Section 2-1 Chemical Compounds in Cells

Transcription

1 The Life Science of Creation Studying God s World (Science) in the Light of God s Word (Scripture) Mr. Galloway Chapter Two Cell Processes & Energy Section 2-1 Chemical Compounds in Cells Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. Cells are made of chemicals (elements and compounds). How can these chemicals live, function, and reproduce? Information (DNA) from an intelligence (God) makes it possible. What s the difference between: Pile of chemicals that is a ROCK? Pile of chemicals that is a ANIMAL? Plant Cell (3-D view) GOOGLE Search plant cell diagrams Remember the Harvard VIDEO showing the complexity of molecular machinery inside a single cell: Element = any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Examples are 5O 2, or O 2, or H 2, etc. Note each is only one type of letter. Atom = the smallest unit of an element Examples are one atom of C, or H, or O, etc. Compound = two or more elements combined chemically. (Has 2 or more letters) Water - H 2 O - is a compound made up of H & O. Molecule = the smallest unit of most chemicals Examples are sugar C 6 H 12 O 6, water H 2 O, oxygeno 2, hydrogen H 2, etc. C 6 H 12 O 6 and H 2 O are also compounds. O 2 and H 2 are not compounds. Inorganic Compounds = do not contain the element carbon Organic Compounds = contain the element carbon. A SPIRITUAL application about Carbon: Carbon can form diamonds (like coal under both high pressure and heat). Pressures in your own life can make you more like Jesus, if you respond to them with humble obedience to His will. (Rom 8:28-29) Four important organic compounds in living things: 1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids 1. Proteins Proteins = large organic compounds made of (C, H, O, N, and S) bird feathers, spider s webs, your muscles are made of proteins cell membranes, and many organelles are made of proteins proteins are made up of smaller molecules called Amino Acids. Feathers GOOGLE Search Protein Examples Muscles Feathers 1

2 Amino Acids = the building blocks of proteins. there are only 20 common amino acids, but cells can combine them in many ways to form thousands of different proteins. they are like the letters in an alphabet, which form different words the kind of and order of amino acids determine the type of protein Metal Key Analogy How can 20 AA form 100 s of proteins? Order Why does one metal key work in only one kind of lock? Shape, not the fact it is metal Why does only one protein..? Shape based on order of AA Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up a chemical reaction. Saliva ( spit ) contains enzymes to help break down food 2. Carbohydrates 2. Carbohydrates = energy-rich organic compounds made of (C, H, O) Sugars and starches are examples of carbohydrates. Cell walls of plants are made of carbohydrates. 3. Lipids 3. Lipids = fats, oils, & waxes, are also energy compounds of (C, H, O) lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates. cells store energy in lipids for later use, like cold winters. 4. Nucleic Acids 4. Nucleic Acids = very large organic compounds of (C, H, O, N, P) They contain coded instructions that cells need to form and function. Two kinds of nucleic acids: 1.DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Designed Not Accidental) (genetic material which directs cell function and is passed from parent to offspring) 2.RNA = Ribonucleic Acid (plays a role in producing proteins) DNA = Designed Not Accidental Information Always originates from Intelligence 2000 Fig. 13.2, p

3 Water Water and Living Things: Water makes up two thirds of your body. Water is necessary for most chemical reactions in cells to take place. Water helps cells keep their size and shape (like a water balloon). Water changes temperature slowly, so it helps in homeostasis. GOOGLE SEARCH IMAGES FOR: Water of Life GOOGLE SEARCH Snowflakes Snowflakes Why? Beautiful? Art? What produces beautiful art? Artist Wolverine: made of protons, neutrons, electrons Section 2-2 The Cell in Its Environment Cell Membrane (Gatekeeper) is selectively permeable. This means it lets some substances pass through it and not others. Two Kinds of Transport 1. Passive, which does NOT use energy. 2. Active, which does use energy Cell Membrane Passive Transport is the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy. Passive cell transport Two kinds of passive transport: 1. Diffusion a form of passive transport without energy 2. Osmosis water diffusion 3

4 1. Diffusion = process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is the main method which small molecules move in and out. This is how perfume spreads across a room when a bottle is opened. Molecules are always moving, and bump into each other, pushing each other away until they are spread out evenly. Like beach balls bouncing in the hall & through the door. * One-celled organisms in pond water need oxygen. Their cell membrane lets oxygen molecules in easily, so when there are more oxygen molecules in the fluid around the cell, these oxygen molecules diffuse from the area of higher concentration (pond water) to the lower (inside the cell). Google: Diffusion Animation Diffusion Animation Click the websites to see animated examples of diffusion of particles Osmosis = Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Just like the oxygen molecules, the water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. * If cells are in a solution of salt water, where there is a higher concentration of water molecules inside the cell than there is outside the cell, then water will diffuse out of the cell and the cell will shrink. (See the picture of red blood cells on p. 58) Active Transport = is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. The cell must use energy to make the molecules pass through the membrane and from a lower to a higher conc. during active transport. There are many ways cells move materials by active transport. Transport Proteins pick up molecules carry them inside or outside. Engulfing is another way of active transport. The cell membrane surrounds (engulfs) a particle, then pinches off the engulfed particle and forms a vacuole around it inside the cell. Active cell transport images Why are cells so small? When a cell gets so big that it cannot get bad things (wastes) out and good things (water, nutrients) in to the middle of the cell, then they must divide. Section 2-3 Photosynthesis It s similar to a Solar Powered Calculator Photosynthesis = process by which a cell captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use this process. Two-Stages of Photosynthesis: 1. Capturing the sun s energy. 2. Producing sugars from water and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). 4

5 Photosynthesis images Stage 1 of Photosynthesis 1. Capturing the sun s energy. Plant leaves have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are filled with chlorophyll. Cholorophyl (a green pigment or colored chemical) which captures energy from the sunlight, similar to solar cells. Stage 2 of Photosynthesis 2. Producing sugars from water and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). * Water through the roots. * CO 2 through stomata openings on the underside of the leaves. * Water and CO 2 move to the chloroplasts. * Complex chemical reactions there, powered by sunlight produce oxygen (O 2 ) and sugars like glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). * Cells then use the energy in the sugars (carbohydrates) to function. Photosynthesis Equation (Using light energy) CO 2 + H 2 O produces Sugar + O 2 Below is a more complex and detailed equation, but you do NOT need to know this one for your quizzes and tests. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 carbon dioxide + water yields glucose + oxygen Photosynthesis and Life (Environmental Science) Nearly all living things obtain energy from the sun s light because of photosynthesis either directly (like plants / autotrophs) or indirectly (like heterotrophs). LAB Review Animation Plant Cell Osmosis Spiritual Analogy & Application: Section 2-4 Respiration Elodea s common name is Anacharis meaning The food we eat is broken down into molecules our cells increased GRACE / GIFT (charis) in Greek. Just as can use for energy. our Creator God gave plants to continually provide lifegiving Storing and Releasing Energy: air (oxygen) to His nephesh (thinking / feeling) Like a bank account, plant and animal cells store energy to use creatures, God has also given us the Holy Spirit as the later. source of new, eternal life through the second birth The cells later withdraw this stored energy when needed. spiritually when a person is born-again. By the way, Plants use photosynthesis to build and store sugars for energy. the New Testament Greek word for spirit is pneuma, When the plant cells break these sugars break down, it releases which means air or wind. Therefore, without the new, energy they can use to function. spiritual, second birth, no person can have eternal Animals cells take and store the sugars eaten and absorbed in life. Jesus said the choice is yours (John 3). The Good food. News (Gospel) is that Jesus did all the work necessary If animal cells need energy, they break down the stored glucose. for us, through His sinless life, sacrificial death, and resurrection. None of our tainted good works are of any value to earn Sid or Galloway buy eternal life. Respiration is the process of withdrawing energy from glucose. This is also called cellular respiration because it takes place inside the cell. It is not the same kind of respiration as breathing oxygen. However, oxygen is needed for cellular respiration. 5

6 Cell Respiration The Respiration Equation = The respiration equation is the opposite of the Photosynthesis Equation Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy Two Stages of Respiration Step One occurs in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into smaller molecules in the cytoplasm. No oxygen is needed in this step. It only give a little energy. Step Two occurs in the mitochondria, where these small molecules are broken down even more. These reactions require oxygen and release a lot of energy. This is why the mitochondria are called powerhouses. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and water as products. Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration Since these processes are opposite, they form a cycle that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide fairly constant in the atmosphere. Fermentation Fermentation is a process providing energy for cells without using oxygen. Some single-celled organisms live where there is no oxygen, such as deep in the ocean or in swamp mud. Fermentation only releases less energy than respiration. Alcoholic Fermentation = a type of fermentation by yeast, which is bakers use to make bread. The process produces carbon dioxide which makes the bread rise. Lactic Acid Fermentation = occurs in your body when you overwork your muscles and use up your oxygen. Section 2-5 Cell Division Cells cannot continue to grow bigger and survive, so they divide in a cycle. Cell Cycle = regular sequence of growth to maturity and then division. Three Stages of the Cell Cycle: 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis 6

7 1. Interphase a. Growth of the cell to mature size b. DNA Replication = the doubling or copying of the DNA c. Prepares to divide into two cells. 2. Mitosis one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of two daughter cells. Four phases of Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase * Pro met Ana on the Telo -phone Four Stages of Mitosis a. Prophase nuclear membrane begins to breakdown as the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes = doubled rods of condensed chromatin with a centromere at the center holding together each identical rod of a chromosome. Each rod is called a chromatid. b. Metaphase chromosomes line up at center of the cell, with each chromosome attached to a spindle fiber at its centromere. c. Anaphase centromeres split and the two chromatids separate. Each is pulled by its spindle fiber to opposite ends of the cell. d. Telophase two new nuclear membranes begin to form around each group of chromosomes at the ends of the cell. 3. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis = the cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell, until it eventually pinches into two daughter cells. Each new cell has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell, but only half the organelles. More organelles grow later. DNA Replication: = a process which ensures that each daughter cell will have all of the genetic information it needs to carry out its activities. DNA Unzips and the cell reads and copies the codes inside of the DNA, in order to get instructions for all of the functions and activities of the cell. DNA is a Double Helix ladder with information codes made from 4 nitrogen bases Four Nitrogen Bases = A, T, C, G (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine) Only A and T link together. (AT) Only C and G link together. (CG) 7

8 Google Search DNA molecule diagrams Memorize DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid = Chemical name Designed Not Accidental = Mr. Galloway s reminder that the coded information has to come from a source of super intelligence: GOD our Creator. Organic Molecules are not enough to produce life. God designed DNA and created nephesh creatures that can think and feel. Why did God Create Creatures? So that His nephesh creatures could receive and share His love with one another for all eternity Nephesh is the Old Testament Hebrew term for soul and is used for both humans and animals. Humans are unique, however, because Scripture says God created (term = bara ) man as personally as something new. 8