Monosaccharide glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose Disaccharide sucrose, lactose, maltose

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1 Model answer of the main book Unit one exercises: From P. 27 to P.29 First question: 1-D-Sucrose 2-D-Sucrose 3-A-Oils 4-D-Nucleic acids 5-B-Amino acids 6-D-Protein 7-A-Maintainance and transmission of genetic information 8-B-Protein is composed of amino acids. 9-A-By lowering the activation energy. 10-D-Active site 11-C-Lipids Second question: 1- Because it is a simple protein that consists of only amino acids. 2- Due to the difference in the type and arrangement of amino acids forming proteins. 3- Because they are covered with a layer of lipids that work as thermal insulator. 4- Because it dissolves the lipid and changes its colour into red. 5- Because glucose is oxidized inside mitochondria of the cell to release energy, then the energy is carried on ATP and transferred to other parts of the cell. Third question: Point of comparison DNA RNA Pentose sugar Deoxy-ribose Ribose Nitrogenous base Adenine = Thymine Adenine = Uracil Cytosine = Guanine Cytosine = Guanine P.O.C Simple sugar Complex sugar Definition Type of sugar where its polymers consists of one or two monomers (monosaccharide disaccharide) Type of sugar where its polymers consists of large no. of monosaccharide. Example Monosaccharide glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose Disaccharide sucrose, lactose, maltose Glycogen Cellulose starch Anabolism It is the process at which simple molecules are used to build up more complex substances throughout a chain of reactions that consume energy. Example: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Unit two exercises: P.62 to P.63 Catabolism It is the process of breaking down molecules to release energy. Example: Releasing energy from oxidation of glucose a

2 First question: 1- Light microscope 2-simple tissue 3- epithelial tissue 4-nervous tissue 5-Cardiac muscle 6-intercalated discs 7-ribosomes 8- mitochondria 9-chromatin Second question: 1-A-performing photosynthesis 2-B-two layers of phospholipids 3-B-ribosomes 4-D-chloroplastids 5-A-xylem Third question: P.O.C. Light microscope Electron microscope It depends on the sunlight or artificial It depends on beams of electrons. The idea of work light to work. Can't magnify more than 1500 times of Can be magnified 1000,000 times The magnification their real sizes. of their actual size. power Type of lenses Glass lenses Electromagnetic lenses a) It is used to magnify micro a) It is used to clarify the cellular organisms and non-living things. components. Uses b) It is used to get accurate details for the structures. P.O.C. Cell wall Plasma membrane Presence Structure Function It surrounds plant cells, algae, fungi and some bacteria. Consists of cellulose. 1. It supports the cell. 2. It protects the cell. 3. It allows the passage of water and dissolved substances through it easily. It surrounds plant cells and animal cells. 1. Two layers of phospholipids molecules. 2. Protein molecules. 3. Cholesterol. 1. It organizes the passage of substances to and from the cell.(selective permeable) 2. It prevents the spreading of cytoplasm outside the cell. 3. It covers the cell and separates its components and surrounding medium. Fourth question: 1-Because they are connected to the skeleton that contract and relax to support the body and help it to move. 2- To protect the body against draught and microbes. 3- Because they have digestive enzymes. 4- Due to their secretions as they collect the secretions into vesicles and transport them inside the cell. 5- Due to the presence of cell wall. 6- Because it has selective permeability that control the passage of substances into the cell and prevents the spreading of the cytoplasm outside the cell. 7- Due to the presence of chloroplast. b

3 5 th question: Robert Hooke Schleiden Schwann Virchow -He made a simple microscope and screened a piece of cork. -He found that the piece is composed of small boxes. -He named each box the word cell. He concluded that all the plants are composed of cells. He concluded that all living organisms' bodies are composed of cells. -He stated that the cell is the functional and building unit of all living organisms. -He emphasized that the new cells are produced by previous other living cells 6 th question: Centrosome Golgi body Lysosome In animal cell except the nerve cell. It plays an important role in Cell division where the spindle fibers extend between the centrioles present at each pole of the cell. In animal and plant cell. 1. It receives the molecules of substances secreted by the endoplasmic reticulum 2. It classifies &modifies these substances. 3. It distributes these substances into the places where they are used in the cell or It may pack these substances inside secreting vesicles that move forward to the cell membrane as the cell dismisses it to outside as excretory products. In animal and plant cell. 1. Get rid of worn and senile cells and organelles which no longer have benefits. 2- They digest the large molecules of nutrients engulfed by the cell and change them into simpler substances. Miscellaneous questions: 1-The main principles of cell theory: 1- All living organisms' bodies are made up of cells. 2- The cell is the building and functional unit of living organism's bodies. 3- All cells are coming from pre-existing cells. c

4 Unit three exercises: P.98 to P.99 1st question: 1-B- 1 : 2 : 1 2-C- 0% 3-C- AB 4-D- O 5-D-Complementary genes 6-C-lethal genes 7-D-XO 8-C-sex - limited 9-C-23+Y 2nd question: 1-law of independent assortment 2-lethal genes 3-Rh factor 5- sex influenced traits 6- Klinefelter's syndrome 7-Turner's syndrome 8-Down's syndrome 3rd question: 1- P1 Rh - Rh - x Rh - Rh - G1 Rh - Rh - F1 Rh - Rh - 100% P2 Rh - Rh - x Rh - Rh - G2 Rh - Rh - F2 Rh - Rh - 100% 2-25% die (dominant lethal genes) 3- Blood agglutination as blood group AB contains antigens A,B while Blood group A contains anti B. 4- Leaves will be yellow as the gene that is responsible for formation of chlorophyll is activated only by light. 5- (45 + xx) female Down's syndrome. 4th question: 1-Due to genetic case (lack of dominance) where no gene is dominated than the other. 2-Because Klinefelter's syndrome arises from fertilization between abnormal ova 22+xx with normal sperm 22+y (44+XXY) which is male, while turner's syndrome arises from fertilization of abnormal gamete 22+0 and normal one 22+X 44+X0 which is female. 3-Because it is an autosomal case (one gamete carry extra copy in the chromosome no 21) so the result will be 45+XX (female) or 45 + XY (male) 5-AB is universal receiver because it doesn t have any antibodies while O is universal donor because it doesn t have any antigens. 5th question: The group Group A Group B Genotype AA & AO BB & BO Its antigens A B Its antibodies anti-b anti-a Donates to the group A & AB B & AB Receives from the group A &O B & O Agglutination Agglutinates by anti-a Agglutinates by anti-b d

5 Lethal genes Some genes when present in a homologous condition (pure) cause harms to the living organism resulting in disruption of some vital processes leading to the death of the organism at different stages of life. Example: Dominant lethal genes fur colour in mice Recessive lethal genes absence of chlorophyll Complementary genes They are genes that can often work together to emerge a specific trait, where the inheritance of this trait is controlled by 2 pairs of genes. The emergence of the dominant character depends on the presence of a dominant gene at least in each pair. While, absence of any pair of dominant genes or both, will lead to disappearance of dominant character. Example The inheritance of the flower colour character of pea flower plant. 6th question: 1- P1 AO x BO G1 A O B O F1 AB AO BO OO 2- Father may be: AA,AO,BB,BO,AB 2- AB, AO,AA,BB,BO 1- P1 AO x AO G1 A O A O F1 AA AO AO OO Blood gp A A A O 4- Lack of dominance P1 RR x RW G1 R R R W F1 RR RW RR RW 50% Red : 50% Pink Unit four exercises: P.143 to P st question: 1-kingdom 3- Archaebacteria 6-Monocotyledons 9- mosses 2 nd question: 8-C (fungi) 3rd question: 1-Because Mule is produced by mating of a male donkey and a female horse, so it is sterile and unable to mate or reproduce. 2- Because they are unicellular with no nuclear membrane. e

6 4-Because their seeds have only one cotyledon, flowers with trimerous whorls, leaves are narrow & parallel veined and fibrous roots. 4 th question: Monocotyledons -Seeds have only one cotyledon. -Flowers with trimerous whorls. -Leaves are narrow & parallel veined. -Fibrous roots. -Ex.: wheat, onion & palm. Dicotyledons -Seeds have two cotyledons. -Flowers are either tetramerous or pentamero -Leaves are pinnated or palmated venation. -Tap roots. -Ex.: peas, beans & cotton. 5 th question: Organism Kingdom Phylum Class Amoeba Protista Protozoa Sarcodina Mushroom Fungi Basidiomycota --- Trypanosoma Protista Protozoa Flagellata f