated remvals by the crps. Verma et al. (2012) studied nine typical pedns (Baghaipur, Shekhupur, Makhanpur, Rahtauli, Akbarpur, Ayana, Paigamberpur, Dhakra and Bijhalpur) representing fur majr landfrms (ld alluvial plain, recent alluvial plain, ravinus land and active fld plain) in Badhpura blck f Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh. They reprted that DTPA- Cu in surface sil f abve pedns were 0.80, 0.66, 1.35, 1.29, 0.78, 0.51, 0.59, 0.77 and 0.16 mg ha-1 respectively. Overall, these sils were lw in DTPA-extractable Cu. 2.7 GIS mapping and spatial variability f prfile/ surface sil 37

58 Sil micrnutrient maps cvering large areas imprve ur understanding f the nature and extent f micrnutrient prblems, and aid in determining their relatinships with climate, sil prperties, and sil genetic characteristics determined at similar scales. Intermediate scale maps can be useful in delineating specific areas where deficiencies r txicities are likely fr agriculture, and in determining lcalized sil characteristics that may be assciated with such prblems. Highly detailed maps f sil micrnutrient cntent and availability in individual fields are being develped fr site-specific precisin agriculture. Advances including the glbal psitining system (GPS), gegraphic infrmatin systems (GIS), inductively cupled plasma (ICP) spectrmetry, gestatistics, and precisin agriculture facilitate sil micrnutrient mapping and prvide quantitative supprt fr decisin and plicy making t imprve agricultural appraches t balanced micrnutrient nutritin. Sme f the earlier studies based n GPS and GIS are given as belw. Sharma et al. (2006) studied sils f Amritsar (Punjab) using GPS and reprted that DTPA-Fe cntent ranged frm 1.83 t 30.6 mg kg-1 (average f 19.0 mg kg-1), DTPA Zn frm 0.18 t 3.91 mg kg-1 (average f 1.03 mg kg-1) mre than the critical limit, DTPA-Cu frm 0.16 t 3.96 mg kg-1 (mean f 1.98 mg kg-1). In spatial distributin f Fe, 1.9 percent f area f district was belw the threshld limit and 98.1 percent sufficient. With respect t Zn, 18.2 percent (92841 ha) f the ttal gegraphical area (TGA) f district was deficient and remaining area was sufficient. The area under sufficient, adequate and high categries was ha (69.3% f TGA), 3896 ha (10.6% f TGA) and 9715 ha (1.9% f TGA), respectively. Negligible area (0.8%) f the district was deficient in available Mn whereas, 99.2 percent area had sufficient amunt f Mn. An area f 807 ha (0.2% f TGA f Amritsar district) was suffering frm Cu deficiency. Sharma et al. (2008) studied three majr landfrm units in Amritsar district f Punjab using GPS and GIS tls. They reprted n the spatial variability f rganic carbn, P, K and S, and categrized the level f nutrients under mderate, 38

59 sufficient and very high class. Sand cntent varied frm 7.50 t 30.8 percent (mean f 24.2%), silt cntent between 38.8 and 90 percent (mean f 60.2%) and clay cntent frm 2.50 t 26.3 percent (mean f 15.5%). The CEC ranged frm 5.3 t 17.2 cml (p+) kg-1 (average f 11.6 cml (p+) kg-1) shwed significant psitive crrelatin with clay cntent. The ph varied frm 7.0 t 9.76, nearly 54 percent sil between 7.0 and 8.5 and remaining 46 percent had ph higher than 8.5. EC varied frm 0.1 t 1.0 ds m1 (average f 0.34 ds m-1), 99 percent were in the nrmal EC range (<0.8 ds m-1), SOC between 0.16 and 0.97 percent (average f 0.61%), with 6.8, 73.5 and 19.7 percent area under lw, medium and high categries respectively. The available N f district ranged between 63 t 170 kg ha-1 (mean f 117 kg ha-1), available P frm 9.38 t 84.9 kg ha-1 (average f 37.3 kg ha-1), available K frm 84 t 700 kg ha-1 (mean f 340 kg ha-1). Only a small prtin f the TGA had deficiency f NPK (Multiple) at single lcatin. Nutrient wise GIS mapping based n lw, medium and high status was als develped by them. Sd et al. (2009) studied Muktsar district using GPS (Glbal psitining system) and the maps shwing the spatial variability f individual micrnutrient catin (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were generated using Arc Inf GIS. The multimicrnutrient status map was als generated by integrating the individual micrnutrient catin map in GIS. The results f the study revealed that in Muktsar district f Punjab, the 39, 7, 8 and 34 percent f the Ttal Gegraphical Area (TGA) f the district was deficient in Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe, respectively. It was als clear frm the multi-micrnutrient map that the deficiency f tw r mre micrnutrients at ne lcatin was less prevalent than that the deficiency f individual micrnutrient. Baliet al. (2010) studied and GIS mapping nutrients status f Punjab sils and reprted that ph f the sils varied frm 6.77 t 9.30 (mean f 7.93), EC frm 0.14 t 4.57 ds m-1 (mean f 0.63 ds m-1), SOC frm 0.0 t 1.55 percent (mean f 0.57%), available P frm 1.12 t 238 kg ha-1 (mean f kg ha-1), available K 39

60 frm 33.6 t 1192 kg ha-1 (mean f kg ha-1), exchangeable Ca++ + Mg++ frm 1.2 t 14 cml (p+)kg-1 [mean f 5.68 cml (p+)kg-1], Na+ frm 0.12 t 3.06 cml (p+)kg-1 [mean f 0.41 cml (p+)kg-1] and K+ frm 0.05 t 3.65 cml (p+)kg-1 [mean f 0.41 cml (p+)kg-1]. Catin exchange capacity (CEC) ranged frm 1.87 t 15.5 cml (p+)kg-1 [mean = 6.54 cml (p+)kg-1]. The DTPA-Zn ranged frm 0.07 t 3.06 mg kg-1 (mean = 1.10 mg kg-1). Organic carbn, silt, EC and ph were the imprtant factrs in cntrlling the Zn availability. The GIS-aided thematic maps indicated that 10 percent f the ttal gegraphical area f Punjab was affected by the Zn deficiency based n the existing critical limits. Pulakeshi et al. (2012) studied and mapped nutrients status f Mantagani village (Karnataka) by GIS. They reprtedthat ph f sil samples was slightly acidic t alkaline. SOC cntent was lw. In black and red sils, available N was frm 179 t 303 kg ha-1 and 221 t 244 kg ha-1 (lw; 93% area), available P2O5 frm 21 t 35 kg ha-1 and 14 t 21 kg ha-1 (lw; 24% area, Medium; 76% area) generally lw t medium and available K2O frm 202 t 417 and 187 t 227 kg ha-1, respectively in black and red sils chrnlgically. The area under study was medium t lw in available sulphur status with 181 and 126 ha, respectively. Regarding available micrnutrients, zinc and irn were deficient (88% and 72 % area, respectively) whereas, cpper and manganese were deficient 54% and 51% area, respectively) t sufficient in these sils. In case f available Fe and available Cu status, area f black sils were under deficient 435 ha and 326 ha and sufficient categry 170 ha and 279 ha respectively. Available manganese was fund t be sufficient in almst 50 per cent f study area and deficient in remaining fields. 40

61 MATERIALS AND METHODS

62 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS The details regarding study area, plan f research wrk, materials used, criteria adpted, methds and techniques fllwed during the curse f investigatin are presented in this chapter. The analytical wrk was carried ut in the labratry f Department f Sil Science, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. 3.1 Study area: Lcatin and ther details f study area Lcatin f Research wrk Sils frm sugarcane grwing areas f seven districts f Suth Gujarat i.e. Valsad, Navsari, Surat, Bharuch, Tapi, Narmada and Vaddara, encmpassing the jurisdictin area f 15C-p. sugar industries were taken int cnsideratin under the present research study during the year 2012 t Name f fifteen cperated sugar industries with place is given as under (1) Valsad c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Valsad (2) Gandevi c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Navsari (3) Marli c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Navsari (4) Chalthan c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat (5) Kamrej c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat (6) Sayan c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat (7) Pandvai c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Bharuch (8) Vatariya c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Bharuch (9) Vdadara c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Vdadara (10) Narmada c-p sugar industry, Dist. Narmada (11) Bardli c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat (12) Madhi c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat (13) Vyara c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Tapi (14) Cpper c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Tapi (15) Mahua c-perative sugar industry, Dist. Surat 41

63 a) An verview f study area Out f eight Agr climatic znes f Gujarat state, Suth Gujarat cmes under "Suth Gujarat heavy rainfall" and "Suth Gujarat agr-climatic zne" f Gujarat. The Gujarat plain is built up mainly by the alluvium f Sabarmati, Mahi, Narmada and Tapi rivers is flanked n the east by undulating tracts f granite with patches f basaltic lava hills. The Deccan trap ccurs widely in Kutch, middle and Suth Gujarat. The Tapi valley and the Suth Gujarat plains are frmed as a result f recent alluvium f trap rigin. The recent depsit was carried by the suthern rivers have develped black cttn sils. Tertiary rcks are mainly expsed alng the castal regin f Surat and Bharuch. The large alluvial tract spreading frm Surat t Banaskantha is f estuarine, Aelian and marine rigin which is the result f an extensive Pleistcene sedimentatin. Suth Gujarat heavy rainfall agr-climatic zne receives an annual rainfall f abut 1500 mm r little mre, while the Suth Gujarat agr-climatic zne area (area between rivers Ambica and Narmada) receives an average rainfall f mm. The misture regime is Ustic and the sil temperature regime is Hyperthermic. The agr-eclgical sub-regin is sub-humid nrth Sahyadris and semi-arid central Gujarat. Climate is characterized by fairly ht summer, mderately cl winter and warm mnsn. The annual maximum temperature is scillated between 43.50C during summer and 7.20C in winter. Temperature rises t its maximum level during the mnths f March-April and lwest in December-January. The annual relative humidity is scillated between 21.0 t 96.0 percent. Deep black sil with few patches f castal alluvial, laterite and medium black sils (shallw t mderately deep and deep t very deep) with heavy texture, predminantly clay cver majr area. The verall pattern f relief is nrmal in the plains and subnrmal in the castal plains f Suth Gujarat with dendrite and subdendrite drainage pattern. These sils are lw in N, medium in P and K fertility status. Majr crps grwn in this area are sugarcane, paddy, cttn, vegetables and hrticultural crps (mang and sapta). 42

64 b) Research methdlgy f study Basic data and infrmatin n sugarcane crp, area, prductin, farmers, sil type, sil nutrient status and nutrient applicatin, was cllected frm Reginal Sugarcane Research Statin, NAU, Navsari. Based n the available infrmatin, preliminary survey f sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat cvering six districts was taken up. Majr sugar industries perative in this area were cntacted and infrmatin was gathered in relatin t their spread/ jurisdictin area, registered farmers, nutritinal prblems etc. Farmers was als cntacted randmly and the entire sugarcane grwing area f suth Gujarat was earmarked accrding t varius sil rders and series develped earlier by NBSS and LUP, Nagpur. Based n these infrmatin and preliminary survey data gereference-based (using GPS) surface sil samples (450) were cllected and 8 prfiles dug ut, studied and depth samples was als cllected. Cllected surface samples was prcessed, analyzed fllwing standard prcedure and data were presented numerically as well as prcessed fr making maps shwing the spatial variability f individual micrnutrient using GIS in sub-divided area basis fr wider applicatin. Similarly, prfile samples were prcessed, analyzed by standard prcedure and data presented numerically in sub-divided area basis fr wider applicatin. c) Preliminary survey and criteria fr sil sampling Based n the infrmatin gathered frm Reginal Sugarcane Research statin, NAU, Navsari a preliminary survey was takenup in the jurisdictin area t acquaint physically with varius sil types, sil clur, texture etc. Majr criteria fr cllectin f varius ge-reference based surface sil samples (by using GPS) was prevailing sil rders/subrders /great grups and series develped earlier in this area by NBSS & LUP, Nagpur s as t represent them, mre r less, the sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat. Similarly, based n the same criteria prfile was dugut, studied and samples was cllected. d) Cllectin f surface sil samples 43

65 Fur hundred fifty distinct fields were randmly selected based n preliminary survey representing majr sugarcane grwing sil series f Suth Gujarat. One representative surface sample was cllected frm each field up t a depth f 20 cm fllwing zig-zag methd f sampling and the centre f the field was designated as ge-referenced pint f sampling by Garmin etrex ttal representative surface sil samples were cllected based n x, y crdinates by GPS cvering 27 talukas f 7 districts f Suth Gujarat where sugarcane is being grwn. Fur hundred fifty sampling sites under sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat frm where samples were cllected cme under a ttal juridictin area f abut 15.7 lakh ha, where apart frm sugarcane crp ther seasnal crps like cttn, rice, banana and mang etc. are als being raised regularly in interspersed and thus the actual sugarcane grwn area wuld be less than 15.7 lakh ha. e) Excavatin f prfiles, study f prfiles and cllectin f samples Eight prfiles were excavated in the representative sites as per the criteria stated abve and all the prfiles were studied hrizn-wise and sampled as per standard prcedure (Sil survey staff, 1995). 13) Labratry analysis f sil samples a) Details f sil sampling, prcessing and preparatin f sil samples fr analysis Thirty representative surface (0-20 cm) sil samples were cllected frm randmly selected sites / plts frm jurisdictin area f each sugar c-perative industry fllwing zig-zag technique f sampling by a flat-spade. Then thirty samples were placed intact separately in air-tight cntainers. Likewise, frm different fifteen sugar c perative industries ttal 450 samples frm different plts were cllected during Nvember, 2012 t April, 2013 and were placed in air-tight cntainer as abve. After cmpletin f sampling frm selected sugar c-perative industries, all the samples cntainers were brught t the university labratry separately. Cllected sil samples were air-dried and sieved thrugh 2 mm sieve. Afterwards, a prtin f the sieved (2-mm) sample was taken fr 44

66 determinatin f ph, EC, rganic carbn, available N, P, K, S, exchangeable Ca and Mg, DTPA-extracted micrnutrients fllwing standard analytical prcedure. Fr prfile sil samples, abut 1/4th prtin f each depth samples was airdried separately in air-tight cntainers t avid aggregate break dwn. Then the cmpsite sample f each depth was passed thrugh a 2-mm sieve fr analysis f particle size distributin. Cmpsite sil sample was further grunded and passed thrugh a 0.25-mm sieve fr determinatin f sil ph, EC, rganic carbn, majr and micrnutrients. The methds fllwed fr the determinatin f varius chemical and physical prperties f sil are given belw. b) Analytical prcedure Sil ph2.5: Sil ph2.5 was measured in 1:2.5 sil: water suspensin by using glass electrde electric ph-meter (Gupta, 2007). Table 1: The ratings fr sil ph (SSSA, 1962) Sr. N. I Ii Iii Iv V Ratings ph Range Extremely acid Very strngly acid Strngly acid Medium acid Slightly acid Belw Sr. N. Vi Vii Viii ix x Ratings ph Range Neutral Mildly alkaline Mderately alkaline Strngly alkaline Very strngly alkaline Abve 9.0 Electrical cnductivity (EC2.5): Electrical cnductivity was estimated in 1:2.5 sil: water suspensin by electrical cnductivity meter (Gupta, 2007). Table 2: The ratings fr sil electrical cnductivity (Seth, 1967) Sr. N. I Ii Iii Iv Ratings Nrmal Tending t becme saline Saline Highly saline EC range (ds m-1) < > 3.0 Sil rganic carbn (SOC): Sil rganic carbn was determined fllwing Walkley and Black rapid titratin methd (Walkley and Black, 1934). 45

67 Table 3: The ratings fr sil rganic carbn cntent (Walkley and Black, 1934) Sr. N. I Ii Ratings Lw Medium Iii High OC range (%) < >0.75 Available nitrgen: Sil available nitrgen was determined by using alkaline ptassium permanganate methd (Subbiah and Asija, 1956). Available phsphrus: Sil available phsphrus was determined by fllwing Spectrmetric (Extractin with 0.5M NaHCO3, ph 8.5) methd (Olsen et al. 1954). Table 4: The Rating fr sil available P2O5 cntent: (Olsen et al. 1954) Sr. N. I Ii Iii Ratings Lw Medium High Available P2O5 (kgha-1) < >56 Available ptassium: Sil available ptassium was determined by fllwing flame phtmetric (Extractin with 1N NH4OAc) methd (Jacksn, 1973). Table 5: The ratings fr sil available K2O cntent:(hanway and Heidel, 1952) Sr.N. I Ii Iii Rating Lw Medium High Available K2O (kgha-1) < >280 Available sulphur: Available sulphur was determined by using 0.15 per cent CaCl2 slutin (Willams and Steinbergs, 1959). Table 6: The ratings fr sil available Sulphur cntent (Hariram and Dwivedi, 1994) Sr.N. I Ii Iii Rating Lw Medium High Available Sulphur (kgha-1) < >20 46

68 Exchangeable Na+ and K+: Exchangeable Na+ and K+ were determined flame phtmetrically by using neutral nrmal ammnium acetate extractant. Exchangeable Ca++ and Mg++: Exchangeable Ca++ and Mg++ were determined using neutral nrmal ammnium acetate extractant by EDTA-titratin versenate methd (Jacksn, 1973). Catin exchange capacity (CEC): Catin exchange capacity f sil was evaluated by subtracting summatin f water sluble bases frm summatin f ammnium acetate extract (ph 7.0) bases (Black et al. 1965). DTPA Extractable irn, manganese, zinc, and cpper: DTPA Extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, were determined frm sil samples by using ECIL- make Atmic Absrptin Spectrphtmeter (Mdel-AAS 4141 A) fllwing the methd as suggested by Lindsay and Nrvell (1978). Table 7: The ratings fr sil available Micrnutrients (Lindsay and Nrvell, 1978) Sr. N I Ii Iii Iv Available micrnutrients (mgkg-1) Irn (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) Cpper (Cu) Deficient <5 <5 <0.5 <0.2 Ratings Marginal Adequate >10 >10 >1.0 >0.4 Physical prperties f sil: Sil depth: The lcatin f the prfile site was nted by using GPS (Garmin 20) and the depth f all hrizns f all the pedns were actually measured by 'standard measuring tape'. Sil clur: Sil clur as was nted with the help f Munsell clur chart fr bth dry as well as wet cnditin f sil (Ann., 1951). Particle size distributins: Sil particle size distributins were dne fllwing internatinal pipette methd (Piper, 1966). Mechanical analysis/ sand, silt and clay per cent: Mechanical cmpsitin f sils fr sil particle size distributins were dne fllwing internatinal pipette methd (Piper, 1966). 47

69 Texture: Sil textural class in the field was determined by rubbing the sil between thumb and fingers. Field determined texture was cnsidered as precedence ver the results f sil texture class btained in the labratry by mechanical analysis f sil n the basis f the sand, silt and clay percentage fllwing USDA textural classificatin chart (Gupta, 2007). Structure: The sil structure which refers the aggregatin f primary sil particles int cmpund particles was designated as type f sil structure i.e., shape, size, class, grades, etc. by rupturing the sil mass acrss natural surfaces f weakness (Ann., 1951). Bulk density: The bulk density f sil was determined by cld methd as described by Black et al. (1965). Carse fragments: During examinatin f pedns, the carse fragments present in each hrizn f sils were expressed as percentage weight by subtracting the weight f sil <2 mm size frm 100 gm f riginal sil cllected at field during sample cllectin. Cnsistency:The sil cnsistency i.e., hardness f sil when dry, firmness when mist and stickiness and plasticity at wet cnditin frm surface sils as well as different hrizns f pedns was measured by hand feeling methd (Ann., 1951). Rts: The size and quantity f plant rts at varying depths f pedns were bserved by using magnifying glass and recrded accrdingly. c) Statistical analysis: The simple crrelatin between / amng physic-chemical prperties and available nutrients was wrkut as per standard methd given by Panse and Sukhatme (1961) using sftware (SAAS 9.2) and results were interpreted and discussed accrdingly. d) Interpretatin f results and generatin f maps by GIS: GPS (i.e. x and y crdinates) based samples pint lcatins was fed int the GIS envirnment t generate the sampling site map. After analyzing all samples fr varius macr and micr nutrients and gruping them int categries based n different criteria, the values were tagged with each pint. The pints 48

70 having same categry was gruped int class as a plygn and the maps fr individual nutrient were generated and digitized in (Arc GIS 9.2). The surface sample data n sil ph, EC, CEC, available N, P, K S status and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were integrated and prcessed in GIS t generate the multi-nutrient map r generatin f maps n spatial distributin f these nutrients using GIS at BISAG, Gandhinagar. All the results were interpreted and discussed as based n ttal jurisdictin area f abut 15.7 lakh ha under which 450 sampling sites cvering entire sugarcane grwn area alng with ther seasnal crps like, cttn, rice, banana and mang etc. are als being raised regularly in interspersed. e) Glbal psitining system (GPS) infrmatin f sugarcane grwing sils f different c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat. Infrmatin f selected sites f sugarcane grwing sils with name, taluka, district with Glbal psitining system (GPS) i.e. latitude, lngitude and elevatin is mentined in table as given. 49

71 Table 8: Lcatin and GPS readings f Valsad and Gandevi c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Valsad sample site Elev Latitude Lngitude N Number lcatin name atin 1 Andargta/Valsad/Valsad Andargta2 /Vlsad /Valsad Dhanri/Valsd/Valsad Ghag /Valsd/Valsad Ghag padariya /Valsd/Valsad Atgam/Valsd/Valsad Kalwada /Valsd/Valsad Muli /Valsad /Valsad Ovada /Valsad /Valsad Ghadi/Valsad /Valsad Anjlav/ Pardi/Valsad Brlai/Pardi/ Valsad Mta waghchipa/pardi/ Valsad Panchlai /Pardi/ Valsad Panchali 2/Pardi/ Valsad Neveri/ Valsad/ Valsad Chichai/Dharampur/Valsad Waghdarda/Valsad /Valsad Vakal/Valsad /Valsad Dulsad/Dharampur/ Valsad Barsl/ Dharampur/ Valsad Bhamba/ Dhrmpur/ Valsad Khergam /Chekhli/Navsari Umarsadi/Valsad /Valsad Sardhi/Valsad /Valsad Segvi/Valsad /Valsad Pardi/Pardi/Valsad Paria/Pardi/ Valsad Sarangpur/Valsad /Valsad Debarpada /Chekhli/Navsari Frm N t and E t Sr. Sample Gandevi Sample site lcatin Elev Latitude Lngitude N Number name atin 31 Mandir/Jalalpr/Navsari Sarav/Jalalpr/Navsari Ancheli/Gandevi/Navsari Kachhli/Gandevi/Navsari Pati/Gandevi/Navsari Thala/ Chikhli /Navsari Wagaldhara/ Chikhli /NVS Wad/Chikhli/NVS Chadiya Sadakpr/Chikhli Duvada/ Gandevi/Navsari Khapariya/ Gandevi/Navsari Pipaldhara/ Gandevi/Navsari Ichhapr/Gandevi/Navsari Salej/ Navsari/Navsari Adada/ Navsari/Navsari Ktha/Gandevi/Navsari Taliara/Gandevi/Navsari Devsar/Gandevi/Navsari Jespr/Chikhli/Navsari Snwada/Chikhli/Navsari Balwada/Chikhli/Navsari Desad/Gandevi/Navsari Changa/Gandevi/Navsari Dhanri/Gandevi/Navsari Gandeva/Gandevi/Navsari Nagdhara/Navsari/Navsari Ambada/Navsari/Navsari Fadvel/Chikhli/Navsari Atgam/Valsad/ Andargta/Valsad/ Frm N t and E t

72 Table 9: Lcatin and GPS readings f Marli and Chalthan c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Marli sample site Elev Sr. Sample Chalthan Sample site Elev Latitude Lngitude Latitude Lngitude N Number lcatin name atin N Number lcatin name atin 61 Kasba/ Navsari Randra/ Jalalpur/NVS Dhaman/ Navsari Palsana/Palsana /Surat Klasana/ Navsari Palsana 2/ Palsana/Surat Mahuvar/ Navsari Vanz /Surat /Surat Wadagam/ Navsari Bhatia/Surat /Surat Wadagam 2 / Navsari Lingad/ Palsana Chauraysi/Surat Nadd /Jalalpr/Navsari Taraz / Palsana Chauraysi/Surat Parujan/Jalalpr/Navsari Karan/Palsana /Surat Karakhat/Jalalpr/Navsari Kaddara/Kamrej/Surat Parsli/Jalalpr/Navsari Baghumra/Kamrej/Surat Karakhat2 /Jalalpr/Navsari Baghumra2 /Kamrej/Surat Karakhat3 /Jalalpr/Navsari Haldaru/Kamrej/Surat Parujan 2/Jalalpr/Navsari Haldaru 2/Kamrej/Surat Vadli /Jalalpr/Navsari Parab/ Kamrej/Surat Delwada /Jalalpr/Navsari Parab 2 /Kamrej /Surat Alura /Jalalpr/Navsari Valan/Kam /Kamrej /Surat Mirzapur /Jalalpr/Navsari Mrthana /Kamrej /Surat Sagaragam /Jalalpr/Navsari Mrthana 2 /Kamrej /Surat Sagaragam 2/Jalalpr/Navsari Segva /Kamrej /Surat Tawadi/Jalalpr/Navsari Aasta /Kamrej /Surat Viawal/Jalalpr/Navsari Jkha /Kamrej /Surat 82 Parthan/Jalalpr/Navsari Vav /Kamrej /Surat Vesma/Jalalpr/Navsari Ksmadi/Kamrej /Surat Simlack/Jalalpr/Navsari Chalthan/Palsana/Surat Dabhel /Jalalpr/Navsari Nel/Palsana /Surat Chaukhed/Jalalpr/Navsari Devad/ Palsana /Surat Vanz /Chaurasi/Surat/Surat Dhakkanwada Bhatia Chaurasi/Surat/Surat Deladva Lajpr /Surat/Surat Saniya kanide Tarsadi Jalalpr/ Navsari Kharvasa Frm N t and E t Frm N t and E t

73 Table 10: Lcatin and GPS readings f Kamrej and Sayan c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Kamrej sample site Elev Sr. Sample Sayan Sample site Elev Latitude Lngitude Latitude Lngitude N Number lcatin name atin N Number lcatin name Atin 121 Pardi/ Kamrej/Surat Kareli/ Olpad /Surat Karjan/ Kamrej/Surat Kareli2 / Olpad /Surat Virpr/ Kamrej/Surat Kareli3 / Olpad /Surat Virpr/ Kamrej/Surat Siyaddla/ Olpad/Surat Ruswad/ Mandvi/Surat Mulad/ Olpad /Surat Tadkeshwar/ Mndvi/Surat Kim/ Olpad /Surat Dungri/ Mangrl/Surat Bhlav / Olpad /Surat Dungri/ Mangrl/Surat Bhlav2 / Olpad /Surat Mausali/ Mangrl/Surat 159 Anita/Olpad /Surat Shimathu/ Olpad/Surat Semdra/ Mangrl/Surat Shimathu2/ Olpad /Surat Asarama/ Mangrl/Surat Kudsud/ lpad/surat Limbada/ Mangrl/Surat Delad /Olpad /Surat Limbada/ Mangrl/Surat Kathwada/ Mangrl/Surat Vasavari /Olpad /Surat Ksamba/ Mangrl/Surat Vasavari 2 /Olpad /Surat Dhamrd/ Mangrl/Surat Vasavari 3/Olpad /Surat Charphara Bhatha/Olpad Pipdra/ Mangrl /Surat Pipdra2/ Mangrl/Surat Charphara Bhatha2 /Olpad Jangipura/ Olpad /Surat Lindit/ Kamrej/Surat Sarli/ Olpad /Surat Lindit/ Kamrej/Surat Navi pardi / Kamrej /Surat Isanpr/ Olpad /Surat Olpad /Olpad /Surat Velunja / Kamrej /Surat Velunja 2 / Kamrej/Surat Kumbhari /Olpad /Surat Bhatgam/Olpad /Surat Umra / Olpad /Surat Bhatgam /Olpad /Surat Velunja / Kamrej /Surat Takarama/Olpad/ Surat Kathr / Kamrej /Surat Gla/Olpad /Surat Kathr 2/ Kamrej /Surat Achharat/Olpad Ksmadi/ Kamrej/Surat Umbhel/ Kamrej /Surat Umra/ Olpad /Surat Vav/ Kamrej /Surat Khadsad/ Kamrej/Surat Frm N t and E t Frm N t and E t

74 Table 11: Lcatin and GPS readings f Pandwai and Vatariya c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Pandwai sample site lcatin name Latitude Lngitude N Number 181 Junabbha / Olpad/ Surat Junabbha/ Olpad/ Surat Kachl / Olpad/ Surat Salut / Olpad/ Surat Badl / Olpad/ Surat Ilav/ Hanst/ Bharuch Ilav2/ Hanst/ Bharuch Ankalva/ Hanst/ Bharuch Samli/ Hanst/ Bharuch Vaghvan/ Hanst/ Bharuch Blav/ Hanst/ Bharuch Sunav(Khurd) /Hanst/ Bharuch Sunav(Khurd) / Hanst/ Bharuch Kudadara/ Hanst/ Bharuch Rhid/ Hanst/ Bharuch Valner / Hanst/ Bharuch Valner / Hanst/ Bharuch Sera / Hanst/ Bharuch Matiyad/ Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Matiyad /Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Diva/ Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Umarwada/Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Panli / Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Nanabrasara /Mangrl/Surat Nandav/Mangrl/Surat Bharan/Mangrl/Surat Nimbada /Mangrl/Surat Velcha /Mangrl/Surat Velcha /Mangrl/Surat Sajd/ Hanst/Bharuch Frm N t and E t Elev Sr. Sample Elev Vatariya site lcatin name Latitude Lngitude atin N Number atin Vaghvan /Hanst/ Bharuch Blav/Hanst/ Bharuch Valner/Hanst/ Bharuch Matiyad/ Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Diva / Ankleshwer/ Bharuch Nandav/Mangrl/Surat Nimbada/Mangrl/Surat Velcha /Mangrl/Surat Kanerav/ Valia/ Bharuch Palsli/ Valia/ Bharuch Kanerav/ Valia/ Bharuch Ambawadi/ Valia/ Bharuch Nikli/ Valia/ Bharuch Sadaga/ Valia/ Bharuch Sdagam/ Valia/ Bharuch Sdagam/ Valia/ Bharuch Hirapr/ Valia/ Bharuch Limbhet /Zagadiya/ Bharuch Sengpr/ Ankleswer/ Bharuch Kndh/ Valia/ Bharuch Bidra/ Valia/ Bharuch Dind/ Valia/ Bharuch Ghda/ Valia/ Bharuch Mera/ Valia/ Bharuch Ghandhu/ Valia/ Bharuch Luna/ Valia/ Bharuch Sinada/ Valia/ Bharuch Tuna/ Valia/ Bharuch Desad/ Valia/ Bharuch Janr/ Bambusar village Frm N t and E t

75 Table 12: Lcatin and GPS readings f Vaddara and Narmada c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Vaddara sample Elev Latitude Lngitude N Number site lcatin name atin 241 Karvan Parekha Mandala Puniyad Anandi/ shinr Kanjetha/ shinr Medhd Timberwa Ganpatpura Vemardi Dandari Kandari Karjan Bharthan Palej Menpura Samsabad Chhattral Shirla Karmal Garadi 262 Awakhal Sinr Diver Atali Kanthariya Sadarna Dhavat Kurali Sadhali Frm N t and E t Sr. Sample Narmada Sample Elev Latitude Lngitude N Number site lcatin name atin 271 Sdagam/ Valia/ Bharuch Limbhet/ Valia/ Bharuch Limbhet/ Valia/ Bharuch Sultanpura/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Achhayalia/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Bhacharwada Chitrawadi Lachraj Rajpardi / Zagadiya/ Bharuch Krushnapuri/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Rundh/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Sanjali/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Kantidara/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Sarsad/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Velugam/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Panetha/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Kandrj/ Rajpipla/Narmada Dhundha/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Jambi/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Umalla/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Bamalla/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Tavdi/ Zagadiya/ Bharuch Gamkuva/ Rajpipla/Narmada Timbi/ Rajpipla/Narmada Navapara/ Rajpipla/Narmada Ldhan/ Rajpipla/Narmada Kumasgam/ Rajpipla/Narmada Amarpara/ Rajpipla/Narmada Pratap para/ Rajpipla/Narmada ri/ Rajpipla/Narmada Frm N t and E t

76 Table 13: Lcatin and GPS readings f Bardli and Madhi c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Bardli sample site Elev Sr. Sample Madhi Sample site Elev Latitude Lngitude Latitude Lngitude N Number lcatin name atin N Number lcatin name atin 301 Bhuvasan/Bardli/ Surat Setwad /Vald/Tapi Bhuvasan /Bardli/ Surat Titwa Sumul Dairy/Vald/Tapi Tejpur /Bardli/ Surat Titwa/Vald/Tapi Baben /Bardli/ Surat Waskui/ Bardli/Surat Kharvasa/Bardli/ Surat Sadade/ Bardli/Surat Nagd/Kamrej/Surat Rajwada/ Bardli/Surat Shampura/Kamrej /Surat Tarsala/Mandvi/Surat Timba/ kamrej /Surat Zakhala/Mandvi/Surat Orna/Kamrej/Surat Jarimra/Mandvi/Surat Sevani/ Kmrej/Surat Kadd/Bardil/ Surat Mat/ Bardli /Surat Mri/ Bardli/Surat Tundi/ Palsana/Surat Bhamaiya/ Bardli/Surat Ena/ Bardli/Surat Kantali/ Bardli/Surat Vanesa/ Bardli/Surat Khj/ Bardli/Surat Kanai/Bardli/Surat Rayam/ Bardli/Surat Kanai 2 / Bardli /Surat Bardli /Bardli/Surat Pathrn Bardli /Surat Manikpr/Bardli/ Vakaner/ Bardli /Surat Kikvad/Bardli/Surat Vakaner2 / Bardli /Surat Karachaka/Bardli/Surat Vakaner3 Bardli /Surat Mangrlia/Bardli/Surat Afwa1/ Bardli /Surat Akti/Bardli/Surat Afwa 2/ Bardli /Surat Bamni/Bardli/Surat Afwa 3/ Bardli/Surat Nani bhatlav/bardli/surat Isrli/ Bardli /Surat Kharli/Mandvi/ Surat Isrli2/ Bardli/Surat Amalsadi/Mandvi/ Surat Isrli3/ Bardli /Surat Vankla/Mandvi/ Surat Nandida/ Bardli /Surat Ghata/Vyara/Tapi Nandida2/ Bardli /Surat Beldha/Vald/Tapi Ena/Palsana/Surat Butwada/Vald/Tapi Ghaluda/Palsana /Surat Shahpr/Vald/Tapi Frm N t and E t Frm N t and E t

77 Table 14: Lcatin and GPS readings f Vyara and Cpper c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. Sample Vyara sample site lcatin Latitude Lngitude N Number name 361 Vakala/Vyara / Tapi Jaisangpur / Vyara/ Tapi Madhav/ Vyara/Tapi Gatadi/ Sngad /Tapi Maiyali Ghdchit / Sngad /Tapi Zarali / Sngad/Tapi Kalai /Sngad /Tapi Ukhalda /Sngad /Tapi Ukhalda /Sngad /Tapi Mypur/ Vyara/ Tapi Btwada/ Vald/Tapi Gpalnagar/ Vald/Tapi Alubriya/ Mahua/Surat Bagipura / Vyara/Tapi Bajipura Brkhadi /Vyara/ Tapi Lterwa / Vyara/Tapi Kahera / Vald/Tapi Kalamkui/ Bardli/Surat Ghata/ Vyara/Tapi Vaskui/ Vyara/Tapi Champawadi / Vyara/Tapi Bedi/ Sngad/Tapi Sarkua/ Vyara/Tapi Kanpura/ Vyara/Tapi Chikhli/ Sngad/Tapi Chikhalda/ Vyara/Tapi Jetvadi/ Vyara/Tapi Shahpur/ Vyara/Tapi Frm N t and E t Elev Sr. Sample Cpper Sample site lcatin Elev Latitude Lngitude atin N Number name atin Shahpr/ Vald /Tapi Dadariya/ Vald/Tapi Cpper Factry/Vald/Tapi Andratri/ Vald/Tapi Vakala/Vyara/ Tapi Dlwan/ Vyara / Tapi Jaisingpura 1 / Vyara / Tapi Jaisingpura 2/ Vyara / Tapi Vadia/ Mahu/ Surat Kanajd/ Vald/ Tapi Bhimpr/ Vald/ Tapi Raiveri/ Vald/ Tapi Glan/ Vald/ Tapi Naltha/ Vald/ Tapi Kelkui/ Vyara / Tapi Gherivav/ Vyara / Tapi Umarkui/ Vyara / Tapi Rupwada/ Vyara / Tapi Kapura/ Vyara / Tapi Maltha/ Vyara / Tapi Ramkuva/ Vyara / Tapi Gadat/ Vyara / Tapi Bagalpur/ Vyara / Tapi Ghani/ Vyara / Tapi Beda Raypura/ Vyara / Tapi Butvada/ Mahua/ Surat Shiker/Vald/Tapi Btwada/ Vald Gpalnagar/ Vald Alubriya/Mahua/Surat Frm N t and E t

78 Table 15: Lcatin and GPS readings f Mahua c perated sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. N Sample Number Mahua sample site lcatin name Latitude 421 Kanai/Bardil/Surat Kanai 2 / Bardil/Surat Pathrn/ Bardil/Surat Vakaner/ Bardil/Surat Vakaner2 / Bardil/Surat Vakaner3 / Bardil/Surat Afwa1/ Bardil/Surat Navatalav/Navsari Pardi/Navsari Sanvalla/Mahu/Surat Sanvalla 2/Mahu/Surat Gunasvel/Mahu /Surat Gunasvel 2 /Mahu/Surat Karchelia/ Mahua /Surat Dungari / Mahua /Surat Dungari2 / Mahua /Surat Alghat/Vald/Tapi Bhagwanpura/ Vald/Tapi Pna/Mahua /Surat Umra/Mahua /Surat Valvada/ Mahua /Surat Bhria/Mahu /Surat Samba/Mahu/Surat Velenpr/Mahua /Surat Zervavra/Mahua /Surat Kharwan/Mahua /Surat Fulwadi/ Mahua /Surat Mahua / Mahua /Surat Dhundhesa/Mahua/Surat Shiker/Vald/Tapi Frm N t and E t Lngitude Elevatin

79 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

80 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results f the present research study entitled Distributin f available sulphur and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in surface and prfile sils f sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat and their mapping by GIS are presented and discussed in this chapter. In rder t evaluate available sulphur and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface and prfile sil samples frm sugarcane grwing sils f Suth Gujarat, fur hundred fifty (ttal) representative GPS-referenced surface sil samples were randmly cllected based n preliminary survey cvering 27 talukas f 7 districts (Valsad, Navsari, Surat, Bharuch, Tapi, Narmada and Vaddara, encmpassing the jurisdictin area f 15 C-p. sugar industries viz. Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Bardli, Chalthan, Sayan, Kamrej, Madhi, Mahua, Pandvai, Vatariya, Cpper, Vyara, Vdadara and Narmada) f Suth Gujarat. Eight pedns were excavated in the representative sites frm abve area als, studied and samples were taken hrizn- wise. All the cllected sil samples were analyzed fr physicchemical prperties (ph, EC, Org. Carbn, exchangeable catins, CEC and 'silt+clay' cntent), available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O), available sulphur (S) and DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). The data btained frm analysis were interpreted and discussed based n jurisdictin area f each sugar industry and 'sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat as a whle' after required statistical analysis. All the data were prcessed in GIS t generate the spatial distributin f physicchemical parameters and available nutrients in map. All the results are presented in tabulated as well as graphical frms and discussed under the fllwing heads. 4.1 Physic-chemical prperties, available N, P2O5 and K2O, sulphur and DTPA-extractable micrnutrient (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) status f surface 58

81 sils frm jurisdictin area f fifteen sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat. 4.2 Categrizatin f physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils. 4.3 Cmparisn f physic-chemical prperties, available nutrient status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f fifteen sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat. 4.4 Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils. 4.5 Multiple regressin analysis fr sil available sulphur and DTPA extractable micrnutrients. 4.6 Study f representative pedns frm sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat. 4.7 GIS based digitized mapping f physicchemical parameters and available nutrient status frm sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat Physic-chemical prperties, available N, P2O5, K2O, sulphur and DTPA extractable micrnutrient (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f fifteen sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat Jurisdictin area f Valsad sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Valsad sugarcane industry are presented in Table 16. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 6.06 t 9.04 (standard deviatin f 0.81) i.e. slightly acidic t very strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest value being assciated with Andergta and Kalwada village respectively. The verall sils were mildly alkaline in reactin as was evidenced by their mean sil ph f Sil salinity (EC) varied widely frm lw (0.17 ds m-1) at Dulsad and 59

82 Pariya villages t medium (1.71 ds m-1) at Barsl village with standard deviatin f 0.31 ds m-1. Hwever, mean EC f these sils was 0.44 ds m-1 i.e. nrmal status and withut prblem f sil salinity. Cmparatively higher value f sil salinity at sme villages under sugarcane crp might have arisen due t use f irrigatin water with slightly higher salinity r due t excessive irrigatin. Sil rganic carbn (SOC) which is reprted (Zang et al and Andrews et al. 2004) t be a gd indicatr f sil prductivity ptential, varied widely frm lw t high i.e. frm 2.25 g kg-1 recrded at villages Andargta and Mta waghchipa t 9.30 g kg-1 btained at village Barsl (S.D. f 2.47 g kg-1) with mean value f 5.50 g kg-1 (medium status). The results indicated that as based n SOC the prductivity ptential f these sils varied frm lw t high. Sils with lw SOC necessitate imprvement in rder t achieve higher sugarcane yield with higher envirnmental stability. Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were fund t be as high as 38.00, 20.44, 2.23 and 0.56 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwer values fr all the crrespnding ins were 17.22, 7.20, 0.21 and 0.10 cml (p+) kg1 with standard deviatin f 4.95, 3.97, 0.56 and 0.11 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 25.71, 13.56, 0.83 and 0.29 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils (based n sum f exchangeable catins) varied appreciably (28.57 at village Neveri t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Atgam with S.D. f 4.03 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 which indicated dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 2.27 %) with mean value f percent, indicated fine textural class b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 16. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (59.00 kg ha-1) at village Ghag padariya t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Barsl, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (10.43 kg ha-1) at village Ghag padariya and 60

83 Table 16: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Valsad sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph EC ds m-1 Org. C. (g kg-1) Clay + Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca Andargta Andargta2 Dhanri Ghag Ghag padariya Atgam Kalwada Muli Ovada Ghadi Anjlav Brlai Mta waghchipa Panchlai Panchali 2 Neveri Chichai Waghdarda Vakal Dulsad Barsl Bhamba Khergam Umarsadi Sardhi Segvi Pardi Paria Sarangpur Debarpada Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average STDV c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur DTPA extractable (kg ha-1) ppm micrnutrients (ppm) N P 2O 5 K 2O Fe Mn Zn Cu C ml (P+) kg ha

84 Anjlav t high (89.25 kg ha-1) status at village Barsl. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Umarsadi t high (62 kg ha-1) status at village Kalwada. When all the sils were cnsidered tgether, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 16. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 8.58 ppm) frm very lw (3.11ppm) at village Anjlav t high (42.56 ppm) at village Barsl with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Valsad sugarcane juridictin area culd n an average be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Valsad sugarcane industry is presented in Table 16. The results revealed that the values f DTPA- extractable micrnutrients viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were as high as 21.81, 22.12, 1.74 and 3.68 ppm respectively at village Kalwada, Khergam, Dulsad and Waghdarda, while the crrespnding lwest values fr Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 3.12, 4.62, 0.28 and 0.28 ppm, respectively recrded at village Anjlav in chrnlgical rder. The lwest status f all fur available micrnutrients was recrded in Anjlav village. Hwever, mean values f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 14.72, 12.98, 0.83 and 1.61 ppm respectively which indicated high, high, medium and high status respectively fr the micrnutrients in chrnlgical rder Jurisdictin area f Gandevi sugarcane industry 4.1.2a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Gandevi sugarcane industry are presented in Table 17. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.16 t 9.49 (S.D. f 0.48) i.e. 62

85 neutral t very strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Duvada and Balwada village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.19 (mderately alkaline). EC varied widely frm lw (0.17 ds m-1) in Ancheli village t medium (1.80 ds m-1) in Mandir village with S.D. f 0.38 ds m1. Hwever, mean value f EC f sils was 0.50 ds m-1, expressing nrmal salinity status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 3.63 %) with mean value f percent, indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Salej t g kg-1 at village Nagdhara (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 6.55 g kg-1 (medium status). The values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded as high as 40.44, 24.55, and 1.54 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively, while the crrespnding lwest values fr all these ins were 17.78, 9.22, 0.35 and 0.18 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 27.30, 16.56, 1.82 and 0.56 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively with S.D. f 5.95, 4.01, 2.06 and 0.34 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably (34.94 at village Desad t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Mandir with S.D. f 7.75 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 which indicated dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available majr nutrients i.e. N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 17. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Salej t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Nagdhara, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (16.22 kg ha-1) at village Salej t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Taliara. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Dhanri t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Chadiya Sadakpr. Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O fr sils f jurisdictin area f this sugar industry were , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status. 63

86 Table 17: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Gandevi Sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Mandir Sarav Ancheli Kachhli Pati Thala Wagaldhara Wad Chadiya Sadakpr Duvada Khapariya Pipaldhara Ichhapr Salej Adada Ktha Taliara Devsar Jespr Snwada Balwada Desad Changa Dhanri Gandeva Nagdhara Ambada Fadvel Atgam Andargta Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay+ ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt Exchangeable catins CEC Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu % Ca++ c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K+ C ml (P+) kg ha-1 Sulphur ppm

87 4.1.2c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 17. The results revealed that available sulphur varied widely (with S.D. f 7.54 ppm) frm very lw (2.85ppm) at village Chadiya Sadakpr and Salej t high (40.10 ppm) at village Mandir with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f gandevi sugarcane industry juridictin area culd n and average be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Gandevi sugarcane industry is presented in Table 17. The results revealed that the values f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were as high as 21.82, 18.30, 1.36 and 3.00 ppm respectively at village Pati, Gandeva, Thala and Taliara respectively. The lwest values f Fe (3.42 ppm) and Mn (4.10 ppm) were bserved at village Sarav and Andargta respectively, while the same fr DTPA- Zn (0.20 ppm) and Cu (0.14 ppm) were bserved at village Duvada. Hwever, mean DTPA -extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 14.74, 12.95, 0.78 and 1.54 ppm respectively which indicated high, high, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Marli sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Marli sugarcane industry are presented in Table 18. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.90 t 8.90 (standard deviatin f 0.24) i.e. mderately alkaline t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Simlack and Kasba village, respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.46 (mderately alkaline). Sil salinity varied widely frm lw (0.23 ds m-1) in Karakhat village (Sample n. 72) t high (1.12 ds m-1) in Vanz village with standard deviatin f 0.20 ds m-1. Hwever, mean sil EC was 0.47 ds m-1, expressing nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' 65

88 cntent f sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 4.27 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Simlack t g kg-1 at village Vanz (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 6.33 g kg-1 (medium status). The values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils recrded t shw as high as 38.20, 26.80, 7.17 and 0.87 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 22.00, 11.60, 0.46 and 0.23 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 31.91, 16.50, 2.18 and 0.43 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively with standard deviatin f 4.68, 4.28, 1.60 and 0.17 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably [43.95 at village Kasba t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Karakhat (Sample n. 69) with S.D. f 3.81cml (p+) kg-1] with mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 18. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (58.00 kg ha-1) at village Simlack t medium (35 kg ha-1) status at village Tarsadi, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (11.59 kg ha-1) at village Chaukheda t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Wadagam (sample n. 66). Available K2O varied widely frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Kasba t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Mirzapur. Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O, when all sils were cnsidered, were recrded t be , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 18. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 7.12 ppm) frm very lw (3.30 ppm) at village Vanz t high (30.10 ppm) at village Tawadi with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f jurisdictin 66

89 Table 18: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Marli sugarindustry Sr. Sample N Number ph Kasba/ NVS Dhaman/ NVS Klasana/NVS Mahuvar/ Nvs Wadagam/Nvs Wadagam 2 /Nvs Nadd /Jalalpr Parujan/Jalalpr Karakhat/Jalalpr Parsli/Jalalpr Karakhat2 /Jalalpr Karakhat3 /Jalalpr Parujan 2/Jalalpr Vadli /Jalalpr Delwada /Jalalpr Alura /Jalalpr Mirzapur /Jalalpr Sagaragam Sagaragam 2 Tawadi/Jalalpr Viawal/Jalalpr Parthan/Jalalpr Vesma/Jalalpr Simlack/Jalalpr Dabhel /Jalalpr Chaukhed/Jalalpr Vanz /Chaurasi Bhatia Chaurasi Lajpr /Surat Tarsadi Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. ds m-1 (g 100-1) Clay + Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca++ c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K CEC Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

90 area f Marli sugarcane industry culd n an average be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Marli sugarcane industry is presented in Table 18. The results revealed that the highest values f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 22.44, 18.78, 1.44 and 3.02 ppm respectively at village Tarsadi, while the lwest values fr the crrespnding micrnutrients were 3.40 and 4.34 ppm, Alura, Karakhat (respectively recrded at village sample n.76 and 71) 0.16 and 0.16 ppm, respectively at village Simlack. Hwever, the values f mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 13.35, 11.35, 0.74 and 1.21 ppm respectively which indicated high, high, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugarcane industry are presented in Table 19. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.35 t 8.85 (standard deviatin f 0.43) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values btained frm Lingad and Vav village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 7.98 (mderately alkaline). EC varied widely frm lw (0.18 ds m-1) in Kaddara village t high (1.86 ds m-1) in Baghumra village with S.D. f 0.55 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil salinity was 0.55 ds m-1, which indicated nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in these sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 3.68 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Ksmadi t g kg-1 at village Vav (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 7.07 g kg-1 (medium status). The highest values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f these sils were 41.40, 23.20,

91 and 1.32 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 24.40, 9.20, 0.39 and 0.17 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 33.27, 13.65, 1.69 and 0.52 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively with S.D. f 5.31, 3.43, 1.40 and 0.24 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably [39.52 at village Palsana t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Chalthan with S.D. f 4.53 cml (p+) kg-1] withmean value f cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 19. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (60.00 kg ha-1) at village Ksmadi t medium (34 kg ha-1) status at village Bhatia, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (9.27 kg ha-1) at village Ksmadi t high (98.47 kg ha-1) status at village Mrthana. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha1 ) at village Palsana (sample n. 93) t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Dhakkanwada. All the sils when were cnsidered tgether it was fund that mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O belnged t lw ( kg ha-1), medium (52.46 kg ha-1) and high status ( kg ha-1), respectively c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 19. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very lw (1.04 ppm) at village Deladva t high (92.38 ppm) at village Nel with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Chalthan sugarcane industry juridictin area n an average exhibited high available S status d DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugarcane industry is presented in Table 19. The results revealed that DTPA- extractable Fe and Mn f sils registered values as high as and ppm, respectively at village Haldaru (sample n 69

92 Table 19: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca Randra/ Jalalpur Palsana/Palsana Palsana 2/ Palsana Vanz /Surat Bhatia/Surat Lingad/ Palsana Taraz / Palsana Karan/Palsana Kaddara/Kamrej Baghumra/Kamrej Baghumra2 Haldaru/Kamrej Haldaru 2/Kamrej Parab/ Kamrej Parab 2 /Kamrej Valan/Kam Mrthana /Kamrej Mrthana 2 Segva /Kamrej Aasta /Kamrej Jkha /Kamrej Vav /Kamrej Ksmadi/Kamrej Chalthan Nel/Palsana Devad/ Palsana Dhakkanwada Deladva Saniya kanide Kharvasa Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K CEC Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

93 103), while the highest value f DTPA - Zn and Cu were 1.48 and 4.28 ppm respectively at village Lingad. The lwest values fr Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 4.46, 1.16, 0.20 and 0.22 ppm, respectively at village Chalthan, Saniya kanide, Chalthan and Chalthan in chrnlgical rder. Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 15.31, 12.24, 0.97 and 2.00 ppm respectively which indicated high, high, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Kamrej sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Kamrej sugarcane industry are presented in Table 20. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.32 t 8.86 (standard deviatin f 0.29) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Dhamrd and Dungri village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.07 (mderately alkaline). Sil salinity varied widely frm lw (0.27 ds m-1) in Umra village t high (1.32 ds m-1) in Dhamrd village with S.D. f 0.19 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.43 ds m-1, indicating nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 2.79%) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Lindit t 9.68 g kg-1 at village Dhamrd (S.D g kg-1) with mean value f 5.93 g kg-1 (medium status). The highest values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 42.60, 23.00, 7.63 and 0.56 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 16.80, 6.80, 0.37 and 0.19 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 32.69, 13.06, 1.27 and 0.32 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 4.59, 3.83, 1.28 and 0.09 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied quite appreciably (29.49 at village Limbada (sample n. 133) t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Dhamrd with S.D. f 6.05 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg-1. 71

94 Table 20: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Kamrej sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Pardi/ Kamrej Karjan/ Kamrej Virpr/ Kamrej Virpr/ Kamrej Ruswad/ Mandvi Tadkeshwar/ Mndvi Dungri/ Mangrl Dungri/ Mangrl Mausali/ Mangrl Semdra/ Mangrl Asarama/ Mangrl Limbada/ Mangrl Limbada/ Mangrl Kathwada/ Mangrl Ksamba/ Mangrl Dhamrd/ Mangrl Pipdra/ Mangrl Pipdra2/ Mangrl Lindit/ Kamrej Lindit/ Kamrej Navi pardi / Kamrej Velunja / Kamrej Velunja 2 / Kamrej Umra / Olpad Velunja / Kamrej Kathr / Kamrej Kathr 2/ Kamrej Ksmadi/ Kamrej Umbhel/ Kamrej Khadsad/ Kamrej Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca++ c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

95 4.1.5b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available majr nutrients i.e. N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 20. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Khadsad t medium (34 kg ha-1) status at village Umra, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (11.59 kg ha-1) at village Khadsad t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Dhamrd. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Tadkeshwer t high ( kg ha-1) status btained at village Dhamrd. Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were 20, and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 20. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm lw (7.53 ppm) at village Pardi t high (62.54 ppm) at village Dhamrd with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Kamrej sugarcane juridictin industry culd generally be categrized under high available S status d DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Kamrej sugarcane industry is presented in Table 20. The results revealed that the highest values f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn and Zn f sils were 18.80, and 1.24 ppm respectively at village Kathr (sample n. 146). Hwever, DTPA- Cu recrded value as high as 2.68 ppm at village Virpr (sample n. 124). The lwest values f Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 4.20, 5.18, 0.38 and 0.34 ppm, respectively at village Umbhel. Mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 11.54, 9.39, 0.78 and 1.28 ppm respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Sayan sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties 73

96 The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Sayan sugarcane industry are presented in Table 21. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.59 t 9.33 (S.D. f 0.43) i.e. mild alkaline t very strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Bhlav (sample n. 158) and Takarama village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.33 (mderately alkaline). EC varied widely frm lw (0.24 ds m-1) in Charphara bhatha village (sample n. 167) t high (1.60 ds m-1) in Siyaddla village with S.D. f 0.27 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.51 ds m-1, expressing nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay+silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 2.24 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Charphara bhatha (sample n. 167) t 8.55 g kg-1 at village Takarama (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 6.01 g kg-1 (medium status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils exibited the highest values as 39.00, 24.20, 5.55 and 1.46 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 26.00, 10.60, 0.55 and 0.20 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, the mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 33.57, 15.13, 1.75 and 0.51 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 3.69, 2.94, 1.34 and 0.30 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied frm at village Shimathu t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Achharat with S.D. f 3.73 cml (p+) kg-1 with mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 21. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (86.00 kg ha-1) at village Charphara bhatha (sample n. 167) t medium (30 kg ha-1) status at village Vav while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (13.90 kg ha-1) at village Charphara bhatha (sample n. 167) t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Umra. 74

97 Table 21: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Sayan sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca Kareli/ Olpad Kareli2 / Olpad Kareli3 / Olpad Siyaddla/ Olpad Mulad/ Olpad Kim/ Olpad Bhlav / Olpad Bhlav2 / Olpad Anita/Olpad Shimathu/ Olpad Shimathu2/ Olpad Kudsud/ lpad Delad /Olpad Vasavari /Olpad Vasavari 2 /Olpad Vasavari 3/Olpad Charphara Bhatha Charphara Bhatha2 Jangipura/ Olpad Sarli/ Olpad Isanpr/ Olpad Olpad /Olpad Kumbhari /Olpad Bhatgam/Olpad Bhatgam /Olpad Takarama/Olpad Gla/Olpad Achharat/Olpad Umra/ Olpad Vav/ Kamrej Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K CEC Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

98 Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Kareli (sample n. 153) t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Mulad. When all the sils were cnsidered, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were fund t be , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 21. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very lw (2.60 ppm) at village Charphara bhatha (sample n. 167) t high (75.26 ppm) at village Siyaddla with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f juridictin area f Sayan sugarcane industry n an avearage belnged t high available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Sayan sugarcane industry is presented in Table 21. The results revealed that the highest values f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn and Zn f sils were 18.50, and 1.44 ppm respectively at village Takarama, while the highest value f DTPA- Cu f sils was 2.78 ppm at village Siyaddla. The lwest values f Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 3.64, 2.60, 0.14 and 0.14 ppm, respectively at village Bhlav (sample n. 157), Charphara bhatha (sample n. 167), Kudsud and Kudsud in chrnlgical rder. Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 10.16, 7.65, 0.71 and 1.21 ppm respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Pandwai sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Pandwai sugarcane industry are presented in Table 22. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.52 t 8.84 (S.D. f 0.32) i.e. mild alkaline t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being 76

99 assciated with Junabbha (sample n. 181) and Sera village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.30 (mderately alkaline). Sil EC varied widely frm lw (0.10 ds m-1) in Kachl village t high (1.11 ds m-1) in Sera village with S.D f 0.22 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f Sil EC was 0.36 ds m-1, expressing nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in these sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 4.08 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent which therwise meant fr the prductivity index f sil, varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Ilav (sample n. 186) t g kg-1 at village Sajd (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 6.64 g kg-1 (medium status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded as high as 34.22, 32.70, 4.56 and 2.40 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 16.67, 10.11, 0.32 and 0.15 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 24.12, 18.92, 1.50 and 0.64 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with standard deviatin f 5.06, 4.74, 1.05 and 0.60 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably (28.20 at village Ilav (sample n. 186) t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Sajd with S.D. f 8.28 cml (p+) kg-1) with mean value f 44.67cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 22. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (97.00 kg ha-1) at village Ilav (sample n. 186) t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Umarwada, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (15.06 kg ha-1) at village Ilav (sample n. 186) t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Junabbha (sample n. 181). Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Sunav khurd (sample n. 192) t high (94 kg ha-1) status at village Rhid. Hwever, the mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status 77

100 Table 22: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Pandwai sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph EC Org. C. ds m-1 (g 100-1) Clay + Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca Junabbha / Olpad Junabbha/ Olpad Kachl / Olpad Salut / Olpad Badl / Olpad Ilav/ Hanst Ilav2/ Hanst Ankalva/ Hanst Samli/ Hanst Vaghvan/ Hanst Blav/ Hanst Sunav(Khurd) Sunav(Khurd) Kudadara/ Hanst Rhid/ Hanst Valner / Hanst Valner / Hanst Sera / Hanst Matiyad/ Matiyad 2 Diva/ Ankleshwer Umarwada Panli Nanabrasara Nandav/Mangrl Bharan/Mangrl Nimbada /Mangrl Velcha /Mangrl Velcha /Mangrl Sajd/ Hanst Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K+ CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

101 Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 22. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very lw (2.85 ppm) at village Panli t high ( ppm) at village Sera with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Pandwai sugarcane industrial area culd be categrized n an avearage under high available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Pandwai sugarcane industry is presented in Table 22. The highest values f DTPA- extractable micrnutrients viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 17.84, 12.76, 1.34 and 4.28 ppm respectively btained at village Kudadara, Sera, Velcha (sample n. 209) and Sera, while the lwest values f Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 4.30, 2.99, 0.22 and 0.22 ppm, respectively at village Bharan, Kachl, Ilav (sample n. 186) and Ilav (sample n. 186) in chrnlgical rder. Hwever, mean DTPA - extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 11.28, 7.72, 0.75 and 1.57 ppm respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status fr DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, respectively Jurisdictin area f Vatariya sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vatariya sugarcane industry are presented in Table 23. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.12 t 8.78 (standard deviatin f 0.48) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Sdagam (sample n. 225) and Ghandhu village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.01 (mderately alkaline). Sil salinity varied widely frm lw (0.11 ds m-1) in Kanerav village t high (0.96 ds m-1) in Matiyad village with S.D. f 0.17 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.35 ds m-1, indicating nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 2.55 %) with mean value f 79

102 Table 23: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vatariya sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Vaghvan /Hanst Blav/Hanst Valner/Hanst Matiyad/ Diva / Ankleshwer Nandav/Mangrl/ Nimbada/Mangrl Velcha /Mangrl Kanerav/ Valia Palsli/ Valia Kanerav/ Valia Ambawadi/ Valia Nikli/ Valia Sadaga/ Valia Sdagam/ Valia Sdagam/ Valia Hirapr/ Valia Limbhet /Zagadiya Sengpr Kndh/ Valia Bidra/ Valia Dind/ Valia Ghda/ Valia Mera/ Valia Ghandhu/ Valia Luna/ Valia Sinada/ Valia Tuna/ Valia Desad/ Valia Janr/ Bambusar Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average Org. C. Clay + EC ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients Avail. (kg ha-1) Sulphur ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

103 65.68 percent indicated fine textural calss f these sils. SOC cntent f sil varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Nandav t g kg-1 at village Nikli (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 6.04 g kg-1 (medium status). The highest values recrded fr exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins in sils were 32.33, 22.44, 5.11 and 3.13 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 8.33, 7.00, 0.23 and 0.07 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 23.24, 14.95, 1.54 and 0.69 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with standard deviatin f 5.13, 3.50, 1.31 and 0.79 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils (as sum f exchangeable catins) varied widely (15.74 at village Nandav t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Vaghvan with S.D. f 7.08 cml (p+) kg-1) with mean value f cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 23. The available N f sils was fund t variy frm lw (78.00 kg ha-1) at village Ghda t medium (44 kg ha-1) status at village Nikli, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (15.06 kg ha-1) at village Palsli t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Vaghvan. Available K2O varied frm lw (77.00 kg ha-1) at village Kanerav t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Sadaga (sample n. 224) Mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were nted t be , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 23. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm lw (4.67 ppm) at village Velcha t high ( ppm) at village Sadaga (sample n. 224) with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Vatariya sugarcane industrial area belnged n an average t high available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status 81

104 DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vatariya sugarcane industry is presented in Table 23. The results revealed that DTPA- extractable Fe, Zn and Cu f sils were as high as 18.40, 1.84 and 3.78 ppm, respectively at village Nikli, while the highest value f Mn in sils was ppm at village Janr. The lwest value f Fe (4.10 ppm) was recrded at village Ghda while the same fr Mn, Zn and Cu were 3.62, 0.16 and 0.20 ppm, respectively at village Palsli. Hwever, mean DTPAextractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 11.46, 9.16, 0.84 and 1.40 ppm, respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively in chrnlgical rder Jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugarcane industry are presented in Table 24. ph f sils were fund t vary frm 7.67 t 9.53 (S.D. f 0.36) i.e. mild alkaline t very strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Parekha and Kurali village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.45 (mderately alkaline). Sil EC varied widely frm lw (0.14 ds m-1) in Anandi village t high (0.72 ds m-1) in Kanjetha village with S.D. f 0.11 ds m1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.33 ds m-1, expressing nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent f sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 3.44 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sil varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Karvan t 8.18 g kg-1 at village Medhd (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 4.56 g kg-1 (Lw status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded t be as high as 28.70, 33.50, 5.62 and 2.12 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 10.50, 14.50, 0.61 and 0.14 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 22.92, 22.62, 2.03 and 82

105 0.63 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 3.76, 3.80, 1.31 and 0.40 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably (36.80 at village Karvan t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Palej with S.D. f 3.75 cml (p+) kg-1) with mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 24. The available N f sils was bserved t vary frm lw (64.00 kg ha-1) at village Mandala t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Palej, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (9.27 kg ha-1) at village Kanjetha t high (97.31 kg ha-1) status at village Medhd. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Kanthariya t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Puniyad. When all the sils were cnsidered it was nticed that mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were , and kg ha-1 respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 24. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 6.66 ppm) frm very lw (2.08 ppm) at village Medhd t high (28.55 ppm) at village Mandala with mean value f ppm which indicated n an avearage medium available S status f sils frm Vaddara sugarcane industrial area d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugarcane industry is presented in Table 24. The results revealed that DTPA- extractable Fe and Mn f sils were as high as and ppm respectively at village Chhattral and Sadhali, while the highest values f DTPA- Zn and Cu f sils were 1.44 and 3.00 ppm, respectively at village Kurali. The lwest values fr Fe and Mn were 3.16, 0.04 ppm, respectively btained at village Karvan and Vemardi respectivly. Hwever, the 83

106 Table 24: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Karvan Parekha Mandala Puniyad Anandi/ shinr Kanjetha/ shinr Medhd Timberwa Ganpatpura Vemardi Dandari Kandari Karjan Bharthan Palej Menpura Samsabad Chhattral Shirla Karmal Garadi Awakhal Sinr Diver Atali Kanthariya Sadarna Dhavat Kurali Sadhali Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

107 lwest values f Zn (0.14 ppm) was recrded at village Parekha, Anandi and Medhd, while the same fr Cu (0.14 ppm) was recrded at village Parekha, Puniyad and Medhd. Hwever, mean DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 8.46, 5.54, 0.51 and 0.70 ppm, respectively which indicated medium, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Narmada sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Narmada sugarcane industry are presented in Table 25. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.12 t 8.92 (standard deviatin f 0.37) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and lwest values being assciated with Sultanpura and Rajpardi village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.25 (mderately alkaline). Sil salinity varied widely frm lw (0.11 ds m-1) in Rundh village t high (0.49 ds m-1) in Limbhet (sample n. 272) village with S.D. f 0.11 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.49 ds m-1, expressing nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 5.81 %) with mean value f percent, indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Bamalla t 8.70 g kg-1 at village Sdagam (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 3.84 g kg-1 (lw status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded as high as 23.80, 20.50, 2.17 and 0.55 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 11.60, 9.30, 0.37 and 0.12 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 19.50, 16.22, 0.85 and 0.27 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 2.91, 2.67, 0.39 and 0.11 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably (24.92 at village Limbhet (sample n. 273) t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Sdagam with S.D. f 4.39 cml (p+) kg-1) with mean value f cml (p+) kg-1. 85

108 4.1.10b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 25. The available N f sils varied frm lw (62.00 kg ha-1) at village Sanjali t medium (28 kg ha-1) status at village Sultanpura, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (6.95 kg ha-1) at village Kandrj t high (81.10 kg ha-1) status at village Bhacharwada. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Navapara t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Limbhet (sample n. 272). Mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, lw and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 25. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very lw (1.04 ppm) at village Lachhraj t high (68.51 ppm) at village Limbhet (sample n. 272) with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Narmada sugarcane industial area n an average be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Narmada sugarcane industry is presented in Table 25. The results revealed that the highest values f DTPA- extractable Fe and Mn f sils were 58 and ppm, respectively recrded at village Panetha and Rajpardi, while the same fr DTPA- Zn and Cu f sils were 1.46 and 3.28 ppm, respectively btained at village Limbhet (sample n. 272). The lwest values f DTPA-Fe and Mn were 7.06 and 1.20 ppm, respectively, recrded at village Chitrawadi, while the same fr DTPA-Zn (0.10 ppm) was assciated with three villages (Bhacharwada, Chitrawadi and Lachhraj) and fr DTPA-Cu (0.20 ppm) was recrded at village Bamalla. Hwever, mean DTPA -extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 10.97, 7.82, 0.48 and 0.67 ppm respectively which indicated high, medium, lw and high status, respectively. 86

109 Table 25: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Narmada sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Sdagam/ Valia Limbhet/ Valia Limbhet/ Valia Sultanpura/ Achhayalia Bhacharwada Chitrawadi Lachhraj Rajpardi / Zagadiya Krushnapuri/ Rundh/ Zagadiya Sanjali/ Zagadiya Kantidara/ Sarsad/ Zagadiya Velugam/ Zagadiya Panetha/ Zagadiya Kandrj/ Rajpipla Dhundha/ Zagadiya Jambi/ Zagadiya Umalla/ Zagadiya Bamalla/ Zagadiya Tavdi/ Zagadiya Gamkuva/ Rajpipla Timbi/ Rajpipla Navapara/ Rajpipla Ldhan/ Rajpipla Kumasgam/ Amarpara/ Rajpipla Pratap para ri/ Rajpipla Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Ca++ Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

110 Jurisdictin area f Bardli sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Bardli sugarcane industry are presented in Table 26. The ph f sils was bserved t vary frm 7.40 t 8.88 (S.D. f 0.30) i.e. mildly alkaline t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Ena and Kharvasa village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.31 (mderately alkaline). Sil EC varied widely frm lw (0.25 ds m-1) in village Ornaand Isrli (sample n. 324) t high (0.52 ds m-1) in village Pathrn with S.D. f 0.07 ds m-1. Hwever, mean sil EC was 0.35 ds m-1 which indicated n an average nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 4.43 %) with mean value f percent, indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw [2.70 g kg-1 registered at village Vanesa and Nandida (sample n. 328)] t high [10.05 g kg-1 recrded at village Kanai (sample n. 316)] with S.D. f 1.84 g kg-1 and mean value f 6.02 g kg-1 (medium status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded t be as high as 46.80, 24.40, 3.18 and 0.69 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 16.80, 8.00, 0.74 and 0.17 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 33.63, 13.37, 1.33 and 0.35 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively with S.D. f 5.60, 4.02, 0.47 and 0.12 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils varied quite appreciably (39.09 at village Nagd t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Kanai (sample n. 316) with S.D. f 5.21 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type clay minerals in these sils b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 26. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (83.00 kg ha-1) at village Nandida (sample n. 328) t medium (35 kg ha-1) status at village 88

111 Kanai (sample n. 316), while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (10.43 kg ha-1) at village Ena t high (98.21 kg ha-1) status at village Kanai (sample n. 316). Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Isrli (sample n. 326) t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Orna. Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O (when all the sils were cnsidered) were , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 26. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very very lw (0.78 ppm) at village Afwa (sample n. 322) t high (59.94 ppm) at village Pathrn with the mean value f ppm which indicated that n an avearage sils f juridictin area f Bardli sugarcane industry culd be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Bardli sugarcane industry is presented in Table 26. The results revealed that the magnititude f DTPA- extractable Fe and Mn f sils were as high as and ppm, respectively registered at village Bhuvasan (sample n. 302), while the lwest values fr Fe and Mn were 6.68 and 4.82 ppm, respectively recrded at village Nandida (sample n.328). Hwever, the values f DTPA- Zn and Cu f sils recrded as high as 1.54 and 3.18 ppm, respectively at village Baben and Pathrn, respectively, while the lwest values fr Zn and Cu were 0.30 and 0.28 ppm, respectively recrded at village Tejpur and Nandida (sample n. 328) respectively. Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 11.25, and 1.17 ppm respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Madhi sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties 89

112 Table 26:Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Bardlisugarindustry Sr. Sample N Number ph Bhuvasan/Bardli Bhuvasan /Bardli Tejpur /Bardli Baben /Bardli Kharvasa/Bardli Nagd/Kamrej Shampura/Kamrej Timba/ kamrej Orna/Kamrej Sevani/ Kmrej Mat/ Bardli Tundi/ Palsana Ena/ Bardli Vanesa/ Bardli Kanai/Bardli Kanai 2 / Bardli Pathrn Bardli Vakaner/ Bardli Vakaner2 / Bardli Vakaner3 Bardli Afwa1/ Brdli Afwa 2/ Bdli Afwa 3/ Bdli Isrli/ Bdli Isrli2/ Bdli Isrli3/ Bdli Nandida/ Bdli Nandida2/ Bdli Ena/Palsana Ghaluda/Palsana Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC ds m-1 Org. C. (g 100-1) Clay + Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients C ml (P+) (kg ha-1) kg ha-1 N P2O5 K2O Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

113 The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Madhi sugarcane industry are presented in Table 27. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 6.75 t 8.71 (standard deviatin f 0.57) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Kadd and Tarsala village respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 7.84 (mderately alkaline). EC varied widely frm lw (0.20 ds m-1) in Amalsadi village t high (1.30 ds m-1) in Titwa village at highway sumul dairy pint (sample n. 332) with S.D. f 0.21 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil salinity was 0.39 ds m-1, expressing n an avearage nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 3.42 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 t 9.60 g kg-1 recrded respectivly at village Rayamand Waskui (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 4.49 g kg-1 (lw status). The magnitude exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were bserved t g as high as 37.40, 30.00, 1.82 and 0.58 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 15.40, 6.80, 0.29 and 0.15 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 26.62, 18.24, 0.90 and 0.32 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 4.12, 4.87, 0.34 and 0.11 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably frm (at village Rayam) t cml (p+) kg-1 (at village Waskui) with S.D. f 4.37 cml (p+) kg1 ) having mean value f cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available majr nutriants i.e. N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 27. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (7 kg ha-1 at village Rayam) t medium status ( kg ha-1 at village Waskui), while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (9.27 kg ha-1 at village Rayam) t high status (90.36 kg ha-1 at village Akti), Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1 at village Kikvad) t high status ( kg ha-1 at village 91

114 Table 27: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Madhisugarindustry Sr. Sample N Number ph EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins Ca Setwad /Vald Titwa, Sumul Dairy Titwa/Vald Waskui/ Bardli Sadade/ Bardli Rajwada/ Bardli Tarsala/Mandvi Zakhala/Mandvi Jarimra/Mandvi Kadd/Bardil Mri/ Bardli Bhamaiya/ Bardli Kantali/ Bardli Khj/ Bardli Rayam/ Bardli Bardli /Bardli Manikpr/Bardli Kikvad/Bardli Karachaka/Bardli Mangrlia/Bardli Akti/Bardli Bamni/Bardli Nani bhatlav Kharli/Mandvi Amalsadi/Mandvi Vankla/Mandvi Ghata/Vyara Beldha/Vald Butwada/Vald Shahpr/Vald Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ K+ CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

115 Kharli). Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O (when all the sils were cnsidered) were , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 27. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 8.75 ppm) frm very lw (3.89 ppm) btainted at village Jarimra t high (53.98 ppm) registerd at Titwa village at highway sumul dairy pint (sample n. 332) with mean value f ppm which, hwever, indicated that n an avearage sils f Madhi sugarcane industry juridictin area belng t medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Madhi sugarcane industry is presented in Table 27. The results revealed that the magnitude f DTPA- extractable Fe, Mn, f sils were as high as and ppm, respectively at village Waskui and Sadade, respectivly, while the same fr DTPA- Zn and Cu f sils were recrded as high as 1.72 and 3.22 ppm, respectively at Titwa village at highway sumul dairy pint (sample n. 332), while the lwest values fr Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 3.84, 3.36, 0.26 and 0.22 ppm, respectively registered at village Rayam. Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 10.54, 9.58, 0.72 and 0.89 ppm, respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Vyara sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vyara sugarcane industry are presented in Table 28. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 6.38 t 8.50 (standard deviatin f 0.61) i.e. slightly acidic t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Gatadi and Brkhadi village respectively. Hwever, 93

116 the mean sil ph was 7.55 (Mildly alkaline). Sil EC varied widely frm lw (0.12 ds m-1) in Zarali and als Alubriya village t high (0.77 ds m-1) in (sample n. 370) Ukhalda village with S.D. f 0.15 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.30 ds m-1, expressing verall nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 2.83 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e. frm 2.25 g kg-1 at village Jaisingpur t 7.95 g kg-1 at village Ukhalda (sample n. 369) with S.D. f 1.55 g kg-1 and mean value f 4.57 g kg-1 (lw status). The magnitude f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were recrded as high as 37.80, 29.20, 0.94 and 0.57 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 15.10, 9.80, 0.34 and 0.11 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 25.34, 18.53, 0.62 and 0.25 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 6.29, 5.57, 0.17 and 0.09 cml (p+) kg-1 respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably [36.53 at village Ghdchit t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Ukhalda (sample n. 369)] with S.D. f 3.76 cml (p+) kg-1) and mean value f 44.55cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 28. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (64.00 kg ha-1) recrded at village Maiyali t medium ( kg ha-1) status btained at village Ukhalda (sample n. 369), while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (4.63 kg ha-1) at village Kalai t high (62.56 kg ha-1) status at three villages (Madhav, Mypur and Bedi). Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Kalai t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Gatadi. Hwever, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O (when all the sils were cnsidered) were , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and medium status c Available sulphur status 94

117 Table 28: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Vyara sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Vakala/Vyara Jaisangpur / Vyara Madhav/ Vyara Gatadi/ Sngad Maiyali Ghdchit / Sngad Zarali / Sngad Kalai /Sngad Ukhalda /Sngad Ukhalda /Sngad Mypur/ Vyara Btwada/ Vald Gpalnagar/ Vald Alubriya/ Mahua Bagipura / Vyara Bajipura 1 Brkhadi /Vyara Lterwa / Vyara Kahera / Vald Kalamkui/ Bardli Ghata/ Vyara Vaskui/ Vyara Champawadi Bedi/ Sngad Sarkua/ Vyara Kanpura/ Vyara Chikhli/ Sngad Chikhalda/ Vyara Jetvadi/ Vyara Shahpur/ Vyara Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

118 Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 28. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 7.14 ppm) frm very lw (1.04 ppm) at village Jaisangpur t high (39.44 ppm) at village Mypur with mean value f ppm which indicated that n an average sils f Vyara sugarcane industrial area culd be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Vyara sugarcane industry is presented in Table 28. The results revealed that the values f DTPA- extractable micrnutrients viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were bserved t be as high as 28.57, 25.81, 1.76 and 3.44 ppm, respectively at village Ghdchit, while the lwest values fr Fe (8.68 ppm) was bserved at village Kalai, fr Mn (6.92 ppm), Zn (0.24 ppm) were recrded at village Gatadi and fr Cu (0.26 ppm) at tw villages (Gatadi and Zarali). Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 15.58, 13.98, 0.78 and 1.14 ppm, respectively which indicated high, high, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Cpper sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Cpper sugarcane industry are presented in Table 29. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.15 t 8.87 (standard deviatin f 0.31) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and the lwest values being assciated with Naltha and Kelkui village, respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 8.14 (mderately alkaline). Sil EC varied widely frm lw (0.10 ds m-1) in Dlwan village t high (0.62 ds m-1) in Naltha village with S.D. f 0.12 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f sil EC was 0.32 ds m-1, expressing verall nrmal status f these sils. The 'clay + silt' cntent in sils varying frm t percent (S.D. f 3.05 %) with mean value f percent 96

119 indicated fine textural class f these sils. SOC cntent f sils varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Btwada (sample n. 418) t 6.75 g kg-1 at village Butvada (sample n. 416) with S.D. f 1.31g kg-1 and mean value f 4.15 g kg-1 (lw status). The maximum values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were as high as 33.08, 24.42, 3.49 and 1.90 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr all the crrespnding ins were 16.65, 13.32, 0.31 and 0.13 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 26.42, 17.89, 0.91 and 0.33 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 4.30, 2.63, 0.55 and 0.31 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably frm (at sample n. 397 f village Jaisingpura) t cml (p+) kg-1 recrded at village Dlwan with S.D. f 4.52 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 29. It was bserved that available N f sils varied frm lw (65.00 kg ha-1) at village Btwada t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Naltha, while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (6.95 kg ha-1) at village Kelkui t high (76.46 kg ha-1) status at village Shiker. Available K2O varied frm lw ( kg ha-1) at village Shiker t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Gpalnagar. When all the sils were cnsidered, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were nted t be , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw, medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 29. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f 3.45 ppm) frm lw (2.60 ppm) at village Btwada (sample n. 418) t high (15.05 ppm) at village Maltha with the mean value f 8.38 ppm which indicated that sils f juridictin area f Cpper sugarcane industry n an average belnged t lw available S status. 97

120 Table 29: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Cpper sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Shahpr/ Vald Dadariya/ Vald COPRFactry/ Andratri/ Vald Vakala/Vyara Dlwan/ Vyara Jaisingpura 1 Jaisingpura 2/ Vadia/ Mahua Kanajd/ Vald Bhimpr/ Vald Raiveri/ Vald Glan/ Vald Naltha/ Vald Kelkui/ Vyara Gherivav/ Umarkui/ Vyara Rupwada/ Vyara Kapura/ Vyara Maltha/ Vyara Ramkuva/ Vyara Gadat/ Vyara Bagalpur/ Vyara Ghani/ Vyara Beda Raypura Butvada/ Mahua Shiker/Vald Btwada/ Vald Gpalnagar/ Vald Alubriya/Mahua Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average Org. C. Clay + EC ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O C ml (P+) kg ha DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

121 4.1.14d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Cpper sugarcane industry is presented in Table 29. The results revealed that the magnitude f DTPA- extractable Fe and Mn f sils were recrded as high as and ppm respectively at village Jaisingpura (sample n. 398), the values f DTPA- Zn and Cu f sils were as high as 1.16 and 1.68 ppm, respectively at village Alubriya and Rupwada, respectively. The lwest values fr Fe and Zn were 4.22 and 0.30 ppm, respectively at village Shahpr and Naltha, respectively, fr Mn and Cu were 0.76 and 0.16 ppm, respectively at village Btwada (sample n. 418). Hwever, mean DTPAextractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 10.68, 7.72, 0.59 and 0.67 ppm, respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status, respectively Jurisdictin area f Mahua sugarcane industry a Physic- chemical prperties The analytical results f varius physicchemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Mahua sugarcane industry are presented in Table 30. The results revealed that ph f sils varied frm 7.30 t 8.61 (S.D. f 0.45) i.e. neutral t strngly alkaline with the highest and lwest values being assciated with Kanai (sample n. 421) and Dungari (sample n. 435) village, respectively. Hwever, the mean sil ph was 7.85 (mderately alkaline). EC varied widely frm lw (0.22 ds m-1) in Dungari (sample n. 435) village t high (0.52 ds m-1) in Pathrn village with S.D. f 0.07 ds m-1. Hwever, mean value f EC was 0.34 ds m-1, expressing nrmal salinity status f these sils. The clay + silt cntent in sils varying t percent (S.D. f 4.59 %) with mean value f percent indicated fine textural nature f these sils. Sil rganic carbn f sil varied widely frm lw t high i.e g kg-1 at village Mahua t 9.30 g kg-1 at village Kanai (sample n. 422) (S.D g kg-1), with mean value f 5.24 g kg-1 (medium status). Exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were as high as 39.29, 22.42, 1.63 and 1.39 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the 99

122 crrespnding lwer values fr all the ins were 17.09, 11.10, 0.46 and 0.22 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. Hwever, mean values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins f sils were 25.21, 18.17, 0.87 and 0.49 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively with S.D. f 4.90, 3.61, 0.30 and 0.28 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively. CEC f sils varied appreciably (38.45 at village Dungari (sample n. 436) t cml (p+) kg-1 at village Kanai (sample n. 422) with S.D. f 4.37 cml (p+) kg-1) having mean value f cml (p+) kg b Available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) Available majr N, P2O5 and K2O status f surface sils are presented in Table 30. The results revealed that available N f sils varied frm lw (7 kg ha-1) at village Navatalav t medium ( kg ha-1) status at village Kanai (sample n. 422), while available P2O5 ranged frm lw (11.59 kg ha-1) at village Sanvalla t high (88.05 kg ha-1) status at village Kanai (sample n. 422). Available K2O varied frm lw (24 kg ha-1) at village Valvada t high ( kg ha-1) status at village Umra. When all the sils were cnsidered tgether, mean values f available N, P2O5 and K2O were , and kg ha-1, respectively indicating chrnlgically lw medium and high status c Available sulphur status Available sulphur status f surface sils is presented in Table 30. The results revealed that available sulphur f sils varied widely (with S.D. f ppm) frm very lw (1.04 ppm) at village Afwa (sample n. 427) t high (59.94 ppm) at village Pathrn with mean value f ppm which indicated that sils f Mahua sugarcane juridictin industry culd generally be categrized under medium available S status d DTPA -extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status DTPA extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f Mahua sugarcane industry is presented in Table 30. The results revealed that DTPA- extractable micrnutrients viz. Fe and Mn f sils were as high as and ppm, respectively at village Valvada, while Zn 100

123 Table 30: Physicchemical prperties, available majr, sulphur and micrnutrient status f sils frm jurisdictin area f Mahua sugar industry Sr. Sample N Number ph Kanai/Bardil Kanai 2 / Bardil Pathrn/ Bardil Vakaner/ Bardil Vakaner2 / Bardil Vakaner3 / Bardil Afwa Navatalav/Navsari Pardi/Navsari Sanvalla/Mahua Sanvalla 2/Mahua Gunasvel/Mahua Gunasvel 2 /Mahua Karchelia/ Mahua Dungari / Mahua Dungari2 / Mahua Alghat/Vald Bhagwanpura Pna/Mahua Umra/Mahua Valvada/ Mahua Bhria/Mahua Samba/Mahua Velenpr/Mahua Zervavra/Mahua Kharwan/Mahua Fulwadi/ Mahua Mahua Dhundhesa/Mahua Shiker/Vald Minimum Value Maximum Value Mean Average EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins c m l ( p + ) k g Ca Mg++ Na K CEC C ml (P+) kg ha-1 Available Majr nutrients (kg ha-1) N P 2O 5 K 2O Sulphur ppm DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

124 Table 31: Average values f physicchemical and available nutrient status with respect t jurisdictin area f individual sugar industries. Sr. N Sugar Industries ph EC Org. C. Clay + ds m-1 (g 100-1) Silt % Exchangeable catins CEC c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Mg++ Na+ C ml (P+) kg ha-1 Ca++ 1 Valsad Gandevi Marli Chalthan Kamrej Sayan Pandwai Vatariya Vaddara Narmada 11 Bardli Madhi 13 Vyara Cpper 15 Mahua Minimum Maximum Average S.D. C.V K+ Available Majr nutrients Sulphur (kg ha-1) ppm N P 2O 5 K 2O DTPA extractable micrnutrients (ppm) Fe Mn Zn Cu

125 and Cu f sils were as high as 1.54 and 3.18 ppm, respectively at village Pathrn. The crrespnding lwer values fr Fe and Mn were 4.30, 4.68, ppm, respectively at village Afwa and Sanvalla (sample n. 431), Zn and Cu were 0.16 and 0.22 ppm, respectively at village Karchelia. Hwever, mean DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu f sils were 12.15, 9.61, 0.75 and 1.26 ppm, respectively which indicated high, medium, medium and high status fr DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, respectively. 4.2 Categrizatin f physicchemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f fifteen sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat Categrizatin f ph, EC and Organic Carbn f surface sils Sil reactin (ph), sil salinity (EC) and sil rganic carbn (SOC) fr sils f each sugar industry were categrized depending upn their degree/ extent and are presented bth in percent and number f samples in Table 32. Sil ph When 450 sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat were cnsidered, it was bserved that verall sil ph ranged frm 6.06 t 9.53 i.e. frm slightly acidic t very strngly alkaline with verall mean value f 8.09 (i.e. mderately alkaline reactin). These results crrbrated with the findings f Kadam et al. (1983a) and Salunke (1990) wherein they fund majrity f sugarcane sils f Indapur and Parbhani Districts (Maharashtra) were alkaline in reactin with average f 8.0 and 8.58 respectively. In sugarcane grwn sils, wide range f sil ph was als reprted by Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) and Naidu (2002) and Pujar et al. (2010) fr Bijapur district f Karnataka, Patel et al. (2012) fr Banaskantha district f Gujarat and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr Smayyanur, Palaviduthi Irugur area f Tamilnadu, Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr Ethipia (Tendah dam near Lgia twn). In case f degree f sil reactin, it was bserved (Table 32) that nly 1.33 percent (06) samples frm valsad and vyara sugar industries came under slightly acidic grup, 103

126 where as 8.89 percent (40) samples frm Valsad, Gandevi, Chalthan, Kamrej, Vatariya, Narmada, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua belnged t neutral grup and thus might be cnsidered gd sils inrespect t sil reactin fr better availability f majr, secndary and micrnutrients percent (90), percent (218), percent (92) and 0.89 percent (4) sil samples belnged t mildly alkaline, mderately alkaline, strngly alkaline and very strngly alkaline in reactin, respectively i.e. majr prtin (> 69 percent) sils were mderately t very strngly alkaline in reactin. As per the criteria f Hunsigi (1993) fr favurable ph range i.e. 6 t 8 fr gd cane grwth, mre than 50 percent sils f study area i.e. entire sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat was fund t belng under favurable sil ph range. In case f individual sugar factry, it was bserved that abut 50, 77, 100, 57, 73, 80, 93, 57, 93, 80, 90, 50, 37, 80 and 30 percent sils samples respectively frm Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Chalthan, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua came under mderately t very strngly alkaline categry. As sils cming under mderately t very strngly alkaline categry might face deficiencies f several nutrients including P, irn and zinc, merasures shuld be taken t tide ver such deficiencies f nutrients fr pssible enhancement f sugarcane yield. Sugar industries in ascending percent sils having mderately t very strngly alkaline reactin were f the fllwing rder: Marli > Pandwai > Sayan = Narmada = Cpper > Gandevi > Kamrej > Chalthan = Vatariya > Madhi = Valsad > Vyara > Mahua. Thus, it implied that higher precautinary measurs wuld be needed fr sils f Marli sugar industry area, while that in minimum measurs wuld be necessary fr sils frm Mahua sugar industry. Sil EC Sil salinity (EC) frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat was bserved t vary frm 0.10 t 1.86 ds m-1 i.e. frm lw t medium sil salinity with (S.D. 0.23) mean f 0.38 ds m-1. The % (437) samples exhibited lw (< 1 ds m-1) sil salinity status i.e. mre r less nrmal and 104

127 nly 2.89 % (13) samples belnged t medium sil salinity status. Thus, there wuld nt be any adverse effect n sugarcane grwth as the sil salinity f all the sils were within threshld limit (Mehrad, 1968) f EC< 2 ds m-1. Further, accrding threshld value f sil salinity (1.4 ds m-1) as reprted by Maas (1986) fr sugarcane crp, almst all the samples f study area came within threshld value f sil salinity. Kadam et al. (1983a) btained similar range f sil salinity fr sugarcane sils in Maharashtra. Sil EC range btained fr these sils crrbrated with thse reprted by Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) in Karnataka and Ghuge (2002) in Vertisl, Inceptisl and Entisls f (Balaghat shetkari cperative sugar factry) Maharashtra. Waiker et al. (2004) in sils frm Marathwada and Patel et al. (2012) fr sils f Banaskantha district f Gujarat als btained sil salinity f similar range. Hwever, Dhan and Selassie (2013) reprted higher range f salinity (0.64 t 39.5 ds m-1) fr sugarcane grwn sils f (Tendah dam near Lgia twn) Ethipia. Hwever, relatively higher sil salinity at sme villages f study area under sugarcane crp was perhaps due t use f high saline grund water r due t the excessive irrigatin f surface/ canal water as reprted by Kadam et al. (1983a). Sil rganic carbn (SOC) It was bserved that SOC ranged frm 1.95 t g kg-1 (S.D. 2.14) i.e. frm very lw t high status with mean value f 5.50g kg-1 i.e. medium status fr all surface sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat. Nearly percent (197) samples depicted lw rganic carbn status, while percent (144) and percent (109) samples belnged t medium and high status respectively. Similar wide range f SOC fr sugarcane grwn sils were reprted by Naidu and Hunsigi (2001) in Karnataka, Pujar et al, (2010) in Karnataka (Bijapur) and Vijaykumar and Harn (2013) in Tamilnadu. Patel et al. (2012) fr sils f Gujarat (Banaskantha) als reprted wide range f SOC. The variatin f SOC frm place t place under study area might be ascribed t additin f varying quantity f rganic matters / manures / bicmpsts by the 105

128 farmers in sugarcane and ratn crp and difference in rate f decmpsitin f rganic matter. It was further bserved that abut 53, 23, 30, 17, 20, 23, 20, 40, 70, 80, 13, 80, 77, 67 and 43 percent sil samples respectively frm Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Chalthan, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua came under lw categry f SOC i.e. with lw prductivity ptential accrding t Zhang et al. (2003) and Andrews et al. (2004). Similarly, 10, 33, 30, 17, 60, 47, 33, 33, 20, 13, 67, 17, 13, 33 and 53 percent sils samples, respectively exhibited their medium SOC status i.e. medium prductivity ptential fr the area f abve sugar industries in chrnlgical rder. As SOC affects sil prperties including availability f N, P and sulphur nutrients and plays a crucial rle in sustaining sil quality, agricultural prductin and envirnmental quality, sils particularly with lw SOC status f study area nt nly wuld exhibit lw prductivity ptential, pr sil and envirnment quality, but als might create lw status f available N, P and sulphur nutrients. As applicatin f mre rganic manure imprves the sil rganic carbn fr sustaining the sil physical quality, increases the sil nitrgen, helpful in alleviating the increasing incidence r deficiency f secndary and micrnutrients and are capable f sustaining crp prductivity, merasures shuld be taken t tide ver prblems f lw t medium status f SOC thrugh additin f mre rganic matter /manures fr pssible enhancement f sugarcane yield. Cnservatin practices als might play an alternative rle fr achieving higher status f SOC.With respect t percent sils with lw SOC, the assending rder f sugar industries were: Bardli> Chalthan> Kamrej= Pandvai> Sayan= Gandevi> Marli> Vatariya> Mahua> Valsad> Cpper> Vaddara> Vyara> Madhi= Narmada which therwise pinted t the fact that higher precautinary measurs wuld be needed fr sils f Narmada and Madhi sugar industry area, while that in minimum measurs wuld be necessary fr sils frm Bardli sugar industry. Similarly, fr sils with medium SOC, sugar industries shwed the fllwing rder: Valsad> Narmada= Vyara> Chalthan= 106

129 Table 32: Categrizatin f ph, EC and rganic carbn cntent f sils frm jurisdictin area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. N Sugar Industries 1 Valsad 2 Gandevi 3 Marli 4 Chalthan 5 Kamrej 6 Sayan 7 Pandwai 8 Vatariya 9 Vaddara 10 Narmada 11 Bardli 12 Madhi 13 Vyara. 14 Cpper 15 Mahua Ttal Slightly Acidic ( ) Neutral ( ) 04 (13.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 02 (6.67) 0 (0) 0 (0) 06 (1.33) 08 (26.67) 02 (6.67) 0 (0) 02 (6.67) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 05 (16.67) 0 (0) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 07 (23.33) 09 (30.00) 01 (3.33) 04 (13.33) 40 (8.89) Mild Alkaline ( ) ph Mderate Alkaline ( ) Strngly Alkaline ( ) Very Strngly Alkaline (> 9.0) 03 (10.00) 05 (16.67) 0 (0) 11 (36.67) 07 (23.33) 06 (20.00) 02 (6.67) 08 (26.67) 02 (6.67) 05 (16.67) 03 (10.00) 08 (26.67) 08 (26.67) 05 (16.67) 17 (56.67) 90 (20.00) 12 (40.00) 16 (53.33) 14 (46.67) 14 (46.67) 21 (70.00) 14 (46.67) 19 (63.33) 11 (36.67) 16 (53.33) 14 (46.67) 20 (66.67) 13 (43.33) 10 (33.33) 21 (70.00) 03 (10.00) 218 (48.44) 02 (6.67) 06 (20.00) 16 (53.33) 03 (10.00) 01 (3.33) 09 (30.00) 09 (30.00) 06 (20.00) 11 (36.67) 10 (33.33) 07 (23.33) 02 (6.67) 01 (3.33) 03 (10.00) 06 (20.00) 92 (20.44) 01 (3.33) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 04 (0.89) Lw EC Medium High 29 (96.67) 27 (90.00) 29 (96.67) 26 (86.67) 29 (96.67) 29 (96.67) 29 (96.67) 30 (100) 30 (100) 30 (100) 30 (100) 29 (96.67) 30 (100) 30 (100) 30 (100) 437 (97.11) 01 (3.33) 03 (10.00) 01 (3.33) 04 (13.33) 01 (3.33) 01 (3.33) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 01 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 13 (2.89) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Lw Org. C. Medium High 16 (53.33) 07 (23.33) 09 (30.00) 05 (16.67) 06 (20.00) 7 (23.33) 6 (20.00) 12 (40.00) 21 (70.00) 24 (80.00) 04 (13.33) 24 (80.00) 23 (76.67) 20 (66.67) 13 (43.33) 197 (43.78) 03 (10.00) 10 (33.33) 09 (30.00) 05 (16.67) 18 (60.00) 14 (46.67) 10 (33.33) 10 (33.33) 06 (20.00) 04 (13.33) 20 (66.67) 05 (16.67) 04 (13.33) 10 (33.33) 16 (53.33) 144 (32.00) 11 (36.67) 13 (43.33) 12 (40.00) 20 (66.67) 06 (20.00) 9 (30.00) 14 (46.67) 08 (26.67) 03 (10.00) 02 (6.67) 06 (20.00) 01 (3.33) 03 (10.00) 0 (0) 01 (3.33) 109 (24.22) 107

130 Madhi> Vaddara= Marli> Cpper = Vatariya = Pandvai = Gandevi> Sayan> Mahua> Kamrej> Bardli. Only six industries i.e. Cpper, Madhi, Mahua, Narmada, Vyara, Vaddara exhibitedvery lw percent (0 t 10) f sil samples with high SOC status and hence better care wuld be required as cmpared t thers fr imprving SOC status in rder t acheave higher sugarcane yield and envirnmental stability. Overall, it was nticed that nearly 76 percent sil samples were either lw r medium status in SOC and thus special management t be adpted including incrpratin f rganic matters/ manures fr these area fr sustaining sugarcane yield Categrizatin f CEC, available N, P2O5, K20 and sulphur status f surface sils. Sils f each jurisdictin area f sugar industry with respect t available N, P2O5, K20 and sulphur status were categrized under three grups, while CEC in fur grups and are presented bth in percent and number f samples in Table 33. Catin exchange capacity (CEC) The results (Table 33) revealed that CEC ranged frm t cml (p+) kg ha-1 (S.D ) i.e. frm lwer t higher range with mean value f cml (p+) kg ha-1 i.e. high range CEC fr sils f entire juridictin area f sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat. Thus, all the sils fulfilled the criteria fr gd sugarcane crp cultivatin with CEC greater than 15 cml (P+) kg-1 as suggested by Blackburn (1984). The results were supprted by Naranj et al. (2006) fr sugarcane mnculture under Fluvisl sils with CEC 16.0 cml kg-1, Sharma et al. (2008) at Amritsar (Punjab) sils with CEC 5.3 t 17.2 cml (p+) kg1 (mean 11.6 cml (p+) kg-1) and shwed significant psitive crrelatin with clay cntent. Fr Glaghat (Assam) sils under rice and sugarcane CEC varied frm and cml (p+) kg-1, respectively (Talukdar et al. 2009). Hwever, higher range f CEC frm 33.5 t 61.3 cml (p+) kg-1 was reprted by Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr majr sugarcane grwn sils f Ethpia. The magnitude f CEC f sils f study area indicated that majr sils were rich in 2:1 type 108

131 expanding type f clay. Hwever, dminance f illite clay mineral can nt be ruled ut in sme sils with CEC f arund cml (p+) kg-1. When categrized under varius range, it was fund that percent (90) surface samples belnged t CEC > cml (p+) kg-1 and percent (260) samples recrded CEC between 4 and cml (p+) kg-1, where as percent (91) samples exhibited CEC [cml (p+) kg-1] and hardly 2 percent (9) sils belnged t CEC < cml (p+) kg-1. Abut 43, 87, 100, 93, 87, 93, 70, 50, 97, 13, 97, 87, 83, 87 and 90 percent sils samples respectively frm Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Chalthan, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua, belnged t higher CEC range i.e. 4 t > cml (p+) kg-1 and the same when placed in assending rder with respect t sugar industries, the rder was: Narmada > Valsad > Vatariya > Pandvai > Gandevi > Vyara > Cpper = Madhi = Kamrej > Mahua > Chalthan = Sayan > Vaddara = Bardli > Marli. Available N It was bserved that available N ranged frm 58 t 441 kg ha-1(s.d.78.48) i.e. frm very lw t medium with mean value f 185 kg ha-1 i.e. lw status fr the entire study area. Out f 450 surface sil samples, 326 samples (74.67%) belnged t lw status and 124 samples (27.56 %) shwed medium status in available N. Nt a single sample exhibited high status f available N. Factrs such as, sil ph, texture, rganic matter, catin exchange capacity and buffering capacity might be mainly respnsible (as suggested by Hargrve, 1988) fr wide variatin f available N status f these sils. Similar range (108 t 464 kg ha-1) f available N was reprted by 1) Mairal (1983) fr sugarcane grwing sils frm Parbhani (Maharashtra), 2) Jagtap (2002) fr Purna sugar factry area ( t kg ha-1) f Parbhani, 3) Ghuge (2002) fr Balaghat sugar area ( t kg ha-1) and 4) Pujar et al. (2010) fr Bijapur sils (194 t 603 kg ha-1) with 4 percent lw, 89 percent medium and 7 percent high status. They nted that availability f N was assciated with respective SOC in these sils. Further, Meena et al. (2006) 109

132 fr Tnk (Rajasthan) sils fund available N t vary frm 125 t 555 kg ha-1 (with mean f 309 kg ha-1) while, Sharma et al. (2008) btained fr Amritsar (Punjab) sils frm 63 t 170 kg N ha-1. N is required thrughut the sugarcane crp grwth perid and is the mst imprtant cnstituent f plant prteins. On an average a tnne f sugarcane remves 5, 1.15 and 5.25 kg f N, P2O5 and K2O respectively frm sil (Keshavaiah et al. 2012). N availability in sil is generally significantly crelated with SOC. Hence, t restre sil health, sils with lw t medium status f N required t be rehabilitated by sequestering mre OC which wuld be f prime imprtance fr enhancing pssible crp yield. As SOC plays a majr rle in generating native available N thrugh decpmpsitin /mineralizatin prcess by the activity f micrbes, t tide ver prblems f lw t medium available N status, additin f mre rganic matter /manures/cmpst/ bicmpsts/ pressmud (Singh et al. 2007; Patel and Das, 2009) and stimulatin f the activity f sil micrbes in these sils wuld be judicius measures in cmbinatin with regular inrganic N- fertilizer schedule in rder t achieve higher available sil N, trigger ff higher uptake and assimilatin f N by plants and as a cnsequence higher crp yield. In case f jurisdictin area f indivudial sugarcane industry, it was bserved that fr lw available N status, the highest (100) percent f samples was assciated with Cpper sugar industry, whereas, the lwest (27) percent f samples was btained in area f Chalthan sugar industry. Hwever, percent sils with lw available N status, industry-wise rder was as fllws: Chalthan (27) > Marli (47) > Gandevi (53) = Pandvai (53) > Sayan (63) = Valsad (63) > Vatariya (73) > Bardli (77) > Kamrej (80) > Vaddara (87) > Vyara (87) > Narmada (90) > Mahua (93) = Madhi (93) > Cpper (100). Similarly, the rder f sugar industries in assending rder f percent sil with medium available N status was as fllws: Cpper (0) > Mahua (7) = Madhi (7) > Narmada (10) > Vaddara (13) = Vyara (13) > Kamrej (20) > Bardli (23) > Vatariya (27) > Valsad (37) = Sayan (37) > Pandvai (47) =Gandevi (47) >Marli (53) > Chalthan (73). 110

133 S, depending upn area / village with lw r medium available N status under each industry, merasures shuld be taken t vercme the prblem f lw availability thrugh additin f requisite / mre quantum rganic matter/ manures (Ayama et al. 1999; Tiwari et al and Singh et al. 2006) / bicmpst/ bifertilizers (Manimaran and Kalyanasundaram, 2006)/ pressmud (Singh et al. 2007), green manuring (Bkhtiar et al. 2003; Gt and Shige, 2000, and Manimaran and Kalyanasundaram, 2006) fr pssible enhancement f ttal carbn, nitrgen, exchangeable K cntents, sil prsity, decrease f bulk density fr favurable cnditin in harvesting sustained sugarcane yield. Besides, sugarcane trash management (Phan, 1995), mulching (Yadav et al. 1994), additin f micrbial decmpsin culture like, Glucnacetbacter diaztrphicus, Trichderma viride etc. (Suman et al. 2005), split applicatin f N (Ali, 2010) wuld be sme f ther ptins fr management f N in these lw t medium status sils in acheaving higher crp yield. Inclusin f legumes like sunnhemp and lucerne in crpping system nt nly sustained the yield f unmanured sugarcane but als imprved the prductivity f manured sugarcane Keshavaiah et al. (2012). This necessitates the inclusin f rganic surces f nutrients in cane cultivatin. Organic surces f nutrients nt nly help in supplementing the nutrients t sugarcane but als maintain favurable physical, chemical and bilgical sil envirnment. Available P2O5 It was bserved that available P2O5 ranged widely frm 4.63 t kg ha-1 (S.D ) i.e. frm very lw t very high with mean value f kg ha-1 i.e. medium status fr sils f entire sugarcane area f Suth Gujarat percent (153) samples were lw, percent (170) exhibited medium status and percent (127) belnged t high status f available P2O5. Such wide range f available P2O5 in these sugarcane sils might be attributed t variatin in sil prperties like ph, texture, anin exchange capacity, rganic matter, insitu micrbial ppulatin, additin f varying quantam f rganics and variatin in 111

134 agrnmic practices. Wide range (7.6 t kg ha-1) f available P2O5 in sils was als reprted by Kanthalia and Bhatt (1991) in sub-humid zne f India, due t pssible variatin in sil prperties and varius sil and agrnmic practices. Other wrkers and researchers like, Waikar et al. (2004) fr Marathwada sils (10.0 t 19.1 kg P2O5 ha-1), Verma et al. (2005) fr Punjab sils (1.8 t 59.6 kg P2O5 ha-1 with mean f kg P2O5 ha-1), Meena et al. (2006) fr sils f Tnk district, Rajasthan (9.2 t 65.3 kg P2O5 ha-1 with mean f 25.2 kg P2O5 ha-1), Waghmare and Takankhar (2007) fr sils f Ausa (4.22 t kg P2O5 ha-1) and Nilanga taluka (4.22 t kg P2O5 ha-1) f Maharashtra, Patel et al. (2012) fr sils Banaskantha ( t kg P2O5 ha-1), Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr sugarcane grwn sils f Ethpia (7.0 t 30.7 mg kg-1) reprted wide variatin in available P2O5. Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with lw available P2O5 status, the rder was as fllws : Mahua (3) > Bardli (17) > Chalthan(20) > Kamrej (23) > Pandvai (27) = Gandevi (27) > Sayan (30) = Cpper (30) > Vatariya (33) = Marli (33) > Vaddara (47) = Vyara (47) > Madhi (50) > Valsad (57) > Narmada (67). Similarly fr medium available P2O5 the rder was as fllws: Valsad (10) > Pandvai (20) > Narmada (23) > Vaddara (30) > Madhi (33) > Sayan (37) = Marli (37) = Chalthan (37) > Vatariya (40) > Vyara (43) = Gandevi (43) > Cpper (50) = Kamrej (50) > Bardli (57) = Mahua (57). When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as 'lw:medium:high status f available P2O5', the results btained was as fllws : Valsad (57:10:33), Gandevi (27:43:30), Marli (33:37:30), Chalthan (20:37:43), Kamrej (23:50:27), Sayan (30:37:33), Pandwai (27:20:53), Vatariya (33:40:27), Vaddara (47:30:23), Narmada (67:23:10), Bardli (17:57:27), Madhi (50:33:17), Vyara (47:43:10), Cpper (30:50:20) and Mahua (3:57:40). As phsphrus is a key nutrient required fr higher and sustained prductivity f sugar frm sugarcane, influences n cane yield and juice quality (Blackburn, 1984), its level required t be elevated frm lw/ medium t high r ptimally required level. Thus, in sils with lw r lwer 112

135 medium status frm jurisdictin area f each industry, imprvement f availability f phsphrus is f immense imprtance which culd be achieved thrugh applicatin f inrganic phsphrus with prper placement as a part f sugarcane fertilizer prgramme (Blackburn, 1984; Patel and Patel 2012), rganic surces like, vermicmpst (Kulkarni et al. 2010a), rganic matter incmbanatin with PSB (Sundara et al. 2002, Laxminarayana and Patiram, 2006; Gaur, 2006; Debjani et al and Yadav et al. 2013) and raising intercrp like, greengram (Patel and Patel, 2012). Besides, adptin f fertigatin technique in micr irrigatin systems t sugarcane wuld be added advantage fr water saving and increase in fertilizer use efficiency Gaikwad (2001). Available K20 Available K20 was fund t range frm 77 t 964 kg ha-1 (S.D ) i.e. frm lw t very high status with mean value f kg ha-1 i.e. high status fr the entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat. Hwever, percent (121) and percent (325) sils belnged t medium and high status f available K20, respectively and abut 27 percent sils shwed lw status f available K which might be ascribed t lw cntent f K-bearing minerals in these sils. Wide range f available K distributin (84 t 700 kg ha-1) was als reprted by Sharma et al. (2008) at Amritsar (Punjab) sils, Rajeswar et al. (2009) at Krishna district f Andhra Pradesh ( 110 t 389 kg ha-1), Kumar et al. (2011) at Churu district f Rajasthan (102 kg ha-1 t 837 kg ha-1), Patel et al. (2012) in Banaskantha sil (114.2 t kg ha-1) and Dhan and Selassie (2013) in sugarcane grwn sils f Ethpia (400 t 645 mg kg-1). K is the mst abundant and essential nutrient in cane juice t the extent that between 30 t 50 percent f ash in cane juice cmprises K2O. Thus, lw status f available K20 in abut 27 percent sils cvering fifteen sugar industries wuld highly need ptassium management thrugh additin f K-fertilizers thrugh different means (rganic, inrganic and bifertilizers) t these sils as reprted earlier by Singh and Bansal 113

136 (2009) t imprve sil K2O, sugar yield, sucrse recvery by reducing fiber cntent. The high K-status in the majr sils under study was prbably because f higher K- bearing minerals like, feldspar and mica in the parent material due t disslutin and release f K frm interlayer lattice f silicate minerals. The reasn fr increase in available ptassium cntent in sil due t additin f rganic manures might be attributed t interactin f rganic matter with clay leading t direct additin f ptassium in the available K pl as earlier reprted by Das et al. (2004) and Yadav et al. (2013). Use f Bi-K (value added prduct f spent wash cntaining 13-14% K), cmparable t inrganic fertilizers, culd be anther ptin fr sils with lw K status as suggested by Kulkarni et al. (2010b) fr sugarcane crp at Ugar area f Karnataka. Cming t details f lw available K, it was bserved that nly 4 sils (Table 23, 25, 28 and 29) cllected frm village Kanerva (Vatariya), Navapara (Narmada), Kalai (Vyara) and Shiker (Cpper) exhibited lw status f available K20 and as a result extensive management f these sils with respect t ptassium as reprted abve wuld be needed fr harvesting gd sugarcanr yield. Industriy-wise percent distributin f sils with medium available K20 status was fund as fllws: Valsad (40), Gandevi (7), Marli (7), Chalthan (3), Kamrej (20), Sayan (17), Pandwai (10), Vatariya (43), Vaddara (13), Narmada (43), Bardli (27), Madhi (40), Vyara (60), Cpper (63) and Mahua (10) fr which necessary and apprpriate measures wuld be required t enhance K-availability. Hwever, sils f Vyara and Cpper sugar industry area need mre attentin fr apprpriate measures as these sils (Table 31) were inferir as cmpared t thse f ther sugar industries as evidenced by high K20 categry with lwer percentage (36.67) f sils. Available sulphur It was bserved that available sulphur ranged frm 0.78 t ppm (S.D. 5.12) i.e. frm lw t high with mean value f ppm i.e. medium status fr sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth 114

137 Gujarat. Patel et al.(2012) als reprted similar distributin (5.24 t mg kg-1 with mean value f mg kg-1) f available S in sils f Banaskantha district (Gujarat). Cnsidering ppm as critical level f available sulphur (Hariram and Dwivedi, 1994), percent (228) surface samples came under lw status grup, percent (155) samples belnged t medium and nly percent (67) samples were f high categry. Cnsidering ppm as critical level fr available S it was bserved that percent (282), percent (101) and nly percent (67) samples belnged t lw, medium and high sulphur status, respectively. Additin f sulphur bearing fertilizers / amandements like, super phsphates (Sharma et al. 2008) and gypsum, enriched cmpst/ bicmpst r grund water irrigatin cntaining sufficient amunt f sulphur might be the reasns fr high status f available sulphur in arund 15 percents sils f this area, thugh the variatin f sulphur cntent in sils als had large bearing n varying crpping systems and parent materials (Aggarwal and Nayyar, l998). Basumatary and Das (2012) reprted that abut 28 and 40 percent sils were deficient in available S in sils f Lakhimpur and Darrang district f Assam. Accrding t them rganic carbn was the mst dminant factr gverning the sulphur availability index fllwed by clay. Other wrkers such as, Chuhan et al. (2012) fr Dewas (Madhya Pradesh) sils (0.9 t 50.2 mg kg-l with mean f l3.7 mg kg-l), Kaleeswari (2012) fr Villupuram (Tamilnadu) sils (1.25 t mg kg-1 with mean f 48.64), Patel et al. (2012) fr Banaskantha (Gujarat) sils (5.24 t mg kg-1 with mean f 19.01) and Athkpam et al. (2013) in acidic sil f Senapati district f Manipur (6.20 t with mean f kg SO4-S ha-1) reprted wide range f available sulphur. Sulphur deficiency was als reprted by Chuhan et al. (2012) t the tune f 38.6 percent, 1.17 percent by Kaleeswari (2012) and 30.0 percent by Patel et al. (2012). Sulfur plays an imprtant rle in the plant s metablism, synthesis f amin acids, prteins and phtsynthesis. Additinal applicatin f sulphur had prfund effect n sugarcane yield, sugarcane quality (Cecctti 1996). 115

138 Further, sugarcane exhibits luxury cnsumptin and remves a cnsiderable quantity f S (abut 47.6 kg SO4 / 100 T cane) frm the sil (Ali, 1986; Humbert, 1968). Thus, sils having sulphur status belw critical level are required t be replenished / imprved t meet the demand f S in sugarcane crp. Organic matter plays a majr rle (Kaur and Jalali, 2008) in generating different frms f sulphur including available S in sils, but sils f sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat with generally lw rganic carbn was fund lw S status (deficent). Sulphur remval by different crp ranges frm 5 t 46 kg ha-1 and it rises t 78 t 80 kg ha1 under intensive crp rtatin. S, t tide ver prblems f lw t medium available S, additin f rganic/ inrganic fertilizers, sulphnated cmpst and bicmpsts r gypsum r sulphur slubilizing micrbes in requisite quantity wuld be must in these sils fr enhancement f available S. Increase in available S cntent in the pst-harvest sils was fund with increasing levels f S applicatin (Singh et al and Singh et al. 2008). Yadav et al. (2013) als reprted n the imprvement f available sulphur cntent in sils f rice crp after use f rganic manure with bifertilizers. When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as 'lw : medium status' f available sulphur, the results btained was as fllws : Valsad (60:27), Gandevi (53:40), Marli (47:37), Chalthan (27:23), Kamrej (13:73), Sayan (23:50), Pandwai (53:27), Vatariya (47:17), Vaddara (53:40), Narmada (87:7), Bardli (73:10), Madhi (60:37), Vyara (47:50), Cpper (70:30) and Mahua (47:50). Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with lw available sulphur status, the rder was as fllws: Kamrej (13) > Sayan (23)> Chalthan (27) > Mahua (47) = Vyara (47) = Vatariya (47) = Marli (47) > Vaddara (53) = Gandevi (53) = Pandvai (53) > Madhi (60) = Valsad (60) > Cpper (70) > Bardli (73) > Narmada (87). Similarly, fr medium available sulphur the rder was as fllws: Narmada (7) > Bardli (10) >Vatariya (17) > Chalthan (23) > Pandvai (27) = Valsad (27) > Cpper (30) > Madhi (37) = Marli (37) > Vaddara (40) = Gandevi (40) > Mahua (50) = Vyara (50) = Sayan (50) > Kamrej (73). Lw status 116

139 Table 33: % Categrizatin f CEC, available N, P2O5, K2O and S f sils with respect t jurisdictin area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. CEC c m l ( p + ) k g - 1 Available S Available N Available P2O5 Available K Sugar N < > 51 Industries Lw Medium High Lw Medium High Lw Medium High Lw Medium Valsad 2 Gandevi 3 Marli 4 Chalthan 5 Kamrej 6 Sayan 7 Pandwai 8 Vatariya 9 Vaddara 10 Narmada 11 Bardli 12 Madhi 13 Vyara 14 Cpper 15 Mahua (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3.33) 0 (0) 2 (6.67) 2 (6.67) 0 (0) 3 (10.00) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 09 (2.00) (53.33) 7 (23.33) 0 (0) 2 (6.67) 3 (10.00) 2 (6.67) 7 (23.33) 13 (43.33) 1 (3.33) 23 (76.67) 1 (3.33) 4 (13.33) 5 (16.67) 4 (13.33) 3 (10.00) 91 (20.22) (43.33) 16 (53.33) 13 (43.33) 16 (53.33) 17 (56.67) 14 (46.67) 13 (43.33) 14 (46.67) 18 (60.00) 4 (13.33) 24 (80.00) 25 (83.33) 24 (80.00) 23 (76.67) 26 (86.67) 260 (57.78) (0) 7 (23.33) 17 (56.67) 12 (40.00) 9 (30.00) 14 (46.67) 8 (26.67) 1 (3.33) 11 (36.67) 0 (0) 5 (16.67) 1 (3.33) 1 (3.33) 3 (10.00) 1 (3.33) 90 (20.00) (63.33) 16 (53.33) 14 (46.67) 8 (26.67) 24 (80.00) 19 (63.33) 16 (53.33) 22 (73.33) 26 (86.67) 27 (90.00) 23 (76.67) 28 (93.33) 26 (86.67) 30 (100) 28 (93.33) 326 (74.67) (36.67) 14 (46.67) 16 (53.33) 22 (73.33) 6 (20.00) 11 (36.67) 14 (46.67) 8 (26.67) 4 (13.33) 3 (10.00) 7 (23.33) 2 (6.67) 4 (13.33) 0 (0) 2 (6.67) 124 (27.56) (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) (56.67) 08 (26.67) 10 (33.33) 6 (20.00) 7 (23.33) 9 (30.00) 8 (26.67) 10 (33.33) 14 (46.67) 20 (66.67) 5 (16.67) 15 (50.00) 14 (46.67) 9 (30.00) 1 (3.33) 153 (34.00) (10.00) 13 (43.33) 11 (36.67) 11 (36.67) 15 (50.00) 11 (36.67) 6 (20.00) 12 (40.00) 9 (30.00) 7 (23.33) 17 (56.67) 10 (33.33) 13 (43.33) 15 (50.00) 17 (56.67) 170 (37.78) (33.33) 9 (30.00) 09 (30.00) 13 (43.33) 8 (26.67) 10 (33.33) 16 (53.33) 8 (26.67) 7 (23.33) 3 (10.00) 8 (26.67) 5 (16.67) 3 (10.00) 6 (20.00) 12 (40.00) 127 (28.27) (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3.33) 0 (0) 1 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3.33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 04 (0.89) (40.00) 02 (6.67) 02 (6.67) 1 (3.33) 6 (20.00) 5 (16.67) 3 (10.00) 13 (43.33) 4 (13.33) 13 (43.33) 8 (26.67) 12 (40.00) 18 (60.00) 19 (63.33) 3 (10.00) 121 (26.89) (56.67) 28 (93.33) 28 (93.33) 29 (96.67) 24 (80.00) 25 (83.33) 27 (90.00) 16 (53.33) 26 (86.67) 16 (53.33) 22 (73.33) 18 (60.00) 11 (36.67) 11 (36.67) 27 (90.00) 325 (72.22) (60.00) 16 (53.33) 14 (46.67) 8 (26.67) 4 (13.33) 7 (23.33) 16 (53.33) 14 (46.67) 16 (53.33) 26 (86.67) 22 (73.33) 18 (60.00) 14 (46.67) 21 (70.00) 14 (46.67) 228 (50.67) (26.67) 12 (40.00) 11 (36.67) 7 (23.33) 22 (73.33) 15 (50.00) 8 (26.67) 5 (16.67) 12 (40.00) 2 (6.67) 3 (10.00) 11 (36.67) 15 (50.00) 9 (30.00) 15 (50.00) 155 (34.44) High 4 (13.33) 2 (6.67) 5 (16.67) 15 (50.00) 4 (13.33) 8 (26.67) 6 (20.00) 11 (36.67) 2 (6.67) 2 (6.67) 5 (16.67) 1 (3.33) 1 (3.33) 0 (0) 1 (3.33) 67 (14.89) 117

140 f available sulphur in abut 85 percent sils cvering fifteen sugar industrial area wuld highly need sulphur management as described abvethrugh additin f either inrganic S, rganic manures r sulphnated cmpst and bicmpsts r gypsum, sulphur - slubilising micrbes Categrizatin f DTPA-extractable micrnutrients f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f different sugarcane industries. Sils f each sugar industry with respect t DTPA- extractable micrnutrients status were categrized under lw, medium and high class and are presented bth in percent and number f samples in Table 34. DTPA- Fe It was bserved that DTPA-Fe ranged frm 3.12 t ppm (S.D. 4.41) i.e. frm lw t high with mean value f ppm i.e. high status fr the entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat. Amng all samples, percent (301) and percent (109) surface samples were medium and high DTPA-Fe status respectively, whereas nly 8.89 percent (40) samples recrded lw DTPA-Fe status. The availability f DTPA- Fe was generally fund t increase with increase in SOC, available N, available P2O5 and available sulphur. Hwever DTPA- Fe generally decreased with increase in sil ph. Thus, wide variatin in DTPA- Fe status in these sils was mainly cntrlled by the cmbined effect f all the abve parameters. Hwever, results clearly indicated that majr sils were sufficient in DTPA-Fe which might be due t mre release f Fe fr the factr like, ph cupled with mre r less saturated misture cnditin as a result f frequent irrigatin and heavy rainfall cnditin f Suth Gujarat. Wide range f variatin f DTPA-Fe were als reprted by sme wrkers such as, Hundal et al. (2005) fr sugarcane grwn Inceptisl, Entisl, Aridisl and Alfisl f Punjab (2.8 t 2.1 with mean f 2.39 mg kg-1), Meena et al. (2006) at Tnk, Rajasthan (2.23 t mg kg-1 with mean f 5.38 mg kg-1 and deficiency f 35 percent), Sd et al. (2009) at Muktsar district (1.18 t mg kg-1 with mean f and deficiency f 31 percent).talukdar et al.(2009) at Glaghat (fr rice 118

141 and sugarcane systems t mg kg-1 and t mg kg-1, respectively), Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) at Theni district f Tamilnadu sugarcane grwing sil series frm Irugur, Smayyanur and Palaviduthi (1.44 t 186 mg kg-1 with mean f mg kg-1 having deficiency frm 6 t 16 percent deficient) als reprted n DTPA- Fe in the line f present study. When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as percent samples with 'lw t medium: high status' f DTPA-Fe, the ratis btained were as fllws : Valsad (23:77), Gandevi (20:80), Marli (30:70), Chalthan (17:83), Kamrej (33:67), Sayan (50:50), Pandwai (34:63), Vatariya (33:67), Vaddara (77:23), Narmada (37:63), Bardli (23:77), Madhi (40:60), Vyara (7:93), Cpper (47:53) and Mahua (23:77). Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with 'lw t medium DTPA- Fe status', the rder was as fllws: Vyara (7) >Chalthan (17) >Gandevi (20) >Valsad (23) = Mahua (23) = Bardli (23) > Marli (30) > Vatariya (33) = Kamrej (33) > Narmada (37) = Pandvai (34) > Madhi (40) > Cpper (47) > Sayan (50) > Vaddara (77). Similarly fr high DTPA- Fe, the rder was as fllws: Vaddara (23) > Sayan (50) > Cpper (53) > Madhi (60) > Narmada (63) = Pandvai (63) > Kamrej (67) = Vatariya (67) > Marli (70) > Mahua (77) = Bardli (77) = Valsad (77) > Gandevi (80) > Chalthan (83) > Vyara (93). Organic matter and manure applicatins affect the immediate and ptential availability f micrnutrient catins (Rengel, 2007). Further, micrnutrient catins-frm rganmetallic cmplexes as chelates with certain rganic mlecules and sluble chelates can increase the availability f the micrnutrients (Brady and Weil, 2002) and such chelates mightbe present in the sil humus t enhance micrnutrient availability in sil. Thus, sils with lw t medium status f available irn under each jurisdictin area f sugar industry shuld be enriched with higher quantam f humus by gradual additin f mre rganic matter/ manure t achieve higher status f available irn and thereby t avid pssible deficiency f this catin. Higher cntent f 'clay+silt' in these sils cupled with prevailing rganic carbn might have frmed rganic chelating agents which 119

142 cntributed t greater DTPA- extractable irn pssibly by transfring part f insluble phase f Fe int sluble metallic cmplexes. Phenmena f these kinds might have ccurred in sugarcane grwn area cming under parts f Surat, Navsari and Bharuch districts. DTPA- Mn Sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat exhibited DTPA-Mn frm 0.04 t ppm (S.D. 4.21) i.e. frm lw t high with mean value f 9.70 ppm i.e. medium status. Outf 450 ttal sil samples, percent (196) and percent (214) surface samples shwed high and medium DTPA-Mn status respectively, whereas nly 8.89 percent (40) samples belnged t lw DTPA-Mn status. Abut 9 percent sils with lw DTPAMn status might cause deficiency symptms in crp fr which similar measures wuld be required as stated fr DTPA Fe. Every 3-4 years interval sugarcane crp is generally replaced with rice crp in majr parts f Suth Gujarat (except Valsad, where sugarcane is generally taken as intercrp f hrticultural plantatin crp). The higher DTPA-Mn (sufficiency) status in majr sils might be partly due t similar reasn as stated fr irn. Occatinal flded cnditin after 3-4 years might reduce ph f sil, causing better supply f available manganese which might als be partly respnsible fr higher DTPA- Mn. The results were in gd aggrement with ther wrkers fr wide range f DTPA-Mn, such as Hundal et al. (2005) at Punjab sugarcane grwn Inceptisl, Entisl, Aridisl and Alfisl (5 t 52 with mean f 18 mg kg-1), Meena et al. (2006) at Tnk, Rajasthan (6.85 t with mean f mg kg-1), Talukdar et al. (2009) at Glaghat (sils under rice and sugarcane land use systems were sufficient in Mn), Chudhary et al. (2012) at Agra, Etmadpur (1.65 t 5.85 with mean f 2.86 mg kg-1) and Sadar tehsil (1.75 t 5.64 with average f 3.30 mg kg-1) with nly 15 percent sils deficient in Mn. Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) reprted that sils f Irugur frm Theni district f Tamilnadu sugarcane grwing area (0.98 t mg kg-1) the highest mean fr 120

143 Smayyanur sil series was 8.74 mg kg-1 and lwest mean in Palaviduthi was 7.46 mg kg-1 shwing all sils were sufficient in available Mn. When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as percent samples with 'lw t medium: high status' f DTPA-Mn, the ratis btained were as fllws : Valsad (33:67), Gandevi (23:77), Marli (33:67), Chalthan (23:77), Kamrej (60:40), Sayan (77:23), Pandwai (70:30), Vatariya (70:30), Vaddara (90:10), Narmada (87:13), Bardli (77:23), Madhi (53:47), Vyara (23:77), Cpper (73:27) and Mahua (53:47). Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with 'lw t medium DTPA-Mn status', the rder was as fllws: Vyara (23) = Chalthan (23) = Gandevi (23) > Marli (33) = Valsad (33) > Madhi (53) = Mahua (53) > Kamrej (60) > Pandvai (70) = Vatariya (70) > Cpper (73) > Bardli (77) =Sayan (77) > Narmada (87) > Vaddara (90). Similarly fr high DTPA-Mn, the rder was as fllws: Vaddara (10) > Narmada (13) > Bardli (23) = Sayan (23) > Cpper (27) > Vatariya (30) = Pandvai (30) > Kamrej (40) > Mahua (47) = Madhi (47) > Marli (67) = Valsad (67) > Gandevi (77) = Chalthan (77) = Vyara (77). Similar measures are t be taken fr sils with lw DTPA-Mn fr indivudal jurisdictin area f sugarcane industry as stated fr the entire sugarcane area. DTPA- Zn In case f surface sils frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat, it was nticed that DTPA-Zn ranged frm 0.10 t 1.84 ppm (S.D. 0.34) i.e. frm lw t high status with mean f 0.72 ppm (medium status). Outf ttal 450 samples, percent (101) exhibited high and percent (212) belnged t medium status, while percent (137) came under lw DTPA- Zn status. Zn deserves a special attentin due t its widespread defiency in all the states. Zinc plays a vital rle in metablic activities, sugar and auxin synthesis in sugarcane. The ptimum level f zinc makes the ptimum level f auxin catalyze essential reactin cnnected with xidatin prcesses. The zinc deficient plants have less sucrse and mre f reducing sugars thereby causing lw 121

144 sugar recvery (Kadlag et al. 2007). Chlrsis in sugarcane ccurs due t the deficiency f Fe and Zn. Sugarcane is mre efficient in the uptake f Zn than citrus (Lakshmikanthum, 1975). As mre than 30 percent samples belnged t lw DTPA-Zn status, the areas with such lw status might shw deficiency symptms fr available Zn and thus Zn status f these areas shuld be imprved thrugh apprpriate masures fr pssible imprvement in crp yield. The data f wide range f DTPA-Zn crrbrated with the findings f many wrkers such as, Hundal et al. (2005) in Inceptisl, Entisl, Aridisl and Alfisl (0.35 t with mean f 1.74 mg kg-1) at Punjab, Meena et al. (2006) at Tnk, Rajasthan (0.19 t 1.93 with mean f 0.83 mg kg-1 with deficient, marginal and sufficient in 32, 47 and 21 percent samples respectively) and Hundal et al. (2006) in alluvial plains f Siwaliks hills (0.70 mg kg-1 and 2.38 mg kg-1). Similarly, sils under rice and sugarcane land use systems (Talukdar et al. 2009) at Glaghat (Assam) were well supplied with Zn (6% deficient, 8% marginal and 86% sufficient) and sil series frm Irugur, Smayyanur and Palaviduthi at Theni district f Tamilnadu sugarcane grwing area (Vijayakumar and Harn 2013) exhibited DTPA-Zn frm 0.12 t mg kg-1 having 60, 53 and 46 percent deficiency respectively in Irugur, Smayyanur and Palaviduthi sil series. Reasn fr pr status f Zn in abut 30 percent sils f study area wuld be attributable t lw SOC and high ph in these sils. Whereas, higher DTPA-Zn cntent in 22 percent sils was cntributed due t increase in the surface area fr in exchange as a result f higher SOC in cmbinatin with mre finer fractin f sils. Cmparatively lw ph in sme sils might be respnsible fr the increased availability f Zn. Additin f varius rganics, rganic manures and green manuring f sils with lw Zn availability wuld be sme prime crrective measures in vercming Zn deficency. When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as percent samples with 'lw : medium: high status' f DTPA-Zn, the ratis btained were as fllws : Valsad (33:30:37), Gandevi (23:43:33), Marli (30:43:27), Chalthan (17:17:67), Kamrej (20:60:20), Sayan (30:53:17), Pandwai (37:27:36), Vatariya 122

145 (23:50:27), Vaddara (70:23:07), Narmada (53:43:03), Bardli (17:63:20), Madhi (30:57:13), Vyara (20:63:17), Cpper (43:50:07) and Mahua (10:83:07). Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with 'lw t medium DTPA- Zn status', the rder was as fllws: Chalthan (34) > Pandvai (63) = Valsad (63) > Gandevi (66) > Marli (73) = Vatariya (73) > Bardli (80) = Kamrej (80) > Vyara (83) = Sayan (83) > Madhi (87) > Cpper (93) = Mahua (93) = Vaddara (93) > Narmada (96). Similarly fr high DTPA- Zn the rder was as fllws: Narmada (3) > Vaddara (7) = Cpper (7) = Mahua (7) > Madhi (13) > Vyara (17) = Sayan (17) > Bardli (17) = Kamrej (20) > Vatariya (27) = Marli (27) > Gandevi (33) > Pandvai (36) = Valsad (37) > Chalthan (67). In case f sils frm indivudal sugarcane industry with lw t medium status f available Zn, apprpriate measures are required t be taken as stated abve. DTPA- Cu Out f 450 surface sil samples frm entire jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat, percent (365) and percent (78) samples were high and medium DTPA-Cu status respectively with its range frm 0.14 t 4.28 ppm i.e. frm lw t high (S.D. 0.88) and mean value f 1.19 ppm i.e. high status. Only 1.56 percent (7) samples recrded lw DTPA-Cu status. Almst all the sils were fund exceeding lw level and thus n measures wuld be necessary fr imprvement f available Cu status. The results were in gd aggrement with the reprts f Rathd (2005) fr sugarcane grwing sils f Marathwada (5.42 mg kg-1), Hundal et al. (2005) fr Inceptisl, Entisl, Aridisl and Alfisl at Punjab (0.37 t 3.10 with mean f 1.17 mg kg-1), Meena et al. (2006) at Tnk, Rajasthan (0.21 t 1.87 mean 0.61 mg kg-1). Sils at Glaghat (Assam) fr rice and sugarcane land use systems were well supplied with Cufrm 0.35 t 6.05 with mean f 3.83 mg kg-1 (Talukdar et al. (2009), sil series frm Irugur, Smayyanur and Palaviduthi at Theni district f Tamilnadu sugarcane grwing area recrded DTPA-Cu frm 0.52 t mg kg-1 (Vijayakumar and Harn 2013) and was sufficient in Cu. 123

146 Table 34: % Categrizatin f micrnutrients f sils with respect t jurisdictin area f different sugar industries f Suth Gujarat Sr. N 1 Sugar Industries Valsad 2 Gandevi 3 Marli 4 Chalthan 5 Kamrej 6 Sayan 7 Pandwai 8 Vatariya 9 Vaddara 10 Narmada 11 Bardli 12 Madhi 13 Vyara 14 Cpper 15 Mahua Ttal DTPA Fe DTPA Mn DTPA Zn DTPA Cu Lw Medium High Lw Medium High Lw Medium High Lw Medium High 26 (10.00) (13.33) (76.67) (3.33) (30.00) (66.67) (33.33) (30.00) (36.67) (0) (13.33) (86.67) (10.00) (10.00) (80.00) (6.67) (16.67) (76.67) (23.33) (43.33) (33.33) (3.33) (6.67) (90.00) (13.33) (16.67) (70.00) (10.00) (23.33) (66.67) (30.00) (43.33) (26.67) (3.33) (16.67) (80.00) (10.00) (6.67) (83.33) (6.67) (16.67) (76.67) (16.67) (16.67) (66.67) (0) (10.00) (90.00) (10.00) (23.33) (66.67) (0) (60.00) (40.00) (20.00) (60.00) (20.00) (0) (6.67) (93.33) (13.33) (36.67) (50.00) (30.00) (46.67) (23.33) (30.00) (53.33) (16.67) (3.33) (6.67) (90.00) (13.33) (23.33) (63.33) (16.67) (53.33) (30.00) (36.67) (26.67) (36.67) (0) (13.33) (86.67) (10.00) (23.33) (66.67) (6.67) (63.33) (30.00) (23.33) (50.00) (26.67) (0) (13.33) (86.67) (16.67) (60.00) (23.33) (26.67) (63.33) (10.00) (70.00) (23.33) (6.67) (10.00) (40.00) (50.00) (0) (36.67) (63.33) (3.33) (83.33) (13.33) (53.33) (43.33) (3.33) (0) (53.33) (46.67) (0) (23.33) (76.67) (3.33) (73.33) (23.33) (16.67) (63.33) (20.00) (0) (6.67) (93.33) (13.33) (26.67) (60.00) (10.00) (43.33) (46.67) (30.00) (56.67) (13.33) (0) (13.33) (86.67) (0) (6.67) (93.33) (0) (23.33) (76.67) (20.00) (63.33) (16.67) (0) (13.33) (86.67) (6.67) (40.00) (53.33) (10.00) (63.33) (26.67) (43.33) (50.00) (6.67) (3.33) (40.00) (56.67) (6.67) (16.67) (76.67) (0) (53.33) (46.67) (10.00) (83.33) (6.67) (0) (6.67) (93.33) (8.89) (24.22) (66.89) (8.89) (47.56) (43.56) (30.44) (47.11) (22.44) (1.56) (17.33) (81.11) 124

147 When jurisdictin area f each sugar industry was categrized as percent samples with 'lw t medium: high status' f DTPA-Cu, the ratis btained were as fllws: Valsad (13:87), Gandevi (10:90), Marli (20:80), Chalthan (10:90), Kamrej (7:93), Sayan (10:90), Pandwai (13:87), Vatariya (13:87), Vaddara (50:50), Narmada (53:47), Bardli (7:93), Madhi (13:87), Vyara (13:87), Cpper (43:57) and Mahua (7:93). Sugar industries when arranged based n percent sils with 'lw t medium DTPA-Cu status', the rder was as fllws: Mahua (7) = Bardli (7) = Kamrej (7) > Gandevi (10) = Sayan (10) = Chalthan (10) > Vyara (13) = Valsad (13) = Vatariya (13) = Madhi (13) = Pandvai (13) > Marli (20) > Cpper (43) > Vaddara (50) > Narmada (53). Similarly fr high DTPA- Cu the rder was as fllws: Narmada (47) > Vaddara (50) > Cpper (57) > Marli (80) > Madhi (87) = Vyara (87) = Pandvai (87) = Vatariya (87) = Valsad (87) > Sayan (90) = Chalthan (90) = Gandevi (90) > Kamrej (93) = Mahua (93) = Bardli (93). Nearly 81 percent sils frm study area were sufficient in DTPA-Cu. The availability f this micrnutrient was fund t increase with increase in rganic matter cntent and CEC f sils. 4.3 Cmparisn f physicchemical parameters and available nutrient status f surface sils amng jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar industries f Suth Gujarat 4.3a Physic-chemical prperties f surface sils Mean values f varius physic-chemical parameters f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f each f fifteen sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat are presented in Table 31. Sil ph: The results revealed that the highest mean sil ph (8.47) was assciated with Marli sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (7.56) was btained in the jurisdictin area f Vyara sugar industry. The mean highest sil ph (8.47) f jurisdictin area f Marli sugar industry remaining at par with fur sugar industries (Sayan, Vaddara, Narmada and Bardli) was significantly higher than thse f rest ten sugar industries, (Fig. 2). The significantly lwer mean ph 125

148 Fig. 2: Graphical presentatin f mean sil ph, EC, rganic carbn and exchangeable calcium f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries

149 assciated with ten sugar industries (Valsad, Gandevi, Chalthan, Kamrej, Pandwai, Vatariya, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua) exhibited mre favurable ph cnditin fr nutrients availability as cmpared t rest f the sugar industries because f their status mre nearer t neutral. Hwever, average sil ph fr the entire sugarcane grwing area was recrded 8.09 i.e. mderately alkaline. These results f wide range f sil ph were in gd agreement with the earlier findings f many scientists such as Dhage et al. (2000), Talukdar et al. (2009), Pujar et al. (2010), Chaudhary et al. (2012) and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr sugarcane grwing and ther sils. Sil EC: The highest mean sil salinity (EC f 0.52 ds m-1) was assciated with Chalthan sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (0.28 ds m-1) was btained in the Narmadar sugar industry area. The highest mean sil EC f Chalthan sugar industry area remaining at par with tw sugar industries (Marli and Sayan), was significantly higher than mean EC values f rest twelve sugar industries (Fig. 2). Hwever, the average sil salinity fr the entire sugarcane grwing area was nly 0.38 ds m-1 (S.D ds m-1). EC f sils frm entire sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat exhibited nrmal range (as f nw) and hence n measures wuld be required at present t cmbat sil salinity hazard. Hwever, in sme irrigatin prjects in Suth Gujarat like, Ukai-Kakrapar canal cmmand (encmpassing Navsari, Surat and Bharuch district), where supply f irrigatin water is mre rund the year than the designed ne (Ann., 2003), imprts f salts with mre water gradually changed the crpping pattern frm lw (Srghum, pigen pea, beans and gram) t high (sugarcane and rice) misture required / lving crps. Wide range f sil EC was reprted earlier by many scientists, such as Kadam et al. (1983a), Naidu and Hunsigi (2001), Ghuge (2002), Waikar et al. (2004), Patel et al. (2012) and Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. SOC: The highest mean SOC (7.13 g kg-1) was assciated with Chalthan sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (3.75 g kg-1) was btained in the 126

150 jurisdictin area f Narmada sugar industry (Fig. 2). These results were well supprted by earlier reprts made by scientists such as Naidu and Hunsigi (2001), Sharma et al. (2008), Patel et al. (2012) and Vijaykumar and Harn (2013) fr sils f sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. The highest mean SOC (7.13 g kg1 ) remaining at par with three sugar industries (Gandevi, Marli and Pandwai) became significantly higher ver thse f rest f eleven sugar industries. Thus, it implied that sils f Chalthan, Gandevi, Marli and Pandwai sugar industries areas wuld exhibit higher prductivity ptential, sil quality index, higher access t majr, secndary and micrnutrients availability, sil physical status and envirnmental quality as cmpared t thse f rest eleven sugarcane industries (Valsad, Kamrej, Sayan, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua) as discussed earlier. The abve fact calls fr apprpriate merasures t tide ver prblems due t significantly lwer SOC status frm areas f abve eleven sugar industries thrugh additin f mre rganic matter / manures etc. fr pssible enhancement sil qualities and sugarcane yield as well. Hwever, when the the entire sugarcane grwing area was cnsidered as a whle, the average SOC value came dwn t 5.50 g kg-1 with standard deviatin f 1.03 which indicated the majr sils wuld require urgent attentin t imprve SOC status. Clay + silt: When sils amng different sugarcane industries areawere cnsidered, it was bserved that the highest mean finer fractin i.e. 'clay + silt' cntent (71.37 %) was assciated with Bardli sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (61.07 %) was btained in Valsad sugar industry area and the highest mean finer fractin was significantly higher ver thse f rest f the sugar industries. This fact indicated that sils f Bardli sugar industry area wuld shw superirity t sme extent t thers in respect f surface area and exchangeable sites. In case f entire sugarcane areas mean 'clay + silt' cntent was % with S.D. f 2.90 percent. 127

151 CEC: CEC was expressed as sum f exchangeable catins i.e. Ca++ + Mg++ + Na+ + K+ ins and it was nticed that the highest values f exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ins fr sils f all sugar industries were 33.63, 22.62, 2.18 and 0.69 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively, while the lwest values fr the crrespnding ins were 19.50, 13.06, 0.62 and 0.25 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively and mean values f catins fr the entire sugarcane grwn area were 27.43, 16.49, 1.34 and 0.44 cml (p+) kg-1, respectively in chrnlgical rder. The highest mean CEC (50.85 cml (p+) kg-1) f sils was assciated with Marli sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (37.01 cml (p+) kg-1) was fund in jurisdictin area f Narmada sugar industry which was the nly industrial area shwing CEC < 40 cml (p+) kg-1. The highest mean sil CEC f Marli sugar industry area being at par with three sugar industries (Chalthan, Sayan and Bardli) was nted significantly higher than thse f rest f the eleven sugar industries (Fig. 3). Average CEC fr entire sugarcane grwn area was nted t be cml (p+) kg-1 indicating dminance f 2:1 type expanding clay minerals in these sils. Data f CEC btained in the present study area were quite similar t thse reprted earlier by scientists elsewhere such as, Naranj et al. (2006), Sharma et al. (2008), Talukdar et al. (2009) and Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. 4.3b Cmparisn f majr available nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) f surface sils Available N: The highest mean available N ( kg ha-1), expressing lw status, was recrded in sils f Chalthan sugar industry area, whereas the lwest ne ( kg ha-1), depecting very lw status, was btained in the jurisdictin area f Narmadar sugar industry. Hwever, the highest mean available N remaining at par with three sugar industries (Gandevi, Marli and Pandwai), was significantly higher than thse f rest f eleven sugar industries (Fig. 4). Hwever, mean values f available N fr sils f entire sugarcane grwn area were als lw i.e kg ha-1 (S.D. f 36.68). The results clearly indicated that emphasis shuld be given fr apprpriate management available N status f sils 128

152 Fig. 3: Graphical presentatin f mean sil exchangeable magnesium, sdium, ptassium and CEC f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries

153 f all the sugar industrial areas putting mre weightage t the sils having significantly mre lwer mean available N status. T vercme prblems f lw N availability in sil, applicatin f mre rganic matter / manures /cmpst / bicmpsts/ pressmud alng with stimulatin f sil micrbial activity in these sils wuld be necessary in cmbinatin with regular chemical N-fertilizer scheduling prgramme in this high nutrient demanding sugarcane crp as discussed previusely. Wide range f available N as btained in this study was als reprted earlier by scientists/ researchers, such as Mairal (1983), Jagtap (2002), Ghuge (2002), Pujar et al. (2010), Meena et al. (2006) and Sharma et al. (2008) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. Available P2O5: Amng different sugar industries, sils f Pandwai sugar industry area exhibited the highest mean available P2O5 (53.06 kg ha-1), whereas the lwest ne (26.45 kg ha-1) was btained frm sils f Narmada sugar industry area. The verall mean values f sil available P2O5 was recrded t be kg ha-1 (S.D. f 8.06). Out f 15 industries, areas under 7 sugar industries (nearly 50%) were at par with the highest mean available P2O5 status, indicating medium status and availability. Hwever, the sils frm areas f Valsad, Kamrej, Vaddara, Narmada, Madhi, Vyara and Cpper sugar industries exhibited significantly lwer mean available P2O5 status and as a result wuld need prper management f sil P thrugh prper placement f inrganic P-fertilizers as a part f sugarcane fertilizer prgramme (Blackburn, 1984, Patel and Patel, 2012) in cmbinatin with required quantam f rganic surces like, vermicmpst, rganic matter, green manuring, PSB etc. as already discussed earlier. Besides, adptin f fertigatin technique thrugh micr irrigatin systems wuld be added advantage fr water saving and increased fertilizer use efficiency. Results f present study in respect t range f available P2O5 was supprted by several scientists such as Waikar et al. (2004), Verma et al. (2005), Meena et al. (2006), Waghmare and Takankhar (2007), Patel et al. (2012) and Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. 129

154 Available K2O: The results revealed that the highest mean available K2O ( kg ha-1) was assciated with sils f Vaddara sugar industry and was significantly higher than thse f Valsad, Marli, Kamrej, Vatariya, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua sugar industries, remaining at par with rest f the sugar industries (Fig. 4). The lwest mean available K2O ( kg ha1 ) was btained in sils frm Cpper sugar industry area indicating its status marginally belw high status. Apart frm this industry, sils f Vyara sugar industry area als exhibited mean available K2O ( kg ha-1) slightly belw the high status level which might be due t cmparatively light sil texture and hilly terrain. Hwever, verall mean value f available K2O fr sils f entire sugarcane grwn area was kg ha-1 i.e. high status. Sharma et al. (2008), Rajeswar et al. (2009), Kumar et al. (2011), Patel et al. (2012) and Dhan and Selassie (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils, reprted similar range f available K2O. 4.3c Cmparisn f available sulphur status f surface sils Mean available sulphur status f surface sils frm jurisdictin area f each f different sugarcane industries f Suth Gujarat is presented in Table 31. The results revealed that the highest mean available sulphur (24.02 ppm) was assciated with Chalthan sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (8.35 ppm) was btained in the jurisdictin area f Cpper sugar industry. Hwever, sugarcane grwn area as a whle exhibited a mean sulphur status f ppm. The mean highest available sulphur (24.02 ppm), being at par with thse btained frm Sayan (18.41 ppm) Pandwai (20.08 ppm) and Vatariya (22.60 ppm) sugar industries, exhibited significantly higher mean available sulphur status ver thse f sils frm Valsad, Gandevi, Marli, Kamrej, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Vyara, Cpper and Mahua sugar industries area. Sugar industries with respect t decending rder f mean available sulphur (ppm) was as fllws: Chalthan (24.02) > Vatariya (22.60) > Pandwai (20.08) > Sayan (18.41) > Kamrej (16.67) > Marli (12.45) > Mahua (11.95) >Valsad (11.39)> Gandevi (11.28)> 130

155 Fig. 4: Graphical presentatin f mean sil available N, P2O5, K2O and sulphur f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries

156 Bardli (11.18) > Vyara (10.74) > Madhi (10.31) > Vaddara (10.08) > Narmada (8.54)> Cpper (8.35). S, t tide ver prblems f lw (particularly frm Cpper, Narmada, Vaddara Madhi, Vyara sugar industrial areas) and medium available S (particularly Bardli, Gandevi, Valsad, Mahua and Marli sugar industrial areas) additin f rganic/ inrganic S fertilizers, sulphenatedcmpst and bicmpsts r gypsum r sulphur slubilizing micrbes in requisite quantity wuld be must fr enhancement f available S. Wide range f available sulphur was reprted earlier by many scientists such as Chuhan et al. (2012), Kaleeswari (2012), Patel et al. (2012) and Athkpam et al. (2013) fr sugarcane grwing sils and ther sils. 4.3d Cmparisn f average DTPA-extractable micrnutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) f surface sils Average values f DTPA-extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) f surface sils frm different sugarcane industries area f Suth Gujarat is presented in Table 31. DTPA-Fe: The results revealed that the highest mean DTPA-Fe (15.43 ppm) was assciated with sils f Chalthan sugar industry whereas the lwest ne (8.44 ppm) was btained in the jurisdictin area f Vaddara sugar industry. The highest mean DTPA-Fe f jurisdictin area f Chalthan sugar industry was significantly higher than thse f Marli, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Cpper and Mahua sugar industries, remaining at par with rest f the sugar industries (Fig. 5). DTPA-Fe fr the entire sugarcane grwing sils was n an average ppm (S.D. f 2.14) which indicated that sils were sufficient in available DTPA-Fe status. Mean DTPA-Fe in sils f Vaddara sugar industrial area nly exhibited medium level and as a result sme measures shuld be required t be taken. Wide range f DTPA-Fe was reprted earlier by many scientists, such as Hundal et al. (2005), Meena et al. (2006), Sd et al. (2009), Talukdar et al. (2009) and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. 131

157 DTPA-Mn: Amng different sugar industries, sils f Vyara sugar industrial area exhibited the highest mean DTPA-Mn (13.82 ppm), whereas the lwest ne (5.54 ppm) was btained frm sils f Vaddara sugar industry area. The highest mean DTPA-Mn f jurisdictin area f Vyara sugar industry was significantly higher than mean DTPA-Mn values f Marli, Kamrej, Sayan, Pandwai, Vatariya, Vaddara, Narmada, Bardli, Madhi, Cpper and Mahua sugar industries, remaining at par with rest f the sugar industries (Fig. 5). DTPA-Mn fr the entire sugarcane grwing sils was n an average 9.75 ppm (S.D. f 2.44) which indicated that sils were sufficient in available DTPA-Mn status. Mean DTPA-Mn in sils f Vaddara sugar industrial area nly exhibited medium level (very nearest t lw status) and as a result sme measures shuld be required t be taken. Wide range f DTPA-Mn was reprted earlier by many scientists, such as Hundal et al. (2005), Meena et al. (2006), Talukdar et al. (2009), Chudhary et al. (2012) and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr sugarcane grwing area and ther sils. DTPA-Zn: When sils amng different sugarcane industries area were cmpared, it was bserved that the highest mean DTPA-Zn (0.98 ppm) was assciated with sils f Chalthan sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (0.46 ppm) was btained in Narmada sugar industry area.the highest mean sil DTPAZn frm area f Chalthan sugar industry was significantly higher than mean DTPA- Zn values f rest f the all furteen sugar industry. Overall mean DTPAZn fr the entire sugarcane grwing sils was n an average 0.72 ppm (S.D. f 0.13). Mean DTPA-Zn in sils f Narmada and Vaddara sugar industrial area nly exhibited lw status and as a result sme measures shuld be required t takeup as discussed earlier. These results are cnfrmity with an earlier reprt f similar range f DTPA- Zn Hundal et al. (2005), Meena et al. (2006), Hundal et al. (2006), Talukdar, et al. (2009) and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr sugarcane grwing sils and ther sils. 132

158 Fig. 5: Graphical presentatin f mean sil available micrnutrients (DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) f jurisdictin area f different sugar industries

159 DTPA-Cu: The results revealed that the highest mean sil DTPA-Cu (1.98 ppm) was assciated with Chalthan sugar industry, whereas the lwest ne (0.60 ppm) was btained in the jurisdictin f Narmada sugar industry. The highest mean sil DTPA-Cu frm area f Chalthan sugar industry was significantly higher than thse f rest f the all furteen sugar industries. Overall mean DTPA-Cu fr the entire sugarcane grwing sils was n an average 1.18 ppm (S.D. f 0.39) indicating excess availability f available Cu in these sils. Wide range f DTPACu was reprted earlier by many scientists, such as Rathd (2005), Hundal et al. (2005), Meena et al. (2006), Talukdar et al. (2009) and Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) fr sugarcane grwing sils and ther sils. 4.4 Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils f different sugarcane industries Valsad sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Valsad sugar industry are presented in Table 35. Table 35: Simple crrelatin f sils under Valsad jurisdictin area Available ph EC Org. C. ph EC 0.21 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Avail. Sulphur CEC 0.64** DTPA extracted Clay+silt N P2O5 K2 O * 0.69** ** 0.45* ** ** ** Sulphur Fe ** 0.89** ** ** * 0.76** 0.51** 0.48** 0.50** 0.42* Mn Zn Cu -0.58** * -0.43* 0.50** 0.58** 0.55** 0.44* 0.88** -0.39* * 0.40* DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively

160 The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, available P2O5, available S, and DTPA- Mn, b) available P2O5 with EC, N, K20, S, Fe and Mn, c) available K2O with EC, P2O5, S, Fe and Mn, d) available S with EC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA- Fe and Mn, e) DTPA - Fe with rganic carbn, P2O5, K2O and Mn, f) DTPA- Mn with avail. N, P2O5, K2O and DTPA Fe, g) DTPA- Zn with DTPA- Fe and Mn, and h) ph with CEC (0.64**) were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f i) N with EC and DTPA-Fe, k) available P2O5 with rganic carbn, l) DTPAFe with available N, S, m) DTPA- Mn with rganic carbn, sulphur and DTPAZn, n) DTPA- Zn with Fe and Mn were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f ph with DTPA-Fe and Mn were negatively significant at 0.01 level, while f) DTPA- Mn with CEC and g) DTPA- Zn with ph were negatively significant at 0.05 level Gandevi sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Gandevi sugar industry are presented in Table 36. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, available P2O5, DTPA- Fe and Mn, Zn and Cu, b) available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC, available N, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, c) available sulphur with EC, d) DTPA - Fe with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPAMn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with rganic carbn, avail. N, P2O5, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn, h) EC with available S, i) Organic carbn with available N, P2O5, DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, and j) CEC with available P2O5 were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f k) available N with CEC, l) Available sulphur with CEC and clay+silt, m) EC with CEC, and n) CEC with available N, S and DTPA-Mn were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. 134

161 Table 36: Simple crrelatin f sils under Gandevi jurisdictin area ph ph EC Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O EC Org. C CEC * 0.31 N Available P2O5 K2O Sulphur Fe DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu Clay+silt ** 0.74** 0.44* 0.49** 0.79** ** * ** 0.69** 0.67** 0.77** * * ** 0.77** 0.65** 0.69** ** 0.73** 0.59** 0.80** * Avail. Sulphur DTPA-Fe 0.55** 0.51** 0.66** DTPA-Mn 0.89** 0.88** 0.05 DTPA-Zn 0.86** DTPA-Cu 0.01 Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Marli sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Marli sugar industry are presented in Table 37. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe Mn, Zn and Cu, b) Available K2O with EC and sulphur, c) Available sulphur with available N, K2O, DTPA- Fe Mn, Zn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with available N, S, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with available N, S, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with available N, S, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with available N, S, DTPA- Fe Mn and Zn, h) EC with available K2O were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f i) Available N with K2O j) Available K2O with available N and DTPA- Zn, k) Available sulphur with EC and rganic carbn, l) EC with CEC and sulphur, m) Organic carbn with CEC, S, DTPA-Mn and Cu, n) DTPA-Mn and Cu with rganic carbn, ) DTPA-Zn with K2O were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Crrelatins f p) ph with DTPA-Mn and Cu at 0.01 level, and at 0.05 level with available S, DTPA- Fe, Zn were negatively significant and q) Available P2O5 was als fund negatively significant with CEC at 0.05 level. 135

162 Table 37: Simple crrelatin f sils under Marli jurisdictin area ph ph EC Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O EC Org. C CEC * 0.38* N Avail. Sulphur Available P2O5 K2O ** * * 0.02 Sulphur Fe DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.36* -0.43* -0.47** -0.46* -0.63** 0.38* * * * ** 0.78** 0.86** 0.94** 0.83** ** * ** 0.59** 0.66** 0.67** 0.90** 0.77** 0.76** 0.88** 0.85** 0.90** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt * -0.43* Chalthan sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Chalthan sugar industry are presented in Table 38. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, available P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn and available N, c) Available K2O with ph, EC and clay+silt, d) Available sulphur with rganic carbn, e) DTPA- Fe with available N, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Mn with available N, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, g) DTPA- Zn with available N, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, h) DTPA- Cu with available N, DTPAFe, Mn and Zn, i) EC with K2O, j) Organic carbn with CEC, available N, P2O5 and S were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. k) Available N with sulphur, l) Available sulphur with CEC, available N, DTPA- Mn and Cu, m) DTPA- Mn with rganic carbn and sulphur, n) DTPA- Zn with rganic carbn and CEC, ) DTPA- Cu with rganic carbn, CEC and sulphur p) Organic carbn with DTPA- Mn, Zn and Cu were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f q) ph with DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, r) EC with DTPA-Fe and Zn were negatively significant at 0.01 levels, while at 0.05 level s) EC with 136

163 DTPA- Mn and Cu, t) clay+silt with DTPA- Fe and Mn, were negatively crrelate. Table 38: Simple crrelatin f sils under Chalthan jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC N 0.56** ** ph EC Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Available P2O5 K2O Sulphur ** ** -0.63** -0.65** -0.56** 0.45* 0.54** ** * * ** -0.43* -0.48** -0.41* * 0.43* 0.38* * 0.45* ** ** 0.49** 0.47** * ** ** 0.61** 0.48** ** Avail. Sulphur Fe 0.35 DTPA extracted Mn Zn 0.39* 0.31 Cu 0.43* Clay+silt DTPA-Fe 0.97** 0.92** 0.92** -0.37* DTPA-Mn 0.90** 0.88** -0.37* DTPA-Zn 0.91** DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Kamrej sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Kamrej sugar industry are presented in Table 39. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, CEC and DTPA- Fe, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, EC, S, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, c) Available sulphur with rganic carbn, EC, available P2O5 and DTPA- Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with rganic carbn, available P2O5, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with rganic carbn, available P2O5, DTPAFe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with rganic carbn, available P2O5, S, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn, h) EC with available P2O5 and S, i) Organic carbn with available N, P2O5, S, DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, j) CEC with available N were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f k) available N with DTPAMn, l) Available K2O with EC, m) Available sulphur with ph and DTPA-Zn, n) 137

164 DTPA-Mn with available N, ) DTPA-Zn with available sulphur, p) EC with rganic carbn and available K2O, q) Organic carbn with CEC were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Table 39: Simple crrelatin f sils under Kamrej jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC N ph 0.52** EC 0.42* Org. C. 0.40* 0.60** CEC 0.55** Avail. N Avail. P2O Avail. K2O Avail. Sulphur Available P2O5 K2O ** 0.66** * Sulphur Fe 0.41* 0.94** 0.48** ** ** ** 0.60** DTPA extracted Mn Zn ** * 0.59** ** ** ** * 0.68** 0.69** Clay+silt Cu ** ** ** 0.71** 0.72** 0.92** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Sayan sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Sayan sugar industry are presented in Table 40. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5, DTPA- Zn and Cu, b) Available P2O5 with available N and DTPA- Cu, c) Available sulphur with EC, DTPA- Mn, Zn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with DTPA- Mn and Zn, e) DTPA- Mn with available sulphur, DTPAFe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with available N, S, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with EC, available N, P2O5, S, DTPA-Mn and Zn, h) EC with CEC, available sulphur and DTPA- Cu, i) Organic carbn with CEC and available N, j) CEC with available N were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f k) available N with EC, available S and DTPA- Mn l) Available P2O5 and K2O with ph, m) Available sulphur with rganic carbn, CEC and available N, n) DTPA- Mn with EC and available N, ) DTPA- Zn with EC, p) 138

165 DTPA- Cu with CEC, q) EC with rganic carbn, available N, DTPA- Mn and Zn, r) Organic carbn with sulphur, s) CEC with sulphur and DTPA- Cu were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f t) ph with DTPA-Fe, Mn and Zn, were negatively signifincant at 0.01 level. Table 40: Simple crrelatin f sils under Sayan jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph EC 0.43* 0.47** Org. C. 0.48** CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Available P2O5 K2O N * 0.58** 0.57** 0.37* ** 0.40* Avail. Sulphur Sulphur Fe ** 0.42* 0.38* 0.45* ** * 0.23 DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.67** -0.49** 0.36* 0.45* * 0.48** ** 0.63** 0.65** 0.63** 0.78** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively ** * 0.64** 0.52** ** ** 0.64** Clay+silt Table 41: Simple crrelatin f sils under Pandwai jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C ph -0.45* EC 0.15 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O CEC ** N -0.36* ** 0.73** Avail. Sulphur Available P2O5 K2O ** 0.73** 0.62** Sulphur ** ** * * Fe -0.36* * 0.53** 0.40* * DTPA extracted Mn Zn -0.48** 0.46* * 0.57** 0.42* ** 0.92** -0.47** ** 0.62** 0.61** * 0.62** 0.72** Cu -0.70** 0.49** 0.38* 0.49** 0.67** 0.46* ** 0.68** 0.75** 0.78** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Pandwai sugar industry 139 Clay+silt

166 Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Pandwai sugar industry are presented in Table 41. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC, available N and DTPA-Zn, c) Available sulphur with EC, DTPA- Mn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with available N, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with available N, S, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with CEC, available N, P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with EC, CEC, available N, S, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn, h) EC with available S and DTPA- Cu, i) Organic carbn with CEC, available N and P2O5, j) CEC with available N, P2O5, DTPA- Zn and Cu, were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f k) available N with sulphur, l) Available P2O5 with DTPA-Fe, Mn and Cu, m) Available K2O with sulphur, n) Available sulphur with available N, K2O, DTPA-Fe and Zn, ) DTPA- Fe with CEC, available P2O5 and S, p) DTPAMn with EC, CEC and available P2O5, q) DTPA Zn with S, r) DTPA-Cu with rganic carbn and available P2O5, s) CEC with DTPA-Fe and Mn, were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f t) ph with available sulphur, DTPAZn and Cu, were negatively significant at 0.01 levels, whereas, at 0.05 level ph was negatively crrelated with available N and DTPA- Fe Vatariya sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Vatariya sugar industry are presented in Table 42. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5, K2O, DTPA- Fe, Zn and Cu, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, available N, K2O, S, DTPA- Fe, Zn and Cu, c) Available K2O with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5 and sulphur, d) Available sulphur with available P2O5 and K2O, e) DTPA - Fe with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Mn with DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, g) DTPA- Zn with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) 140

167 DTPA- Cu with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn, h) Organic carbn with CEC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, i) CEC with available N were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f j) available P2O5 with DTPA- Mn, k) Available K2O with DTPAFe, Zn and Cu, l) Organic carbn with CEC, available N, P2O5, K20, DTPA- Fe, Zn and Cu were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f m) ph with DTPA-Mn, were negatively significant at 0.01 levels, whereas, at 0.05 level DTPA- Fe were negatively crrelated with EC and available K20. Table 42: Simple crrelatin f sils under Vatariya jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph * EC Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O 0.50** ** N ** 0.47** Available P2O5 K2O ** ** Avail. Sulphur ** ** 0.73** Sulphur Fe ** 0.64** * 0.59** ** 0.65** 0.45* 0.26 DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.53** * ** ** ** 0.72** 0.46* ** 0.61** ** ** 0.75** 0.42* ** 0.71** 0.92** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt Vaddara sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Vaddara sugar industry are presented in Table 43. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with ph, rganic carbn, CEC and available P2O5, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC and available N, c) Available sulphur with DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, d) DTPA - Fe with available sulphur, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with available sulphur, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn and 141

168 Zn, h) Organic carbn with CEC, available N and P2O5 were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f i) Available P2O5 with ph, j) Available K20 with silt+clay were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f k) ph with DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were negatively significant at 0.01 levels. Table 43: Simple crrelatin f sils under Vaddara jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C ph ** EC 0.01 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O CEC ** N 0.53** ** 0.68** Available P2O5 K2O 0.40* ** 0.48** 0.62** Avail. Sulphur Sulphur Fe DTPA extracted Mn Zn -0.51** -0.47** ** ** 0.94** -0.57** ** 0.79** 0.70** Cu -0.52** ** 0.72** 0.61** 0.97** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt * Narmada sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Narmada sugar industry are presented in Table 44. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) available N with ph, rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5 and clay+silt, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC and available N, c) Available sulphur with DTPA- Zn and Cu, d) DTPA - Fe with DTPA-Mn and Zn, e) DTPA- Mn with DTPA-Fe and Zn, f) DTPA- Zn with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with available sulphur and DTPA- Zn, h) Organic carbn with ph, CEC, available N and P2O5, and i) CEC with ph, rganic carbn, available N, P2O5 and clay+silt, were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f j) Available P2O5 with ph and clay+silt, k) Available K2O with available sulphur 142

169 and DTPA- Cu, l) DTPA- Cu with available K2O, DTPA- Fe and Mn, m) EC with CEC, n) Organic carbn with clay+silt were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f ) ph with DTPA- Mn at 0.01 levels and with DTPA- Zn at 0.05 level were negatively significant. Table 44: Simple crrelatin f sils under Narmada jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph * 0.59** EC * Org. C. 0.60** CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Available P2O5 K2O N 0.51** ** 0.63** 0.45* ** 0.60** 0.53** Avail. Sulphur Sulphur Fe * * DTPA extracted Mn Zn -0.53** ** -0.38* 0.46* ** 0.62** 0.62** Cu * 0.95** 0.41* 0.45* 0.89** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt 0.73** * 0.66** 0.57** 0.40* * Bardli sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Bardli sugar industry are presented in Table 45. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with rganic carbn, CEC and available P2O5, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC and available N, c) Available sulphur with EC, DTPA- Fe, Zn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with available S, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, e) DTPA- Mn with DTPAFe, f) DTPA- Zn with EC, available S, DTPA- Fe and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with EC, available S, DTPA- Fe and Zn, h) EC with available S, DTPA- Zn and Cu, i) Organic carbn with CEC, available N and P2O5, were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f j) EC with available N and DTPA-Fe, k) DTPA-Mn with Zn were psitive and significant at 0.05 level 143

170 Table 45: Simple crrelatin f sils under Bardli jurisdictin area ph EC ph EC Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Org. C Available CEC 0.37* ** N * 0.66** 0.76** P2O ** 0.77** 0.81** DTPA extracted K2O Avail. Sulphur Sulphur Fe ** Mn * ** ** Zn ** ** 0.69** 0.45* Cu ** * ** 0.61** ** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt Madhi sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Madhi sugar industry are presented in Table 46. Table 46: Simple crrelatin f sils under Madhi jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph EC 0.06 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Avail. Sulphur ** N ** 0.74** Available P2O5 K2O 0.39* ** 0.62** 0.71** Sulphur Fe ** DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.44* -0.63** ** 0.50** * ** ** 0.77** -0.60** 0.70** ** 0.61** 0.85** ** ** 0.40* 0.69** 0.89** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt

171 The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5 and DTPA- Fe, b) Available P2O5 with rganic carbn, CEC and available N, c) Available sulphur with EC, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with rganic carbn, available N, DTPA-Mn and Zn, e) DTPAMn with EC, available sulphur, DTPA-Fe, Zn and Cu, f) DTPA- Zn with EC, available sulphur, DTPA-Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with EC, available sulphur, DTPA-Mn and Zn, h) EC with available sulphur, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu, i) Organic carbn with CEC, available N, P2O5 and DTPA-Fe, j) CEC with rganic carbn, available N and P2O5 were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f k) DTPA- Fe with CEC and DTPA-Cu were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f l) ph with DTPA- Mn and Zn at 0.01 levels and with DTPA- Fe at 0.05 level were negatively significant Vyara sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Vyara sugar industry are presented in Table 47. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with CEC, b) Available P2O5 with available sulphur, c) Available sulphur with available P2O5, DTPA- Zn and Cu, d) DTPA- Fe with DTPA- Mn and Zn, e) DTPA- Mn with DTPA-Fe, Zn, Cu and clay+silt, f) DTPA- Zn with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Cu, g) DTPA- Cu with available sulphur, DTPA-Mn and Zn, h) Organic carbn with CEC, i) CEC with ph, rganic carbn and available N were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f j) Available N with ph and rganic carbn, k) Available P2O5 with DTPA-Zn and Cu, l) Available K2O with ph and CEC, m) DTPA- Fe with DTPA- Cu and clay+silt, n) DTPACu with available P2O5, ) Organic carbn with available N, p) CEC with available K2O were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f l) ph with DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn at 0.01 levels and with DTPA- Cu at 0.05 level were negatively significant, m) CEC with DTPA-Mn and Zn at 0.01 levels and with DTPA- Fe, Cu at 0.05 level were negatively significant. 145

172 Table 47: Simple crrelatin f sils under Vyara jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph ** EC Org. C. 0.74** CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O N 0.42* * 0.69** Available P2O5 K2O Avail. Sulphur 0.45* * Sulphur Fe ** ** * * DTPA extracted Mn Zn -0.82** -0.59** ** -0.46** -0.37* * -0.41* ** 0.72** 0.49** 0.75** Cu -0.40* * * ** 0.37* 0.64** 0.94** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt * * -0.36* * 0.48** Cpper sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Cpper sugar industry are presented in Table 48. The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with ph, rganic carbn and CEC, b) Available sulphur with DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, c) DTPA- Cu with available sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn, d) Organic carbn with CEC, available N and ph, e) EC with ph were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f f) DTPA- Mn with Zn, g) CEC with clay+silt were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f h) ph with DTPA- Zn at 0.01 levels and with DTPA- Cu at 0.05 level were negatively significant, i) Available P2O5 with available sulphur and DTPA-Cu at 0.05 levels were negatively significant. 146

173 Table 48: Simple crrelatin f sils under jurisdictin area f Cpper ph EC Org. C CEC ph 0.47** 0.61** EC 0.20 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O 0.58** ** N 0.47** ** 0.77** Available P2O5 K2O Avail. Sulphur Sulphur Fe * ** DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu ** ** ** * Clay+silt -0.45* * ** 0.78** 0.71** 0.74** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively * 0.38* Mahua sugar industry Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm area f Mahua sugar industry are presented in Table 49. Table 49: Simple crrelatin f sils under Mahua jurisdictin area ph EC Org. C CEC ph ** EC 0.32 Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O Avail. Sulphur 0.56** ** N 0.65** 0.64** 0.57** 0.66** Available P2O5 K2O Sulphur Fe * ** DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.43* * * ** -0.40* 0.37* ** ** ** 0.38* ** DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn DTPA-Cu Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively Clay+silt *

174 The table revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f a) Available N with ph, EC, CEC and rganic carbn, b) Available sulphur with EC, DTPA- Zn and Cu, c) DTPA-Fe with Mn, d) DTPA - Mn with Fe, e) DTPA- Cu with EC, available sulphur and DTPA- Zn, f) Ec with available N, sulphur and DTPA- Cu, g) Organic carbn with ph, CEC and available N, h) CEC with ph, rganic carbn and available N, were fund psitive and significant at 0.01 level. Hwever crrelatins f i) CEC with available P2O5, j) DTPA- Fe with available sulphur and DTPA- Cu, k) EC with DTPA- Zn, l) Organic carbn with clay+silt were psitive and significant at 0.05 level. Crrelatins f m) ph with DTPA- Fe, Zn at 0.05 levels were negatively significant Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm entire sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat Simple crrelatins amng physic-chemical parameters and available nutrients f surface sils frm entire sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat i.e. jurisdictin area f fifteen sugar factries are presented in Table 50. The results revealed that simple crrelatins (r) f available N with sil ph, EC, rganic carbn, CEC, available P2O5, K20, sulphur, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and 'clay+silt' f sils were psitively and significantly crelated at 0.01 level. Psitive significant crrelatin between available N and rganic carbn was als bserved by Meena et al. (2006), Indulkar et al. (2007), Rakeshkumar et al. (2009), Kumar et al. (2013), Vijaykumar and Harn (2013), Basumatary et al. (2014), Singare and Kausadikar (2014), Karthikeyan et al. (2014). Psitive significant crrelatin f sil available N with DTPA-Fe (0.719**), with CEC (0.487**) and with sil available K2O (0.268) was bserved by Karthikeyan et al. (2014). Similar psitive crrelatin f sil available N was als reprted by Sharma et al. (2013) with sil ph and EC, Kumar et al. (2013) with available P2O5, K20, sulphur, DTPA- Mn, Zn and Cu, Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) with SOC, CEC, available P2O5, K2O, sulphur, 148

175 DTPA-Zn and DTPA-Cu in Dumka sil series and Tuma et al. (2014) with DTPAFe (r= 0.51). Sil available P2O5 was psitively and significantly crelated at 0.01 level with sil ph, EC, rganic carbn, CEC, available N, K20, sulphur, DTPAFe, Mn, Zn, Cu, 'clay+silt' f sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat. Similarly, psitive significant crrelatin between available P2O5 was bserved by Meena et al. (2006) with rganic carbn (r = 0.797**) and clay cntent (r = **), Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) with SOC, clay, CEC, available N, K20, sulphur, DTPA- Mn, Zn and Cu, (Dumka series), Sharma et al. (2013) with sil ph and clay, Kumar et al. (2013) with K20 (r = **), sulphur, DTPA-Zn and Cu, Karthikeyan et al. (2014) with rganic carbn (r = 0.021), CEC (r =0.210) and Tuma et al. (2014) with DTPA-Fe (r= 0.72*). Again, simple crrelatins (r) f available K2O was psitively and significantly crelated at 0.01 level with ph, EC, rganic carbn, CEC, available N, P2O5, sulphur, 'clay+silt' and at 0.05 level with DTPA- Zn f sil. Similar psitive and significant crrelatin f available K2O was btained by Meena et al. (2006) with rganic carbn (r = 0.420**) and clay cntent (r = **) fr Tnk district (Rajasthan), Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) with SOC, available N, P2O5, sulphur,vijayakumar and Harn (2013) with rganic carbn (r= **), available nitrgen (r= *) and available sulphur (r= ) fr sugarcane sil f Theni (Tamilnadu), Sharma et al. (2013) with CEC, EC, and by Kumar et al. (2013) with EC, rganic carbn, available N, P2O5 and DTPA- Zn (0.207*). Sil available sulphur was fund t crelate psitively and significantly at 0.01 level with sil EC, rganic carbn, CEC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA- Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, and at 0.05 level with 'silt + clay' f sil. Similar psitive and significant crrelatin f available sulphur was btained by Sharma et al. (2008) with rganic carbn (r=0.176*), Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) with SOC, CEC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA- Zn, Cu (Dumka series), DTPA- Fe and clay cntent (Lakhimpur series), Sharma et al. (2013) with SOC, EC and clay cntent Kumar et al. (2013) with EC, rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA- Fe, 149

176 Mn and Cu f Ongle (Andhra Pradesh) and by Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) with rganic carbn (0.3200*) and EC (r= **) fr sugarcane sil f Theni (Tamilnadu). Table 50: Simple crrelatin f sils under sugarcane area f Suth Gujarat jurisdictin ph EC Org. C CEC ph ** EC 0.14** Org. C. CEC Avail. N Avail. P2O5 Avail. K2O 0.30** 0.21** 0.52** N 0.15** 0.16** 0.72** 0.48** Available P2O5 K2O 0.18** 0.12** 0.53** 0.37** 0.59** 0.20** 0.20** 0.23** 0.20** 0.25** 0.25** Sulphur Fe -0.54** 0.14** 0.28** ** 0.20** ** 0.83** -0.43** 0.10* 0.33** 0.09* 0.42** 0.34** 0.10* 0.40** 0.62** 0.66** Clay+silt 0.22** 0.11* 0.20** 0.32** 0.19** 0.18** 0.20** Avail. Sulphur 0.10* DTPA-Fe DTPA-Mn DTPA-Zn 0.02 DTPA-Cu 0.02 Clay+silt ** star and * star dente significant crrelatin (2-tailed) at 0.01 level and 0.05 level respectively ** 0.28** 0.21** 0.33** 0.30** 0.29** -0.42** ** ** 0.25** ** DTPA extracted Mn Zn Cu -0.32** 0.16** 0.39** 0.15** 0.48** 0.40** ** 0.61** 0.61** 0.82** In case f sil available micrnutrients, simple crrelatins (r) f DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and f DTPA-Cu were psitively and significantly crelated with rganic carbn, available N, P2O5, and sulphur at 0.01 level. Psitive and significant crrelatin was btained by Meena et al. (2006) between Fe and rganic carbn (r = 0.226*) and clay cntent (r = 0.180*) f Tnk district (Rajasthan), Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) between DTPA-Zn and rganic carbn (r= *) and Basumatary et al. (2014) DTPA-Fe (0.442**), Mn (0.241**), Zn (0.132*), Cu (0.169*) with rganic carbn. Sil available micrnutrients i.e. DTPA-Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were crelated psitively and significantly with each ther at 0.01 level. Talukdar et al. (2009) reprted significant crrelatin f DTPA-Fe with DTPAMn, Cu and Zn with Cu and Mn under sugarcane land use systems f Glaghat (Assam). Hwever, sil EC was fund t crrelate psitively and significantly with DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu at 0.01 level. Psitive and significant crrelatin was 150

177 btained by Singare and Kausadikar (2014) between sil EC and DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu. Sil CEC was bserved t crrelate (at 0.01 level) psitively and significantly nly with DTPA-Cu similar finding was reprted by Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) fr Dumka and Lakhimpur sils. Hwever, ph was fund t crrelate negatively and significantly with DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn at 0.05 level. These significant and negative crrelatin f sil ph with DTPA- Fe, Mn and Zn was strngly supprted by findings f many secientists like Magar (2003) wh reprted with DTPA-Fe (r= ), Zn (r=0.478) and Cu (r= ), Rakeshkumar et al. (2009) fr Dumka and Lakhimpur sils and by Vijayakumar and Harn (2013) with DTPA-Fe (r= **, **, * respectively in Palaviduthi, Smayyanur and Irugur series) and with Mn in Smayyanur series ( **) f Theni (Tamilnadu) under sugarcane grwing. SOC exhibited psitive and significant crelatins with sil ph, CEC and clay + silt at 0.01 level. Similarly, sil EC was psitively and significantly crelated at 0.01 level with rganic carbn and CEC and at 0.05 level with DTPA-Zn and silt + clay f sil. In the event f sil CEC, it was fund t crrelate psitively and significantly with sil ph and clay+silt at 0.01 level and with DTPA- Zn at 0.05 leval these results are crrbrated with findings f Rakeshkumar et al. (2009). 4.5 Multiple regressin analysis fr sil available sulphur and DTPAextractable micrnutrients fr jurisdictin area f sugarcane industry f Suth Gujarat. The multiple regressin equatin fr available sil sulphur relating t sil EC, available K2O, DTPA-Mn, Zn and Cu f sils fr the sugarcane grwing area f entire Suth Gujarat is as belw, where value f R2 indicates that variatin f available sulphur in these sils can be predicted up t abut 40 percent by the equatin as belw. Available Sulphur = (EC) (K2O) (Mn) (Zn) (Cu). R2 =

178 The multiple regressin equatin fr DTPA-Fe relating t rganic carbn, EC, DTPA-Mn, Cu and clay+silt cntent f sils fr the sugarcane grwing area f entire Suth Gujarat is as belw, where value f R2 indicates that variatin f DTPA Fe in these sils can be cntrlled up t abut 72 percent by the equatin as belw. DTPA- Fe = (EC) (rganic carbn) (Mn) (Cu) (Clay+silt) R2 = The multiple regressin equatin fr DTPA-Mn relating t sil EC ph, available N, K2O, DTPA-Fe and Zn cntent f sils fr the sugarcane grwing area f entire Suth Gujarat is given as belw, where value f R2 indicates that variatin f DTPA-Mn in these sils can be cntrlled up t abut 76 percent by the equatin as belw. DTPA- Mn = (ph) (EC) (available N) (K2O) (Fe) (Zn) R2 = The multiple regressin equatin fr DTPA-Zn relating t sil ph, available N, DTPA-Mn, Cu and clay+silt cntent f sils fr the sugarcane grwing area f entire Suth Gujarat is given as belw, where value f R2 indicates that variatin f DTPA-Zn in these sils can be cntrlled up t abut 72 percent by the equatin as belw. DTPA- Zn = (ph) (available N) (Mn) (Cu) (clay+silt) R2 = The multiple regressin equatin fr DTPA-Cu relating t sil EC, available N, P2O5, DTPA-Fe and Zn cntent f sils fr the sugarcane grwing area f entire Suth Gujarat is given as belw, where value f R2 indicates that variatin f DTPA-Cu in these sils can be cntrlled up t abut 71 percent by the factrs EC, available N, P2O5, K2O, DTPA-Fe and Zn as given in the equatin belw. DTPA- Cu = (EC) (available N) + 152

179 (avail. P2O5,) (K2O) (Fe) (Zn) R2 = In case f regressin analysis Bhuyan et al. (2014) reprted that sil ph, OC and CEC were the main factrs cntributing 64.1 t 88.0 per cent f variability f micrnutrient cntent in sils. 4.6 Study f representative pedns frm sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat. Details f pedns including gegraphical infrmatin frm sugarcane grwing study area frm Suth Gujarat are presented in Table 51. All the sil pedns were examined thrughly n the basis f hrizns and their clur, texture, structure, cnsistency, depth etc. The interpretatin and descriptin f all the pedns frm study area were dne fllwing the guideline f Natarajan and Sarkar (2009). Table 51: Lcatin f pedns frm sugarcane grwing areas f Suth Gujarat Pedn N Place Taluka District Latitude Lngitude Altitude Slpe (Abve % MSL) Pedn 1 Kukeri Chaikhli Valsad N ' 53.2" E 73012' 05.4" 80 m 3 Pedn 2 Khadsupa Navsari Navsari N ' 31.3" E 73001' 01.4" 48 m 2 Pedn 3 Sachin Palsana Surat N ' 10.9 " E 72050' 32.6" -05 m 2 Pedn 4 Vachnad Vagra Bharuch N ' 32.3 " E 72054' 43.3" 36 m Pedn 5 Achhiyalia Rajpipla Narmada N 21 47' 22.6" E 73 16' 41.8" 66 m 2 Pedn 6 Mangrl N ' 27.3" E 73008' 22.9" 31 m 3 Mangrl Surat 0 0 Pedn 7 Bardli Bardli Surat N 21 07' 48.7" E 73 05' 38.3" 25 m 2 Pedn 8 Vyara Vyara Tapi N ' 34.7" E ' 29.4" 85 m 2 Crpping pattern Mang-RiceSugarcane Mang-RiceSugarcane RiceSugarcane Sugarcane CttnSrghum Sugarcane RiceSugarcane RiceSugarcane Site characters f representative pedns under sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat Mrphlgical prperties 153

180 Plate 1: Pedn n. 1 at Kukeri village Plate 2: Pedn n. 2 at Khadsupa village

181 Plate 3: Pedn n. 3 at Sachin village Plate 4: Pedn n. 4 atvachnad village

182 Plate 5: Pedn n. 5 at Achhayalia research statin farm f N.A.U, Navsari Plate 6: Pedn n. 6 at Mangrl village

183 Plate 7: Pedn n.7 atbardli Research Farm f N.A.U, Navsari Plate 8: Pedn n.8 atvyara Research farm, N.A.U., Navsari

184 The details f mrphlgical characters studied fr all the pedns (1 t 8) are presented in Table 52. Parameterwise details f mrphlgical interpretatins are presented and cmpared amngst pedns as belw. Depth: It was bserved that the depth f pedn 1 was >150 cm indicating very deep sil which ccurred at very gently slping flat land f Kukeri village (Table 52). The pedn 2 frm Khadsupa village was als deep (>125 cm) which was situated at very gently slping (<2%) land. Similarly, the pedn 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 frm different places f sugarcanr grwing area f Suth Gujarat were als deep with slum depth f >115 cm, >120 cm, 130 cm, 135 cm, 140 cm and >150 cm, respectively. Gd depth f all the pedns indicated gd sign fr ptimum plant grwth f sugarcane under Suth Gujarat cnditin. The result crrbrated with the findings f Satyavathi et al. (2007) fr Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) fr Maharashtra and Satyavathi et al. (2012) fr Vertisls f Gujarat. Clur: Pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 frm surface hrizn thrugh subhrizns exhibited very dark brwn (10YR 2/2) clur under mist cnditin, excepting the lwermst hrizn f pedn 2 and pedn 5 which depicted very dark grayish brwn (10YR 3/2) and reddish yellw (5YR 7/6) clur respectively. Under dry cnditin, almst all the hrizns f pedn 1, 4 and pedn 5 were f very dark grayish brwn (10YR 3/2) clur, barring the lwermst hrizn f pedn 1, 5 and tw lwermst hrizns f pedn 4 which shwed dark brwn (10YR 3/3), dark brwn (10YR 3/3) and reddish yellw (5YR 7/6) clur respectively. In case f pedn 2 and 3 almst all the hrizns were f very dark brwn (10YR 2/2) clur under dry cnditin with exceptin f lwermst hrizn f prfile 2 with dark brwn (10YR 3/3) clur. Pedn 7 and 8 shwed black (10YR 2/1) clur frm surface t dwn belw almst all the hrizns with few exceptins, under dry and mist cnditin. Hwever, the lwest hrizn f pedn 7 (115 t 140 cm), being sil admixed with partialy decmpsed bedrck, depicted mixture f tw clurs i.e. yellw 50 percent (10YR 7/8) and dark yellwish brwn 50 percent 154

185 (10YR 3/4) bth under dry and mist cnditin. In case f pedn 8, hrizn with depth 80 t 105 cm exhibited very dark brwn (10YR 2/2) clur bth under dry and mist cnditin and similarly, hrizn with depth 130 t 150 cm exhibited reddish brwn (2.5 YR 5/4) clur. The results are in gd agreement with the findings f Naidu (2002) fr Karnataka, Satyavathi et al. (2007) fr Vertisls f Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) frmaharashtra and Satyavathi et al. (2012). Texture: The data f mechanical analysis (Table 52) revealed that the texture f sil (<2 mm) varied frm clay t clay lam in pedn 1, clay in pedn 2, 4 and pedn 7, clay t sandy clay in pedn 3, clay-clat lam-sandy clay lam t lam sand in prfile 5 and clay- clay lam t sandy clay lam in pedn 6 and 8. Overall hrizns f all pedns strngly exhibited clayey nature f mst sils. Similar results were btained by Satyavathi et al. (2007). Sil Structure: Different hrizns f all the pedns exhibited weak t strng sub-angular blcky sil structure (m 1 sbk t m 3 sbk). In case f pedn 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 all the hrizns barring surface hrizns f pedn 2 with weak subangular blcky structure (m 1 sbk), depicted medium sub-angular blcky structure (m 3 sbk). In case f pedn 1 and 4, tw upper hrizns and fr pedn 5, three upper hrizns (upt 70 cm) were f medium sub-angular blcky structure, while three lwer mst hrizn f pedn 1 and 4 belnged t strng sub-angular blcky structure. In all the pedns, depending upn its physigraphical psitin, sil texture in cmbinatin with rganic matter played almst similar rle in the develpment f structure. Similar bservatin was btained by Gangpadhyay et al. (2008) and Ra et al. (2008). Further, in majrity f pedns, structure was mderate medium sub-angular blcky. Many scientises btained similar results, like Satyavathi et al. (2007) fr Vertisls f Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, Dhale and Prasad (2009) in sils f Jalna district f Maharashtra, Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) fr Maharashtra and Satyavathi et al. (2012) fr Vertisls f Gujarat. 155

186 Table 52:Mrphlgical prperties f pedn sil under sugarcane cultivatin frm Suth Gujarat Cnsistency Clur Depth Structure Hrizn Texture cm (Mist) Dry D- M Stickiness Plasticity Prfile 1: Kukeri YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay lam m 2 sbk sh vfr vs vp YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 2 sbk h fr vs vp YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk vh fr vs vp YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk vh fi s p YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk vh fi ss ps Prfile 2: Khadsupa YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 1 sbk sh vfr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk h vfr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk sh fr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk vh fr s ps YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 2 sbk vh fr ss ps Prfile 3: Sachin YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk sh vfr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk h fr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay m 2 sbk vh fi s p YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Sandy clay m 2 sbk vh fi s p Prfile 4: Vachnad YR 2/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 2 sbk sh vfr vs vp 10YR 2/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 2 sbk sh fr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk h fr vs vp YR 2/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk vh fi vs vp m 3 sbk vh fi s p YR 2/2 10YR 3/2 Clay Prfile 5: Achhiyalia YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay lam m 2 sbk h fr vs Vp YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Sandy clay m 2 sbk h vfr s Ps lam YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 2 sbk vh vfr s Ps YR 3/2 10YR 3/2 Clay m 3 sbk vh efi s Ps YR 7/6 5YR 7/6 Lam sand Rts Carse many t medium many Fine many t medium, earthwrm Fine few Fine few -Medium many t large many Fine cmmn Very few fine --Medium cmmn Fine few --Carse t medium many, earthwrm fine many t medium, earthwrm Fine few Fine few -C many Medium few Fine few Very fine few 156

187 Depth cm Prfile 6: Mangrl Prfile 7: Bardli Hrizn Prfile 8: Vyara Clur (Mist) Dry Texture Structure Cnsistency D-M Stickiness Plasticity Rts 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/2 Clay lam Clay lam Clay Clay lam Sandy clay lam m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk h vfr h fr vh fi vh fi vh fi vs vs vs vs ss Vp Vp Vp Vp Ps C many C many Medium cmmn Fine few -- 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk sh vfr sh vfr h vfr h vfr h vfr vh fr vs vs vs vs s ss Vp Vp Vp Vp Vp Ps Fine t medium many Fine t medium many Fine many Fine cmmn Very fine few Very fine few 10YR 7/8 and (50%) 10YR 3/4 10YR 7/8 and (50%) 10YR 3/4 Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/1 2.5 Y 5/4 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/1 10YR 2/2 10YR 2/1 2.5 Y 5/4 Clay Clay lam Clay Clay Clay Sandy clay lam -- m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk m 2 sbk -- h vfr h vfr h vfr vh vfr vh vfr vh fr vs vs s ss ss ss Vp Vp Vp Ps Ps Ps Medium cmmn Fine t medium cmmn Fine t medium few Very fine few Very fine few Very fine

188 Cnsistency: Cnsistency f pedn 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 was fund t be slightly hard t very hard, very friable t friable and very sticky t very plastic at dry, mist and wet cnditin respectively. In case f pedn 5 and 8, hard t very hard at dry, very sticky t sticky and very sticky t slightly plastic at mist cnsistency was bserved. Generally, surface as well as ther upper hrizns was very sticky and very plastic in cnsistency, whereas degree f stickyness and plasticity decreased t nly sticky r slightly sticky and nly plastic r slightly plastic fr lwer hrizns f all the pedns. The results f cnsistency fr these clay r claylam Vertisl and inceptisls were supprted by similar findings f Satyavathi et al. (2007), Satyavathi et al. (2012). Hwever, variatin in sil cnsistency amngst hrizns in individual pedns and amng all the pedns was mainly regulated by the variatin in clay type and cntent in hrizns f all the pedns. The similar reasns were put frwarded by Thangasamy et al. (2005) and Ra et al. (2008). Rts: Majr pedns were dugut either in area f standing sugarcane crp r after its harvest. S, the distributin f rts in pedns was mainly cntributed by the sugarcane crp. In pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 abundance f carse t fine rt destributin was bserved upt 104, 72, 48, 90, 95, 102, 115 and 130 cm respectively. Rts present in surface hrizn f pedn 1, 2, 4, 5 and pedn 6 were carse r large in size and many / cmmn in quantities with earthwrm cast and channel sespecially in pedn 1, 4 and 7. In case f pedn 3, 7, and 8 medium size rts with fine rts were nticed in prfuse quantity as cmmn in surface hrizn. Hwever, presence f rts and their size gradually decreased with depth in all the pedns. In sub surface hrizns fine t very fine rts were bserved in many t few in numbers with increase in depth f all the pedns. The results regarding the distributin f rts are supprted by the findings f Thangasamy et al. (2005), Tripathi et al. (2006) and Leelavathi et al. (2009). Physic chemical prperties and particle size distributin 158

189 Sand, silt and clay (%) : The sand, silt and clay cntent (<2 mm sil) f different hrizns ranged frm t 37.91, t and t percent, respectively in pedn 1 and the cncnmitent values fr pedn 2 were frm t 36.91, t and t percent, respectively, fr pedn 3 frm t 41.76, t and t percent, respectively, fr pedn 4 frm t 13.29, t and t percent, respectively, fr pedn 5 frm t 83.67, 5.46 t and t percent, respectively, fr pedn 6 frm t 42.00, t and t percent, respectively, fr pedn 7 frm t 29.61, t and t percent, respectively and fr pedn 8 frm t 48.30, t and t percent, respectively. In case f pedn 1 the clay cntent slightly increased with depth up t 50 cm and slightly decreased again t a small extent at lwer depth. Clay cntent increased in secnd hrizn as cmpared t surface hrizn in pedn 1, 4, 6 and pedn 7, while reverse was the case fr rest f the pedns. There was an verall decrease in clay cntent frm surface t dwn belw the lwer mst hrizn with sme irregular trend f increase / decrease in the intermediate hrizns f pedn 2, 3, 5 and pedn 8 and reverse case with pedn 1, 4, 6 and pedn 7. The highest silt and clay cntent were recrded in pedn 4 f Vachnad frm Bharuch district. Such bservatins reprted earlier by Naidu (2002) fr Karnataka, Satyavathi et al. (2007) fr Vertisl f Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, Satyavathi et al. (2012) fr Vertisl f Gujarat. Sil rganic carbn (SOC): The SOC f pedn 1 was ranged frm 6.6 t 4.2 g kg-1, while in case f pedn 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8 it varied frm 7.5 t 3.3, 7.1 t 6.0, 6.49 t 2.37, 6.4 t 3.1, 5.9 t 4.0, 8.2 t 3.7 and 8.6 t 2.6 g kg-1 respectively in different hrizns. SOC in all the pedns generally decreased frm surface with increase in depth f pedn with a few exceptins (Pedn 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8) where subsurface sils exhibited slightly higher SOC ver surface sils which might be due t basic nature f Vertisl / Inceptisl. All the hrizns f pedn 3 exhibited medium status f SOC. Hwever, in pedn 1, 2 and 7 the status f SOC 159

190 in the lwermst hrizns was lw, while the same in pedn 5, 6 and 8 at the tw lwermst hrizns and in pedn 4 belw 30 cm sil depth, all the three hrizns exhibited lwer SOC. Fr prfile sils, Naidu (2002) in Karnataka and Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) frm Maharashtra recrded similar bservatins. Sil ph: Sil ph f all the hrizns f different pedns was fund t vary frm neutral t strngly alkaline in reactin. In pedn 1, ph varied frm 7.50 t 8.44 in different hrizns, while sil ph ranged frm 8.20 t 8.76, 8.43 t 8.88, 7.78 t 8.61, 7.25 t 8.56, 7.90 t 8.40, 8.10 t 8.98 and 7.62 t 8.84 in pedn 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8, respectively. N definite trend f ph was bserved with the increase in sil depth in all the pedns. Hwever, sils f majr hrizns came under mderate t strngly alkaline categry which might be due t higher cntent f calcium and mangesium in the exchange sites f sils. Naidu (2002) frm Karnataka and Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) frm Maharashtra fr sugarcane sils reprted ph f hrizns f pedns t vary frm 6.2 t 9.0 and 8.2 t 8.9, respectively. Sil EC: Sil EC f all pedns depicted nrmal status in general. Hwever, it was fund t vary frm 0.33 t 0.14, 0.24 t 0.18, 0.23 t 0.17, 0.52 t 0.21, 0.11 t 0.03, 0.21 t 0.08, 0.38 t 0.19 and 0.19 t 0.11 ds m-1 in sils f pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8, respectively. Naidu (2002) frm Karnataka and Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) frm Maharashtra fr sugarcane sils reprted that EC f pedns varied frm 0.07 t 0.80 ds m-1 and 0.16 t 1.16 ds m-1, respectively. Sil CEC: CEC f sils frm different hrizns f pedn 1 ranged frm t cml (p+) kg-1 with an irregular trend with depth f sil, which might be due t presence f varying prprtins f silt, clay and f Na+, Ca++ and Mg++ exchangable ins. Slightly higher range f CEC was bserved in sils f different hrizns f pedn 5 (57.08 t cml (p+) kg-1) and pedn 6 (53.53 t cml (p+) kg-1). Sil CEC f different hrizns f pedn 2, 3, 4, 7 and pedn 8 was bserved f further higher range and the same was fund t vary frm t 54.84, t 62.01, t 62.21, t and t cml 160

191 Table 53: Physic chemical prperties and particle size distributin f pedn sil under sugarcane cultivatin. Depth Exchangeable Hrizn % Sand Silt Clay EC c m l ( p + ) kg - 1 cm ph -1 ds m % % Na+ K+ Ca++ Mg++ Carse Fine Ttal Prfile 1: Kukeri Prfile 2: Khadsupa Prfile 3: Sachin Prfile 4: Vachnad/ Bharuch CEC cml (p+) kg - 1 Bulk density Mg m cnti 161

192 Hrizn Depth cm Prfile 5: Achhiyalia Prfile 6: Mangrl Prfile 7: Bardli Prfile 8: Vyara % Sand Exchangeable EC Silt % Clay % ph ds m-1 CEC Bulk density Mg m-3 c m l ( p + ) kg - 1 Na+ K+ Ca++ Mg++ Carse Fine Ttal

193 (p+) kg-1 respectively in chrnlgical rder. Naidu (2002) fr different sugarcane grwing tracks frm Karnataka reprted lw (10.8 cml (p+) kg-1) t high (64.3 c ml (p+) kg-1) CEC in sils f different pedns, Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) fr Maharashtra sils recrded t cml (p+) kg-1 and Satyavati et al. (2012) fr Vertisls f Gujarat reprted CEC f pedns t vary frm t c ml (p+) kg-1. Bulk density (B.D.): Surface sils f all the pedns exhibited lwer bulk density as cmpared t thse f lwer hrizns and the magnitude f bulk density was fund generally t increase gradually with depth in all the pedns which might be due t cmbined effect f carse fractins, rganic matter and tillage. The lwest B.D. f surface layer might be ascribed t mre rganic matter, plant rt density and tillage. Hwever, B.D. in pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 was fund t vary frm 1.32 t 1.63, 1.24 t 1.59, 1.36 t 1.60, 1.14 t 1.46, 1.32 t 1.62, 1.27 t 1.56, 1.15 t 1.62 and 1.18 t 1.67 Mg m-3, respectively. The variatin in bulk density f these sils in different hrizns might be attributed t the variatin in clay alng with carse fractins / gravels and intensity f plant rts / rganic matter. Less cmpact nature f surface sils due t high amunt f rganic matter and plant rt cncentratin was reprted earlier by Maji et al. (2005). The results are in gd agreement t the findings f Ra et al. (2008), Bidari et al. (2008) and Leelavathi et al. (2009). Available macrnutrients In case f available N, surface sils f pedn 2, 4 and 8 exhibited medium status, while pedn 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 belnged t lw status. In general in pedn 1, 2 and 3 available N was fund t decrease in a regular trend with depth, while in pedn 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 available N was fund t decrease in an irregular trend with depth which might be due t the presence f varying quantam f rganic matter / decmpsed / decayed rts. Magnitude f SOC, in pedn 1 ranged frm 234 t 141 kg ha-1, while the crrespnding values fr pedn 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were f 269 t 123, 254 t 211, 304 t 149, 209 t 89, 189 t 115, 299 t 124 and 294 t 163

194 61 kg ha-1, respectively. In case f available P2O5, surface sils f all pedns exhibited lwer status than next subsurface hrizn belw and was fund t decrease with an irregular trend with depth, except pedn 2 and generally it recrded the highest values in hrizn between 30 and 70 cm f all pedns. Available P2O5 fr pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were fund t vary frm t 16.22, t 52.13, t 44.02, t 32.44, t 23.60, t 16.22, t and t kg ha-1, respectively. Available K2O in all pedns exhibited irregular trend f availability, except pedn 3, where it decreased in a regular trend. Available K2O in pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were fund in the range f 322 t 176, 272 t 186, 414 t 211, 742 t 468, 354 t 172, 229 t 118, 251 t 233 and 304 t 206 kg ha-1, respectively. Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) reprted available N, P, and K t range frm 47.0 t 228.9, 0.6 t 28.6 and 80.3 t kg ha-1, respectively in different pedns under sugarcane in Maharashtra and Venkatakrishnan and Ravichandra (2012) reprted t have available N, P, and K 243, 22.5, 105 kg ha-1, respectively after harvest f ratn in Tamilnadu. Available sulphur: Sil available sulphur in all pedns shwed decreasing trend with increasing sil depth. Surface hrizn f pedn 1, 3, 5 and 8 exhibited lw available-s status (less than critical limit) and dwn thrugh pedns its magnitude decreased frm 7.79 t 0.26, t 7.79, 8.04 t 3.89 and 8.56 t 5.15 ppm respectively. Surface hrizn f pedns 2, 4, 6 and 7 exhibited medium t high S status (mre than critical limit) and with increasing depth f pedns it dwindled frm t 8.04, t 6.75, t 4.93 and t 3.11 ppm respectively. The highest available S was bserved in pedn 4 (Vachnad f Bharuch district). Pedn 1 frm Kukeri village (80m abve MSL) f Valsad area, pedn 5 frm Achhyalia (66m abve MSL) f Narmada district area and pedn 8 frm Vyara (85m abve MSL) f Tapi district exhibited lwer available S status. The variatin in available S in different hrizns f pedns under study might be attributable t varying quantam f rganic matter and clay. High sulphur level in 164

195 Table 54: Prfile distributin f available macrnutrients and micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) under sugarcane cultivatin Hrizn Depth cm Organic Carbn (g kg-1) Majr sil Nutrients kg ha-1 N P2O5 K2 O Sulphur ppm DTPA- micrnutrients ppm Fe Mn Zn Cu Prfile 1: Kukeri Prfile 2: Khadsupa Prfile 3: Sachin Prfile 4: Vachnad cnti 165

196 Hrizn Depth cm Organic Carbn (g kg-1) Prfile 5: Achhiyalia Prfile 6: Mangrl Prfile 7: Bardli Prfile 8: Vyara Majr sil Nutrients kg ha-1 N P2O5 K2 O Sulphur ppm DTPA- micrnutrients ppm Fe Mn Zn Cu

197 sme pedns f Vertisl might be attributed t high SOC with heavy texture f these sils r due t pr infiltratin capacity which might have retarded the leaching lss f sulphur. Similar reasns were put frwaerded by Brktki and Das (2008) fr heavy texture sils. Hwever, Aggarwal and Nayyar (l998) reprted that sulphur cntent in sil als had large bearing n crpping systems and parent materials. Micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) DTPA- Fe in surface sil f all pedns was in sufficiency level. In general, DTPA- Fe was fund t decrease with increase in sil depth in all the pedns. S far as distributin f DTPA- Fe in pedns, it varied frm 12.8 t 3.16, 9.90 t 3.16, 7.64 t 3.40, t 4.46, 9.12 t 4.30, t 3.16, t 3.16 and t 3.16 ppm respectively in pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8. Rating f DTPA-Fe was lw in all the pedns belw arund 70 cm sil depth. DTPA-Mn fllwed almst the same trend as that f DTPA-Fe in pedns. In pedn 1 t 8, DTPA-Mn varied frm 15.9 t 2.60, t 2.24, 9.42 t 2.60, t 4.30, t 4.10, t 2.60, 9.94 t 2.60 and t 3.64 ppm, respectively in chrnlgical rder. In case f DTPA- Zn, all pedns were sufficient (medium t high status), except pedn 3 and value f the same ranged frm 0.80 t 0.20, 0.92 t 0.28, 0.36 t 0.14, 0.84 t 0.24, 0.74 t 0.16, 0.92 t 0.20, 1.12 t 0.22 and 1.24 t 0.16 ppm respectively in pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8. Surface sil f all pedns exhibited medium t high DTPA- Cu status. DTPA- Cu in pedn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and pedn 8 were ranged frm 0.98 t 0.14, 1.04 t 0.14, 0.42 t 0.16, 1.80 t 0.20, 1.02 t 0.26, 1.54 t 0.24, 2.16 t 0.16 and 2.36 t 0.14 ppm, respectively. Results were supprted by Naidu (2002) fr Karnataka sil. Ashkkumar and Prasad (2010) fr Maharashtra sil recrded DTPA extractable-fe, Mn, Cu and Zn t range frm 7.2 t 17.9, 7.9 t 25.0, 1.2 t 4.0 and 0.2 t 0.9 mg kg-1 respectively in different pedns. 4.7 GIS based digitized mapping f physicchemical parameters and available nutrient status in sugarcane grwing area f Suth Gujarat. Fur hundred fifty surface sil samples were cllected frm sugarcane grwn area f Suth Gujarat and this area cme under a juridictin area f abut 15.7 lakh ha, where apart frm sugarcane crp ther seasnal crps like cttn, rice, banana and mang etc. are als being raised in interspersed. Samples were analyzed fr 167

198 physicchemical prperties (ph, EC, SOC, exchangeable catins and CEC), available majr nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O), available sulphur (S) and DTPA- extractable micrnutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu), generated analytical data were statistically analyszed and were interpreted based n jurisdictin area f each sugar factry inclusive f Vaddara sugar industry (cvering part f Karjan, Sinr and Dabhi) and the entire sugarcane grwn area cnsidering ttal cver up area t the tune f abut 15.7 lakh ha as a whle. Data btained fr majr abve parameters fr the entire sugarcane grwn area were prcessed in ARC GIS 9.2 at BISAG, Gandhinagar t generate the spatial distributin maps f different parameters and are presented in graphical frms (Fig 6 t 17) and discussed as fllws. Physic-chemical parameters Spatial distributin degitised map f sil ph fr the entire sugarcane grwn area f abut 15.7 lakh ha f Suth Gujarat is presented in Fig. 6. The figure revealed that ut f ttal study area, sils frm 644, 21662, , , and 914 ha belnged t slightly acidic, neutral, mild alkaline, mderate alkaline, strngly alkaline and very strngly alkaline in reactin respectively (6 grups). Sils frm majr area ( ha) exhibited mderate alkalinity fllwed by area under mild alkaline, strngly alkaline, neutral, very strngly alkaline and slightly alkaline class. Thus, sils belnging t very strngly alkaline class encmpassing the area f Vaddara sugar industry (Chhattral and ther adjining villages) and strngly alkaline class cvering the area f upper nrthern part f Jalalpre taluka (Marli sugar industry area), suthern part f lpad, east-chrasi, suthern Hanst, patches f Jhagadiya, Karjan and majr part f Sinr, Dabhi, Nandd taluka as are evidenced in Fig. 6 need special attentin fr mitigatin/ reductin / management f sil alkalinity t maintain gd sil health fr achieving pssible gd yield f sugarcane crp. Hwever, fr sil area cming under mderate alkaline reactin i.e. Bansda, Chikhli, Gandevi, western Valsad, Navsari, Mahua, Vald, Bardli, Palsana, Kamrej, Mangrl, Valia, Ankleswer, Jhagadia, Bahruch, Amd taluka and with mild alkaline class particularly in Dharampur, Vyara, Mandvi, Sngad, Umarpada, central Mangrl area, measures are als t be taken depending upn site specefic degree f alkalinity fr maintaining gd sil health and sustaining crp yield. Degitised map fr spatial 168

199 distributin f sil EC fr the entire sugarcane grwn area f abut 15.7 lakh ha f Suth Gujarat is presented in Fig. 7. Sil EC f majr area (abut 98%) cmes under nrmal grup (< 1dS m-1) with nly 4296 ha area belnging t medium salinity (1 t 2 ds m-1) class which cvers very small area spreading ver different sugar industries in scattered frm. In case f SOC, areas under lw, medium and high SOC class (Fig. 8) were abut , and ha respectively indicating majr area under lw SOC which cvers the S-W part f Valsad, Vyara, Vald, Bardli, Mandvi, Sngad, Umarpada, Jhagadia, Nandd, Sinr and Karjan taluka. This area with lw SOC need urgently special attentin fr imprvement / management f SOC thrugh additin f mre rganic matter/ bicmpst/ cmpst etc. t maintain gd sil health fr achiving pssible gd yield f sugarcane crp cnsidering als the fact that increase in SOC and manure applicatins affect the immediate and ptential availability f micrnutrient catins (Rengel, 2007). Hwever, area cming under medium SOC cmprising f Dharampur, Chikhli, Bansda, Ankleswar, Bahruch, Vagra and Amd talukas, excepting sme patches f high SOC in Gandevi, Navsari, Jalalpr, Kamrej, Chrasi, Palsana, Kamrej, Olpad, Hanst and Valia talukas als require imprvement f SOC t certain extent depending upn site. Degitised map fr spatial distributin f sil CEC fr the entire sugarcane grwn area f abut 15.7 lakh ha f Suth Gujarat is presented in Fig. 9. Sil CEC was classified in fur grupsas < 30, 30 t 40, 40 t 50 and 50 t 64 [c ml (p+) kg-1] and the area 169

200 Fig 6: Spatial distributin f sil ph under sugarcane cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat.

201 Fig. 7: Spatial distributin f sil EC(dS m-1) under sugarcane cultivatin area frm Suth Gujarat.