Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)
|
|
- Edmund Johnson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15) First. Fig. 15.1
2 Review: Animals use glycogen for ENERGY STORAGE. Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of glucose units: Basic structure is similar to that of amylopectin, but with only about 8 to 12 glucose units between branch points (n = 4 to 6).
3 GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN INSIDE CELLS: Glycogen's glucose units are mobilized by their sequential removal from the glucan chain's nonreducing ends that is, the ends that lack a C 1 -OH group. This is the reducing end of glucose: Fig. 15-2a The ends of some sugars have a free anomeric carbon, which can act as a mild reducing agent. (In glycogen, however, the reducing end is actually bound by a protein named GLYCOGENIN.)
4 The branched structure of glycogen permits the rapid release of glucose simultaneously from every non-reducing end of every branch: (These red arrows point to the nonreducing ends.) Fig. 15-2b (modified) Only ONE reducing end per molecule (Note that the number of glucose units between branch points in this figure is not accurate. Don t let this confuse you!)
5 Reminder: The reducing end is bound by GLYCOGENIN Fig. 15-2b (modified) GLYCOGENIN
6 Why use glycogen to store energy rather than just using fat? (Since fat is more abundant than glycogen in the body and also stores energy) 1. Muscles "mobilize" (i.e., convert to energy) glycogen faster than fat. 2. Fatty acid residues cannot be metabolized anaerobically (that is, without oxygen). (If you want to burn fat while you are exercising, you must be able to breathe fairly easily.) 3. Animals cannot convert fat to glucose, so fat metabolism cannot maintain blood glucose levels. (Glucose is brain food" it is the major energy form that crosses the blood-brain barrier.)
7 Glycogenolysis (or glycogen breakdown) requires 3 major enzymes: 1) GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (Fig. 15-4; more later) 2) GLYCOGEN DEBRANCHING ENZYME (Fig. 15-6) 3) PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE (Fig. 15-7):
8 Glycogenolysis requires 3 major enzymes: 1) GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (or simply PHOSPHORYLASE) See Fig (next slide) for GP s reaction mechanism. Note that GP catalyzes bond cleavage by PHOSPHOROLYSIS, as opposed to HYDROLYSIS. The overall reaction is: Glycogen (n residues) + P i Glycogen (n-1) + G-1-P inorganic phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate
9 GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE MECHANISM: Fig. 15-4: Phosphorylase has a random sequential enzyme mechanism that involves PLP (pyridoxyl-5 - phosphate), a vitamin B6 derivative:
10 NOTE: Phosphorylase only releases units that are 5 or more from the branch point, leaving a LIMIT BRANCH.
11 Glycogenolysis requires 3 major enzymes: 2) GLYCOGEN DEBRANCHING ENZYME (Fig. 15-6) GDE has two enzymatic activities: A) A debranching transglycosylase activity B) An hydrolysis activity A B
12 Glycogenolysis requires 3 major enzymes: 3) PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE reaction: G-1-P G-1,6-P G-6-P Fig. 15-7: Phosphoglucomutase Mechanism Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate Glucose-6-phosphate (Note that this reaction is fully reversible.)
13 Fig. 15-1: G-6-P is a major intermediate in glucose metabolism Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes G-6-P to Glucose + Pi in LIVER Important in nucleotide synthesis
14 Fig. 15-1: G-6-P is a major intermediate in glucose metabolism Brief overview next...
15 Glycogen SYNTHESIS requires 3 major enzymes, and occurs by a SEPARATE PATHWAY from glycogenolysis: 1) UDP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE (Fig. 15-9): G-1-P + UTP UDP-glucose (UDPG) + PP i Uridine triphosphate Uridine diphosphate glucose inorganic pyrophosphate 2) GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE (Fig ): UDPG + Glycogen (n units) UDP + Glycogen (n+1 units) This reaction must be primed by GLYCOGENIN 3) GLYCOGEN BRANCHING ENZYME (Fig ) or AMYLO (1,4 1,6) TRANSGLYCOSYLASE.
16 GENERAL RULES FROM ABOVE: BIOSYNTHETIC AND DEGRADATIVE PATHWAYS OF METABOLISM ARE (ALMOST) ALWAYS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. THAT IS, THEY USED DIFFERENT ENZYMES. POLYMERIZATION OF MONOMERIC UNITS INTO MACROMOLECULES USUALLY REQUIRES A PRIMER TO INITIATE THE REACTION. THAT IS, THE FIRST TWO UNITS CANNOT BE LINKED BY THE ENZYME THAT DOES THE POLYMERIZATION.
17 1. GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (or simply PHOSPHORYLASE) Removes GLUCOSE UNITS from the NONREDUCING ends of GLYCOGEN. Is a FAST enzyme: the outermost branches of glycogen are degraded in seconds in muscle tissue. Is a dimer of identical 842-residue subunits (Fig. 15-3).
18 1. GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (continued) Catalyzes the CONTROLLING STEP in glycogen breakdown. The standard-state free-energy change ( G ') for phosphorylase reactions is kj/mol, but the intracellular [Pi] / [G1P] ratio is about 100, so G in vivo is actually about - 6 kj/mol.
19 1. GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (continued) It is a highly and complexly regulated enzyme, both by: ALLOSTERIC INTERACTIONS (Fig ) ATP, G6P & glucose inhibit it; AMP activates it and COVALENT MODIFICATION by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (Fig. 15-5). Yields 2 major forms of phosphorylase Phosphorylase A: Has a phosphoryl group esterified to Ser-14 in each subunit (more active) Phosphorylase B: Is not phosphorylated (less active) Look at Kinemages Exercise 14 on the CD with VVP textbook!
20 1. GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (continued) Only releases units that are 5 or more from the branch. WHY?
21 1. GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (continued) Only releases units that are 5 or more from the branch. WHY? Robert Fletterick ( solved the 3D structure of Phosphorylase A: Its crevice can admit 4 or 5sugar residues, but it is too narrow to admit a branch.
22 Fig. 15-1: G-6-P is a major intermediate in glucose metabolism NEXT...
23 Glycogen SYNTHESIS requires 3 major enzymes, and occurs by a SEPARATE PATHWAY from glycogenolysis: 1) UDP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE (Fig. 15-9): G-1-P + UTP UDP-glucose (UDPG) + PP i Uridine triphosphate Uridine diphosphate glucose inorganic pyrophosphate 2) GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE (Fig ): UDPG + Glycogen (n units) UDP + Glycogen (n+1 units) This reaction must be primed by GLYCOGENIN 3) GLYCOGEN BRANCHING ENZYME (Fig ) or AMYLO (1,4 1,6) TRANSGLYCOSYLASE.
24 1) UDP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE (Fig. 15-9): G-1-P + UTP UDP-glucose (UDPG) + PP i Uridine triphosphate Uridine diphosphate glucose inorganic pyrophosphate The G of this reaction is nearly ZERO, but the PPi formed is hydrolyzed to 2 Pi (orthophosphate) in a highly EXERGONIC reaction the the omnipresent enzyme, INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE. Therefore, the overall reaction is also highly exergonic: G (kj/mol) GIP + UTP UDPG + PPi ~ 0 H2O + PPi 2 Pi GIP + UTP UDPG + 2 Pi OVERALL
25 UDPG is a HIGH ENERGY compound that can donate GLYCOSYL units to the growing glycogen chain. No further energy is required for glycogen synthesis. IMPORTANT GENERAL NOTE: The cleavage of a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to form PP i is a common synthetic strategy. The free energy of PP i hydrolysis (by inorganic pyrophosphatase) can be utilized together with the free energy of NTP hydrolysis to drive an otherwise endergonic reaction to completion. (We will see this over and over and over this semester!)
26 2) GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE MECHANISM (Fig ): UDPG + Glycogen (n units) UDP + Glycogen (n+1 units) The glycosyl unit of UDPG is transferred to the C(4)-OH on one of the non-reducing ends of glycogen, forming an (1 4) glycosidic bond. Note that this step makes -amylose, not the branched structure of glycogen. The G for this reaction is kj/mol, making this reaction spontaneous (exergonic) under the same conditions that glycogen breakdown is exergonic. Therefore, the rates of the two reactions must be independently and tightly controlled.
27 For each molecule of GIP that is converted to glycogen, one molecule of UTP is hydrolyzed to UDP + Pi. The UTP is replenished by the enzyme NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASE: UDP + ATP UTP + ADP (UTP hydrolysis is energetically equivalent to ATP hydrolysis.)
28 GLYGOGENIN and Glycogen Priming Glycogen synthesis can only occur by extending an already existing (1 4)-linked glucan chain. Therefore, how can it get started in the first place? Answer: The first step in glycogen synthesis is the attachment of a glucose residue to the -OH group on Tyr-194 of GLYCOGENIN. This attachment step is done by the enzyme TYROSINE GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE. Glycogenin then autocatalytically extends the glucan chain by up to 7 residues long (also donated by UDPG). Glycogen synthase can then attach glucose residues to this glycogen primer. Each molecule of glycogen is associated with ONE molecule each of glycogenin and glycogen synthase.
29 3) GLYCOGEN BRANCHING ENZYME (Fig ) or AMYLO (1,4 1,6) TRANSGLYCOSYLASE: Breaks (1 4) glycosidic bonds and forms (1 6) linkages. Transfers terminal chain segments of about 7 residues to the C(6)-OH groups of glucose residues. Each transferred segment must come from a chain of at least 11 residues, and the attachment point must be at least 4 residues away from another branch point. Segment can be moved to the same or a different chain. Note: Not to be confused with Glycogen Debranching Enzyme!
30 Control of glycogen metabolism is very complex. It involves: allosteric regulation of both GS & GP substrate cycles enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification of both GS &GP covalent modifications are under hormonal control in the body, through their own enzymatic cascades In LIVER: Glycogen metabolism is ultimately controlled by GLUCAGON a 29 amino acid-long polypeptide hormone that is secreted from the pancreas into the bloodstream (liver cells have glucagon receptors). In MUSCLES (and various other tissues): Is controlled by the adrenal hormones EPINEPHRINE (adrenalin) and NOREPINEPHRINE (noradrenalin).
31 These hormones act at cell surfaces to stimulate ADENYLATE CYCLASE, thus increasing [camp]. camp acts inside cells as a second messenger for the hormones. Cells have many camp-dependent PROTEIN KINASES whose activities increase upon camp binding. (Reminder: Kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphoryl groups between ATP and other molecules, proteins in this case.)
32 Liver maintains blood [glucose] at ~5 mm; if it drops to half of this, a coma results. Upon blood [glucose] decrease, the liver releases glucose to the blood; glucose triggers pancreas to release glucagon, which causes increase [camp] in liver, which in turn stimulates glycogen breakdown. Glucose diffuses freely out of liver cells, causing an increase in blood [glucose]. High blood [glucose] causes release of INSULIN from the pancreas to the blood. The rate of glucose TRANSPORT across many cell membranes increases in response to insulin.
Lecture 3: Phosphorylase (parts of Chapter 15 + Buchbinder et al. 2001) Discussion of paper and talk assignments.
Lecture 3: Phosphorylase (parts of Chapter 15 + Buchbinder et al. 2001) Discussion of paper and talk assignments. Notes: A PDF of Buchbinder et al. 2001 will be posted on the course web site today. For
More informationLecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation
Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms
More informationGlycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9
Glycogen Metabolism BC 340 lecture 9 Structure of glycogen Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched D-glucose units The primary glycosidic bond is 1-4-linkage Each branch is made of 6-12 glucose
More informationHighlights Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Highlights Pentose Phosphate Pathway 1. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an interchange of metabolic pathways. 2. It is important to cells as a) an important source of NADPH, b) an important source
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN LAJIDE LETURE NTENT INTRDUTIN GLYGEN BREAKDWN (Glycogenolysis) GLYGEN SYNTESIS (Glycogenesis) REGULATIN F GLYGEN METABLISM MAINTENANE F BLD GLUSE DIABETES MELLITUS AND INSULIN INTRDUTIN
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading
Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of glycogen metabolism - Biochemistry and regulation glycogen degradation - Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis - Control
More informationChapter 15 Homework Assignment
Chapter 15 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 Chapter 15 1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Dynamic Steady State Fuels, such as glucose, enter
More informationRegulation of glycogen degradation
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 26 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor UGC-CAS Department
More informationBiochemistry Team 437. Glycogen metabolism. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Musculoskeletal block
Glycogen metabolism Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Musculoskeletal block Objectives: By the end of this lecture,
More informationLink download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet
Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen
More informationGLYCOGEN BEFORE THE LAB YOU HAVE TO READ ABOUT:
GLYCGEN BEFRE THE LAB YU HAVE T READ ABUT:. Glycogen structure. 2. Glycogen synthesis and degradation (reactions with structural formulas and enzymes). 3. The role of glycogen in liver and muscles. INTRDUCTIN
More informationBiochemistry. Glycogenolysis. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Principal Investigator
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 24 Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor
More informationChapter 18: Carbohydrate Metabolism
Vocabulary Biotin: a CO2 carrier molecule Cori Cycle: a pathway in carbohydrate metabolism that links glycolysis in the liver with gluconeogenesis in the liver Debranching Enzyme: an enzyme that hydrolyzes
More informationChapter 22. Before the class. 10 Steps of glycolysis. Outline. Can you tell the ten steps of glycolysis? Do you know how glucoses are
Chapter 22 Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reginald H. Garrett Charles M. Grisham 1 Before the class Can you tell the ten steps of glycolysis? Do you know how glucoses
More informationMetabolism of pentoses, glycogen, fructose and galactose. Jana Novotna
Metabolism of pentoses, glycogen, fructose and galactose Jana Novotna 1. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP): (hexose monophosphate or 6-phosphogluconate patway) Process that
More informationPPP_glycogen_metabolism Part 2 الفريق الطبي األكاديمي. Done By: - Shady Soghayr
PPP_glycogen_metabolism Part 2 الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Shady Soghayr لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ **How we get glucose-1-phosphate from glucose (source of glucose-1-
More informationVets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system
Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2 Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds
More informationBio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages)
Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages) READ THIS: Take a numbered test and sit in the seat with that number on it. Remove the numbered sticker from the desk, and stick it on the
More informationCarbohydrate. Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides
More informationThe concentration of glucose residues stored as glycogen in liver is ~0.4M, Whereas, glycogen concentration is only 10 nm.
The concentration of glucose residues stored as glycogen in liver is ~0.4M, Whereas, glycogen concentration is only 10 nm. IV: Large amount of glucose can be stored without affecting the osmolarity of
More informationEnzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017
Enzymes Part III: regulation II Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Advantage This is a major mechanism for rapid and transient regulation of enzyme activity. A most common mechanism is enzyme phosphorylation
More informationEnergy storage in cells
Energy storage in cells Josef Fontana EC - 58 Overview of the lecture Introduction to the storage substances of human body Overview of storage compounds in the body Glycogen metabolism Structure of glycogen
More informationTala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram
23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation
More informationAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1 High energy bonds ATP adenosine triphosphate N NH 2 N -O O P O O P O- O- O O P O- O CH 2 H O H N N adenine phosphoanhydride bonds (~) H OH ribose H OH Phosphoanhydride bonds
More informationMolecular Structure and Function Polysaccharides as Energy Storage. Biochemistry
1 1.Objectives Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj To understand how polysaccharides act as energy source To understand the structure and energy generation process from glycogen To understand the structure
More informationTuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system?
Tuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system? Early researchers thought of enzymes as rigid entities, recognizing their substrates the way a lock would recognize a key. Today's researchers, however,
More informationFinal Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours
Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 14 Done by Dergam Al-Tarawneh Corrected by Maya Attarakih Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Glycogen metabolism Note: Everything written in orange is from the book not mentioned by the doctor. In
More informationComparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More information5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.
More informationIII. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Slide 1 Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Cartoon: Fate of pyruvate, the product of glycolysis.
More informationMetabolism and Bioenergetics. Fuel and Digestion
Metabolism and Bioenergetics Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 12 Breakdown of food biomolecules to monomers Absorption of monomers Storage metabolism Fuel and Digestion 1 Amylase in mouth, intestine Amylose
More informationMetabolism and Bioenergetics. Fuel and Digestion
Metabolism and Bioenergetics Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 12 Breakdown of food biomolecules to monomers Absorption of monomers Storage metabolism Fuel and Digestion 1 Amylase in mouth, intestine Amylose
More informationPhysiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004
Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining
More informationDr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS
Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Note: Even though we did not get through all of these slides during lecture, I advise you to look them all through because they will be helpful to you as you learn
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. I - Biochemistry of Vitamins, Hormones and Other Messenger Molecules - Chris Whiteley
BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMINS, HORMONES AND OTHER MESSENGER MOLECULES Chris Whiteley Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa Keywords: phosphorylation, phosphorylase,
More informationZaid sarhan. Osama Al-Ghafri ... Dr.nayef karadsheh
16 Zaid sarhan Osama Al-Ghafri... Dr.nayef karadsheh ALL THE FIGUERS IN THIS SHEET ARE VERY IMPORTANT AND USEFUL, PLEASE DON T SKIP THEM. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase = GPK // glycogen phosphorylase=gp
More informationBCH 4054 Chapter 23 Lecture Notes
BCH 4054 Chapter 23 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 23 Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Metabolism Pentose Phosphate Pathway 2 Gluconeogenesis Humans use about 160 g of glucose per day, about 75% for the brain. Body fluids
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More informationRegulation of Metabolism
Regulation of Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 19 Regulation by Compartmentalization Form of reciprocal regulation Degradation vs biosynthesis Requires transporters 1 Specialization of organs Fuel
More informationGlycogen Metabolism Dr. Mohammad Saadeh
Glycogen Metabolism Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry II Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy I. overview Glucose is energy source for Brain.
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication. Signal Transduction Pathways
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Signal Transduction Pathways Signal-Transduction Pathway Signal on a cell s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance) - Paracrine
More informationCELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral
CHM333 LECTURE 24 & 25: 3/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR METABOLISM What is metabolism? - How cells acquire, transform, store and use energy - Study reactions in a cell and how
More informationBiol220 Cell Signalling Cyclic AMP the classical secondary messenger
Biol220 Cell Signalling Cyclic AMP the classical secondary messenger The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds the signal molecule (the primary
More informationChapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002
Chapter 10 Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10: Integration and Control of Metabolism Press the space bar or click the mouse
More informationATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
OpenStax-CNX module: m44427 1 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More information3/1/2011. Enzymes. Enzymes and Activation Energy. Enzymes Enzyme Structure and Action. Chapter 4 Outline. Enzymes
Free content 3/1/2011 Chapter 4 Outline Enzymes as catalysts Control of enzyme activity Bioenergetics Enzymes 4-2 4-3 Enzymes Enzymes - function as biological catalysts permit reactions to occur rapidly
More informationDiseases Associated with Glycogen Synthesis
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module: 29 Principal Investigator, Dr. S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Paper Coordinator Content Writer Dr. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dr. Vijaya Khader UGC-CAS Dr.
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationActivity: Biologically Important Molecules
Activity: Biologically Important Molecules AP Biology Introduction We have already seen in our study of biochemistry that the molecules that comprise living things are carbon-based, and that they are thought
More informationPlasma membranes. Plasmodesmata between plant cells. Gap junctions between animal cells Cell junctions. Cell-cell recognition
Cell Communication Cell Signaling Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Communicate by chemical messengers Animal and plant cells have cell junctions that directly connect
More informationSignal Transduction Cascades
Signal Transduction Cascades Contents of this page: Kinases & phosphatases Protein Kinase A (camp-dependent protein kinase) G-protein signal cascade Structure of G-proteins Small GTP-binding proteins,
More informationANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES. Carbohydrate Metabolism
ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES I. Glycolysis A. Pathway Regulation of glycolysis Hexokinase: Activated by glucose. Inhibited by G6P. 6-Phosphofructokinase: Inhibited by ATP, especially
More informationBiochemistry - I SPRING Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) Lecture 16. Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat
Biochemistry - I Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) SPRING 2017 Lecture 16 Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat 1 Catabolism of Di- and Polysaccharides Catabolism (digestion) begins
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biol 638, Exam-2 (Code-1) 1. Assume that 16 glucose molecules enter into a liver cell and are attached to a liner glycogen one by one. Later, this glycogen is broken-down
More informationSyllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES The video lecture covers basic principles you will need to know for the lectures covering enzymes and metabolism in Principles of Metabolism and elsewhere in the
More informationGluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009
Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the
More informationGlucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain
Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose
More informationPropagation of the Signal
OpenStax-CNX module: m44452 1 Propagation of the Signal OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 15 Done by BaraaAyed Corrected by Mamoon Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation involves two
More informationWe must be able to make glucose
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates Synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) Glycogen Formation of pentoses and NADPH Photosynthesis We must be able to make glucose Compulsory need for glucose (above all the brain)
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely
More informationMoh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar
14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple
More informationit s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.
Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is
More informationMultiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.
CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the
More informationGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1 1. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete chemical signals, called hormones, into the blood. In addition, other organs and cells
More informationCELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? Glycogenolysis NOT phosphorolysis
CHM333 LECTURE 29 & 30: 4/12 15/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? 1. Fat cannot be as rapidly mobilized in skeletal muscle. 2. Fat
More informationUNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS An Overview WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis
More informationPathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +
Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions
More information- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers
Basic concepts of Metabolism Metabolism and metabolic pathway Metabolic Map Catabolism Anabolism - Regulation of Metabolism Signals from within the cell (Intracellular) Communication between cells. - Biosignaling:
More informationIntroduction! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2 Questions of the Day: How does the hormone insulin trigger the uptake of glucose in the cells that it targets. Introduction! Signal transduction
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 1 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism and anabolism simple model Catabolism Enzymes
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe
number 24 Done by Mohammed tarabieh Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe 1 P a g e *Please look over the previous sheet about fatty acid synthesis **Oxidation(degradation) of fatty acids, occurs in the
More informationPhosphorylase and the Origin of Reversible Protein Phosphorylation Prof. Edmond Fischer
hosphorylase and the Origin University of Washington, Seattle, USA 1 55 years ago Endocrinology was well-established, but remained in the phenomenological level Insulin was known as the message sent by
More informationCarbohydrate metabolism 3. Atip Likidlilid
Carbohydrate metabolism 3 Atip Likidlilid Glycogenolysis muscle glycogen (1-2 % by weight) liver glycogen (6-10 % by weight) Glycogen for energy storage > fat 1. Muscles cannot mobilize fat as rapid as
More informationThe Structure and Function of Biomolecules
The Structure and Function of Biomolecules The student is expected to: 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
More informationCell Signaling part 2
15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely essential for multicellular organisms Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism is important for both plants and animals. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison,
More informationEnzymes what are they?
Topic 11 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More informationMetabolism. Topic 11&12 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic Balancing Act. Topics. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topic 11&12 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic Balancing Act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More informationChapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
More informationGlycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate
Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the
More informationMetabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 13 Done by Asma Karameh Corrected by Saad hayek Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis This lecture covers gluconeogenesis with aspects of: 1) Introduction to glucose distribution through tissues.
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationThis is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)
This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that
More informationAhmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal
24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration 1. To perform cell work, cells require energy. a. A cell does three main kinds of work: i. Mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-1
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-1 Using the following values, answer questions 1-3. ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i ΔG = -30 kj/mol Creatine-phosphate + H 2 O Creatine + P i ΔG = -12 kj/mol ½O 2 + 2H + + 2e - H
More informationSignal Transduction Pathways. Part 2
Signal Transduction Pathways Part 2 GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors > 700 GPCRs in humans Mediate responses to senses taste, smell, sight ~ 1000 GPCRs mediate sense of smell in mouse Half of all known
More informationName: Chem 351 Exam 3
Multiple hoice: Pick the BEST answer and write it in the box at the end of the section. 1) The TA (Krebs) ycle depends on oxygen availability, though it does not directly use it. How can you best explain
More informationLecture Sixteen: METABOLIC ENERGY: [Based on GENERATION Chapter 15
Lecture Sixteen: METABOLIC ENERGY: [Based on GENERATION Chapter 15 AND STORAGE Berg, (Figures in red are for the 7th Edition) Tymoczko (Figures in Blue are for the 8th Edition) & Stryer] Two major questions
More informationHow Cells Work. Chapter 4
How Cells Work Chapter 4 Energy Laws Energy is the capacity to do work The total amount of energy in the universe is constant-energy can t be created or destroyed..only transferred! Energy is flowing from
More information