Energy metabolism in isolated rat embryo hearts: effect of metabolic inhibitors
|
|
- Laura Holmes
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 /. Embryol exp. Morph. Vol. 28,, pp , \ Printed in Great Britain Energy metabolism in isolated rat embryo hearts: effect of metabolic inhibitors By STEVEN J. COX 1 AND DAVID L. GUNBERG 2 From the Department of Anatomy, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland SUMMARY Hearts isolated from 11- and 12-day rat embryos were incubated in a simple salt solution to which was added the metabolic inhibitors iodoacetate, malonate, 2,4-dinitrophenol or trypan blue. Comparisons were made between the two age-groups and it was observed that both 11- and 12-day hearts exhibited depressed contractile activity with the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate. Malonate did not depress contraction rate in the younger hearts but significantly depressed the rate in the older hearts. A greater inhibitory action on the older hearts as compared with the younger hearts was also produced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results were interpreted as further evidence of a shift in dependence on pathways other than glycolysis between days 11 and 12 of development. The teratogenic agent trypan blue was shown to depress contraction rate when added to the incubation medium. This effect could be reversed by adding glycolytic intermediates such as fructose-l,6-diphosphate or alpha glycerophosphate. These results were suggestive of a direct inhibitory effect of trypan blue either on glucose uptake or its complete catabolism. INTRODUCTION The inclusion of metabolic inhibitors in culture media has been one of the techniques employed in the study of metabolic pathways utilized during embryonic development. Spratt (195) examined the effects of inhibitors acting on the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the terminal respiratory chain as part of his investigations of the development of cultured chick embryos. Thompson (1967) employed metabolic inhibitors to block the same pathways in her studies of energy metabolism in preimplantation mouse embryos and Harary & Slater (1965) reported the effects produced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on the contractile activity of single beating rat heart cells in culture. Results from investigations of substrate utilization (Cox & Gunberg, 1972) indicated that in isolated embryonic rat heart preparations an increase in the number of metabolites capable of maintaining contractile activity occurred between the 11th and 12th days of development. The series of experiments reported here tested the effects on in vitro contractile activity of embryonic rat 1 Author's address: Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, Washington 9924, U.S.A. 2 Author's address: Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2 592 S. J. COX AND D. L. GUNBERG hearts induced by inhibitors of various pathways involved in metabolic energy production. These experiments were undertaken to further elucidate the apparent shift in energy producing pathways utilized for maintenance of contraction rates during the early development of the embryonic rat heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS The breeding technique, preparation of isolated hearts, incubation apparatus and the general procedures employed were the same as those reported previously (Cox & Gunberg, 1972). The basic incubation media consisted of a Krebs- Ringer bicarbonate solution. Inhibitors and substrates, when indicated below, were added to the incubation medium in isosmotic concentrations. Gas mixtures for oxygenated conditions included 65 % O 2, 5 % N 2, 5 % CO 2 and for anaerobic conditions included 95 % N 2 and 5 % CO 2. Several known metabolic inhibitors were tested for an effect on the contraction rate of isolated embryonic rat hearts. The inhibitors tested and the concentrations employed were as follows: (1) an inhibitor of glycolysis, X1~ 5 M iodoacetate (IAA); (2) an inhibitor of the TCA cycle, 1-5 x 1~ 2 M malonate; () an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 1 x 1~ 4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP); and (4) a suspected inhibitor with an uncertain site of action, 1 x 1~ 5 M trypan blue. Another inhibitor of the terminal respiratory chain, an anaerobic gas phase, has been reported elsewhere (Cox & Gunberg, 1972) and the results will not be presented here. RESULTS Inhibition of glycolysis and the TCA cycle (Figs. 1, 2) A comparison was made between heart contraction rates in 11- and 12-day hearts after the addition to the incubation medium of either iodoacetate or malonate. Three groups of hearts obtained from the same litter were used each time this experiment was conducted. After 1 h of incubation in the oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution the inhibitors were added separately to two of the three chambers. The third group of hearts served as the control and received neither inhibitor nor substrate. It was noted that in both age-groups examined the addition of iodoacetate resulted in complete depression of heart activity after 2 h. This effect could be reversed by the addition of pyruvate (1 x 1~ 2 M) to the medium. The presence of malonate had no apparent effect on heart rates observed in organs obtained from 11-day embryos (Fig. 1) whereas malonate significantly depressed contractile activity in the hearts from 12-day embryos (Fig. 2).
3 Embryonic rat heart metabolism day hearts lodoacetate O---O Malonatc 24 ' Control, no substrate 2 ll 6 <L> 2 12 X 8 4 Inhibitors added to 2 groups 12-day hearts lodoacetate O O Malonate 24 Control, no substrate Inhibitors added 2 to 2 groups?16 Q. ~ 12 8 X 4 Time (h) Fig. 1 Time (h) Fig. 2 Substrate No. in group No. of litters 1 h Mean ± standard deviation 2h h 4h Control IAA Malonate ± ±15 155± ± 15 17± ±1 17± ± ±1 Fig. 1 Substrate No. in group No. of litters 1 h Mean ± standard deviation 2h h 4h Control IAA Malonate OS O O 199 ±2 197 ±6 197 ±5 187 ± ± ± ±16 12±18 15± ± Fig. 2 Figs. 1, 2. The effects of malonate (1-5 x 1~ 2 M) or iodoacetate ( x 1~ 5 M) on the in vitro average contraction rates of 11- and 12-day embryonic hearts compared with controls. No substrate was added to the media in these experiments. Note the effects of pyruvate (1 x 1~ 2 M) when added to the iodoacetate inhibited groups at h. 8 E M B 28
4 594 S. J. COX AND D. L. GUNBERG 11-day 24 hearts Glucose and 2,4-DNP, O 2 O O Glucose and 2,4-DNP, N day hearts Glucose and 2,4-DNP, O, 24 O O Glucose and 2.4-DNP, N X> 2,4-DNP added / to both groups 2 16 x^ 2,4-DNP added to both groups X 8 - o X A U F-l,6-P 2 to N 2 group i i i i Time (h) Fig. 4 No. in Substrate group glu, O 2 12 glu, N 2 11 No. of litters Mean ± standard deviation lh 2h h 4h 15O±18 15±18 Fig. 16± ± 1 9± 1 87± ±14 Substrate No. in group No. of litters 1 h Mean ± standard deviation Hh 2h h 4h glu, O 2 glu, N ± ± Fig. 4 Figs., 4. The effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 x 1~ 4 M) on the in vitro average contraction rates of 11- and 12-day embryonic hearts incubated in a media containing glucose (5 x 1~ M). Hearts cultured in an aerobic gas phase (65 % O 2, 5 % N, 5 % CO 2 ) are compared with organs incubated in an aenaerobic gas phase (95 % N, 5 % CO 2 ). Note that the addition of fructose-l,6-diphosphate (5 x 1~ M) elicited no effect on the contraction rates.
5 Embryonic rat heart metabolism 595 Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Figs., 4) A comparison was made between 11- and 12-day embryonic rat heart contraction rates after the addition of 2,4-DNP. Two groups of hearts obtained from litter-mates were allowed to equilibrate for 1 h in oxygenated Krebs- Ringer bicarbonate solution which contained 5 x 1~ M glucose. The inhibitor was added to the medium after one hour of equilibration. One chamber was supplied with oxygen and the other an anaerobic gas phase consisting of 95 % N and 5 % CO 2. After 2 h of anaerobiosis these hearts were supplied with fructose- 1,6-diphosphate (5x 1~ M). The 11-day hearts exhibited a moderate depression of heart rate after the addition of 2,4-DNP (Fig. ). No difference in performance could be demonstrated between the aerobic and anaerobic groups. Neither group contained an organ in which the contraction rate declined to zero during the 4 h of observation. In contrast, the 12-day hearts exhibited a complete cessation of contractile activity in less than min after the addition of 2,4-DNP (Fig. 4). The anaerobic group remained at zero for the full course of the experiment and the addition of fructose-1,6-diphosphate did not restore contractile activity in these quiescent organs. The aerobic group after 1 h of exposure to the inhibitor showed a spontaneous partial recovery of function. Heart contraction rates in these organs returned to approximately 5 % of the rate established before the addition of the inhibitor. Trypan blue as a metabolic inhibitor Two groups of 11-day embryonic hearts obtained from litter-mates were allowed to equilibrate for 1 h in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution which contained 5 x 1~ M glucose. Semi-purified and desalted trypan blue was added to one of the two incubation chambers. The quantity of dye used was adjusted to bring the media concentration to 1 x 1~ 5 M. After the initial hour in oxygen the gas phase was changed to provide anaerobic conditions for both groups for the duration of the experiment. It was observed that after 1 h in oxygen no difference in the mean contraction rates existed between the two groups of hearts. After changing to an anaerobic gas phase, however, a marked separation between the two groups was observed, with the hearts exposed to trypan blue exhibiting a significantly lower contraction rate (Fig. 5). After 2 h of exposure to anaerobic conditions fructose- 1,6-diphosphate (5x 1~ M) was added to both chambers. One hour after the addition of the phosphorylated hexose the average contraction rates in hearts exposed to trypan blue had returned to the control level. It should be noted that alpha-glycerophosphate in a concentration of x 1~ 2 M had the same effect as fructose-1,6-diphosphate in reversing the trypan blue block. The same pattern, with higher heart rates, was observed for 12-day hearts under similar conditions. 8-2
6 596 S. J. COX AND D. L. GUNBERG 11-day hearts ^ Glucose O O Glucose+ trypan blue 'P 16 c F-1.6-P 2 (5x 1 \i) added N, Time (h) Fig. 5. The effects of trypan blue (1 x 1~ 5 M) on the average contraction rates of 11-day embryonic hearts incubated in a media containing glucose (5X1~ M) compared with controls. Note the effects of fructose- 1,6-diphosphate (5 x 1 M) added to both groups at h. (Vertical bars represent S.D. Hatching represents S.D. also.) Glycolysis and the TCA cycle DISCUSSION The observation that inhibition of the TCA cycle with malonate resulted in a depression of the contraction rate in 12- but not 11-day embryonic rat hearts illustrates the rapid metabolic shift that takes place during the 24 h period of development under study. It is of interest to note that on the 12-day of development the allantoic placenta begins to replace the visceral yolk sac as the site of maternal-embryonic gas exchange. Since the allantoic placenta possesses a greater surface area for maternal-embryonic gas exchange and a better circulation than the visceral yolk sac, it appears that the embryo in vivo resides in a better oxygenated environment at the time the isolated hearts exhibit an increasing dependence on extraglycolytic metabolism. The reduction in the importance of the Embden-Myerhof pathway for the maintenance of cardiac contractile activity in the 12-day hearts, as suggested by the substrate utilization investigations previously reported (Cox & Gunberg, 1972), was demonstrated here to be of a relative nature. The low concentrations of iodoacetate employed here plus reversal of the block by pyruvate are highly suggestive of a specific action on glycolysis (Webb, 196). It will be recalled that iodoacetate poisoning of this metabolic pathway resulted in stoppage of heart contraction in both the 11- and 12-day hearts. In light of this observation it
7 Embryonic rat heart metabolism 597 appears that although the TCA cycle gains in importance as an energy producing pathway, the Embden-Myerhof pathway is probably responsible for providing the majority of the three carbon intermediates destined for oxidation aerobically. While it has been demonstrated that the 12-day embryonic rat heart can utilize some amino acids and ketone bodies to maintain contractile activity (Cox & Gunberg, 1972) it seems unlikely that these compounds would contribute significantly to the energy required by these young organs during a phase of rapid development and protein synthesis. It is also of interest to note that in the experiments which tested the effects of iodoacetate and malonate on the function of the isolated embryonic rat hearts no substrate was added to the incubation medium. The adverse effects of iodoacetate on both the 11- and 12-day organs suggests that the intrinsic stores of metabolite utilized by the embryonic hearts enters the glycolytic pathway at a point above the blockade induced by this metabolic poison. Presumably the intrinsic metabolite is stored in the form of glycogen which can be demonstrated histochemically in the 12-day heart and ultrastructurally in the 11-day organ (Chacko, 1971). Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation The observation that 2,4-DNP caused a slight depression of heart activity uniformly in 11-day hearts under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions suggests that some interference in energy production occurs at the glycolytic substrate phosphorylation level. Harary & Slater (1965) proposed that 2,4-DNP might inhibit extramitochondrial ATP levels as well as uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. In their studies utilizing single beating neonatal-rat-heart cells, they found that 2,4-dinitrophenol completely inhibited contractile activity, as seen here for the 12-day isolated hearts. The difference in response to 2,4-DNP by the 12-day as compared to the 11-day preparations could be due to one or more of several possibilities: (1) greater inhibition of extramitochondrial ATP levels by 2,4-DNP in the older hearts, (2) increased permeability of the cells to the inhibitor in the older hearts, and () a greater dependence on mitochondrial oxidative processes with a relatively less active glycolytic cycle in the 12-day hearts. The last explanation gains favour when considering the partial recovery in activity of the inhibited hearts in oxygen since it is known that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation stimulates glycolysis (Mueller, 1962). This explanation is not entirely satisfactory, however, and further investigation in this area is necessary. The failure of the 12-day hearts subjected to an anaerobic gas phase to recover their contractile activity when furnished fructose- 1,6-diphosphate has significance only when compared with the following discussion.
8 598 S. J. COX AND D. L. GUNBERG Trypan blue as a metabolic inhibitor The mechanism of action of this teratogenic agent has been the subject of much investigation and speculation since it was originally observed to produce malformations in the offspring of treated pregnant rats (Gillman, Gilbert, Gillman & Spence, 1948). The most popular theory of the mode of action of this teratogen was proposed by Beck and his associates (1967) and implicates yolk-sac dysfunction. These investigators propose that since the dye was concentrated in the visceral yolk-sac epithelium and since this extraembryonic membrane was of importance in providing nutrients to the early embryo, any disruption of its function may lead to maldevelopment of the embryo it supports. This hypothesis was strengthened by the observation that trypan blue inhibits, in vitro, several hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomal fractions from disrupted rat visceral yolk-sac (Lloyd, Beck, Griffiths & Parry, 1968). Another mechanism of action for trypan blue has been proposed by Kaplan & Johnson (1968). These investigators reported that oxygen consumption by dyetreated chick embryos increased over control values and suggested that trypan blue might act in a manner similar to 2,4-DNP in uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. A comparison of the results presented here indicate that trypan blue and 2,4-DNP elicit markedly different responses from the embryonic rat heart in vitro. This observation plus the ability of fructose-1,6-diphosphate to alleviate the effect of trypan blue on the function of the embryonic rat heart but not that of 2,4-DNP, suggests that these two agents act in a dissimilar fashion. The possibility that trypan blue injected into a pregnant rat might reach the embryo and have a direct effect on embryonic tissues was proposed by Adams- Smith (196). This investigator reported an accumulation of glycogen in the hearts of embryos from dye-treated rats not observed in the controls. It was suggested in this report that trypan blue might act within the myoepicardial cells to cause a premature shift in metabolism to that of a more mature form. The concept of direct action of trypan blue on embryonic tissues has not been widely accepted because of the difficulty in visualizing the dye in the embryo. Davis & Gunberg (1968), however, have recently reported that dye deposits could be observed in the entoderm of embryos obtained from a treated rat and Schmidt (1971) has described dye-like particles observed with the electron microscope in the neuroectoderm of such animals. The results reported here indicated that trypan blue did have a direct effect on the embryonic rat heart when it was exposed to very low concentrations of the dye. The effective concentration of the dye employed in these experiments (1 x 1~ 5 M) was approximately 4 % of the peak concentration reported in maternal circulation following a teratogenic dose of trypan blue (Beck & Lloyd, 1966). The depression of the contraction rate in embryonic hearts induced by trypan blue when these organs are presumably deriving energy for function
9 Embryonic rat heart metabolism 599 primarily from anaerobic glycolysis, suggests that the dye acts to interfere with glucose uptake or catabolism. The reversal of the trypan blue block with the addition of fructose-1,6-diphosphate or alpha glycerophosphate further localizes the site of interference. It appeared that trypan blue interfered with the process of glycolysis at some point between the transport of glucose across the cell membrane and the enzyme phosphofructokinase. Investigations have been initiated which hopefully will more clearly define the metabolic site of action of this teratogenic agent on the isolated embryonic rat heart. REFERENCES ADAMS-SMITH, W. N. (196). The site of action of trypan blue in cardiac teratogenesis. Anat. Rec. 147, BECK, F. & LLOYD, J. B. (1966). The teratogenic effects of azo dyes. In Advances in Teratology (ed. D. H. M. Woollam), pp New York: Academic Press. BECK, F., LLOYD, J. B. & GRIFFITHS, A. (1967). Lysosomal enzyme inhibition by trypan blue: a theory of teratogenesis. Science, N.Y. 157, CHACKO, K. (1971). Ultrastructure of Developing Myocardium of Rat Embryos and Cytochemical Localization of Nucleoside Phosphatase Activity. An unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon Medical School. Cox, S. J. & GUNBERG, D. L. (1972). Metabolite utilization by embryonic rat hearts in vitro. J. Embryo!, exp. Morph. 28, DAVIS, H. W. & GUNBERG, D. L. (1968). Trypan blue in the rat embryo. Teratology 1, GILLMAN, J., GILBERT, C, GILLMAN, T. & SPENCE, I. (1948). A preliminary report on hydrocephalis, spina bifida and other congenital anomalies in the rat produced by trypan blue. S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 1, HARARY, I. & SLATER, E. C. (1965). Studies in vitro on single beating heart cells. VII. The effect of oligomycin, dinitrophenol and oubain on the beating rate. Biochim. biophys. Acta 99, KAPLAN, S. & JOHNSON, E. M. (1968). Oxygen consumption in normal and trypan bluetreated chick embryos. Teratology 1, LLOYD, J. B., BECK, F., GRIFFITHS, A. & PARRY, L. M. (1968). The mechanism of action of acid bisazo dyes. In The Interaction of Drugs and Subcellular Components on Animal Cells (ed. P. N. Campbell), pp London: J. & A. Churchill. MUELLER, K. (1962). On the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity of the isolated warmblooded heart. Arch. ges. Physiol. 276, SCHMIDT, K. L. B. (1971). Electron Microscopic Observations of Embryos from Maternal Rats Treated with Trypan Blue. An unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon Medical School. SPRATT, N., Jr. (195). Nutritional requirements of the early chick embryo. III. The metabolic basis of the morphogenesis and differentiation as revealed by the use of inhibitors. Biol. Bull. Mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 99, THOMPSON, J. L. (1967). Effect of inhibitors of carbohydrate metabolism on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos. Expl Cell Res. 46, WEBB, J. L. (196). Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors, vol. i, pp. 472, , New York: Academic Press. {Manuscript received 1 March 1972, revised 15 May 1972)
10
BIOCHEMISTRY. Glycolysis. by Dr Jaya Vejayan Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
BIOCHEMISTRY Glycolysis by Dr Jaya Vejayan Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology email: jayavejayan@ump.edu.my Chapter Description Overview This chapter is related to carbohydrate catabolism. It
More informationCARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Note (Study Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose, TCA cycle and Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle, HMP shunt in
More informationMetabolic Shifts in Carbohydrate Metabolism during Embryonic Development of Non-Diapause Eggs of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 73, 15-22 (2004) Metabolic Shifts in Carbohydrate Metabolism during Embryonic Development of Non-Diapause Eggs of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori Daisuke Sakano
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationMetabolism in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos
Wright State University CORE Scholar Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology 7-1984 Metabolism in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos Harry M. Weitlauf
More informationARTICULAR CARTILAGE *
OBSERVATIONS ON RESPIRATION IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE * By MORRIS A. BOWIE, OTTO ROSENTHAL AND GEORGE WAGONER (From the Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Harrison Department of Surgical Research, Schools
More information5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.
More information1 Respiration is a vital process in living organisms. All organisms carry out glycolysis. The Krebs cycle also occurs in some organisms.
1 Respiration is a vital process in living organisms. All organisms carry out glycolysis. The Krebs cycle also occurs in some organisms. (a) The diagram below shows some of the stages in glycolysis, using
More informationEffects of metabolic inhibitors on contraction of rabbit detrusor muscle
Br. J. Pharmac. (1968), 34, 493-498. Effects of metabolic inhibitors on contraction of rabbit detrusor muscle D. M. PATON Department of Pharmacology, Utniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 1.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SPORT AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE PATHWAY SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2016/2017
LH14 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SPORT AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE PATHWAY SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2016/2017 INTRODUCTION TO SPORT AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SPS4002 Date: Thursday
More informationMedical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department Cardiac Fuels [Sources of energy for the Cardiac muscle] Intended learning outcomes of the lecture: By the end of this lecture you would be able to:-
More information1. Draw and annotate a molecule of ATP to show how it stores and releases energy. 2. List six cellular process that use ATP as a source of energy.
ATP 1. Draw and annotate a molecule of ATP to show how it stores and releases energy. 2. List six cellular process that use ATP as a source of energy. 3.7 Cell Respiration 3. Define cell respiration. The
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationEnergy metabolism - the overview
Energy metabolism - the overview Josef Fontana EC - 40 Overview of the lecture Important terms of the energy metabolism The overview of the energy metabolism The main pathways of the energy metabolism
More informationEnergy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and
More informationA cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds.
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Energy and carbon sources in living cells 2. Sources of cellular ATP 3. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular
More informationClass XI Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants Biology. 1. It is a biochemical process. 1. It is a physiochemical process.
Question 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a
More informationCHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity
CHAPTER 7 Energy for Muscular Activity Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chemistry of Energy Production Three Energy Systems Immediate Energy: Phosphagen System Short-term Energy: Glycolytic
More informationCLASS 11 th. Respiration in Plants
CLASS 11 th 01. Introduction All living cells require continuous supply of energy to perform various vital activities. This energy is released in controlled manner for cellular use via the process of respiration.
More informationQuestion 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a
More informationChapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways
Chapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering 1 Presentation Outline: Introduction to Metabolism Glucose Metabolism Glycolysis, Kreb s Cycle, Respiration Biosysthesis
More information3.2 Aerobic Respiration
3.2 Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Catabolic pathways Breaks down energy-rich compounds to make ATP Requires oxygen Occurs in different parts of the cell C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO
More informationIntroduction to Carbohydrate metabolism
Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism Some metabolic pathways of carbohydrates 1- Glycolysis 2- Krebs cycle 3- Glycogenesis 4- Glycogenolysis 5- Glyconeogenesis - Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) - Curi
More informationChapter 8. Metabolism. Topics in lectures 15 and 16. Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Topics in lectures 15 and 16 Metabolism Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis 1 Metabolism Chemical Foundations Enzymes REDOX Catabolism Pathways Anabolism Principles and pathways 2 Enzymes
More informationGlycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition
Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide
More informationActive Learning Exercise 5. Cellular Respiration
Name Biol 211 - Group Number Active Learning Exercise 5. Cellular Respiration Reference: Chapter 9 (Biology by Campbell/Reece, 8 th ed.) 1. Give the overall balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular
More information1 The diagram represents two of the stages of aerobic respiration that take place in a mitochondrion.
1 The diagram represents two of the stages of aerobic respiration that take place in a mitochondrion. a Name substance X. b Which stage of aerobic respiration takes place inside a mitochondrion and is
More informationPlant Respiration. Exchange of Gases in Plants:
Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants: Plants do not have great demands for gaseous exchange. The rate of respiration in plants is much lower than in animals. Large amounts of gases are exchanged
More informationMUSCLE METABOLISM. Honors Anatomy & Physiology
MUSCLE METABOLISM Honors Anatomy & Physiology ROLE OF ATP ATP binds to myosin heads and upon hydrolysis into ADP and Pi, transfers its energy to the cross bridge, energizing it. ATP is responsible for
More informationCollin County Community College BIOL Muscle Physiology. Muscle Length-Tension Relationship
Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Muscle Physiology 1 Muscle Length-Tension Relationship The Length-Tension Relationship Another way that muscle cells can alter their force capability, is determined
More informationEnzymes what are they?
Topic 11 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More informationATP. Chapter 7, parts of 48 Cellular Respiration: Gas Exchange, Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7, parts of 48 Cellular Respiration: Gas Exchange, Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular Respiration ATP Gas Exchange O 2 & CO 2 exchange provides O 2 for aerobic cellular respiration
More informationChapter 9 Notes. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Notes Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Objectives Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the cell
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism is important for both plants and animals. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison,
More informationBackground knowledge
Background knowledge This is the required background knowledge: State three uses of energy in living things Give an example of an energy conversion in a living organism State that fats and oils contain
More informationHigher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25
Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration 1. To perform cell work, cells require energy. a. A cell does three main kinds of work: i. Mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular I can describe cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways releasing energy from a foodstuff e.g. glucose. This yields energy in the form of ATP adenosine P i P
More informationAerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration. 1. Glycolysis 2. Oxidation of Pyruvate and Krebs Cycle
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Student Packet SUMMARY ALL LIVING SYSTEMS REQUIRE CONSTANT INPUT OF FREE ENERGY Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway in which glucose and other organic fuels (such as starch,
More informationBio 111 Study Guide Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration & Fermentation BEFORE CLASS: Reading: Read the whole chapter from pp. 141-158. In Concept 7.1, pay special attention to oxidation & reduction and the
More informationCHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationGrowth. Principles of Metabolism. Principles of Metabolism 1/18/2011. The role of ATP energy currency. Adenosine triphosphate
Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth Principles of Metabolism Cells (including your own) must: Synthesize new components (anabolism/biosynthesis) Harvest energy and convert it to a usable form (catabolism)
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 1 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism and anabolism simple model Catabolism Enzymes
More informationGlUCOSE METABOlISM AND AMINO ACID IN. By YASUZO TSUKADA, YUTAKA NAGATA, SHUSUKE HIRANO AND GENKICHIRO TAKAGAKI
The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 45, No. 12, 1958 GlUCOSE METABOlISM AND AMINO ACID IN BRAIN SlICES By YASUZO TSUKADA, YUTAKA NAGATA, SHUSUKE HIRANO AND GENKICHIRO TAKAGAKI (From the Department of Physioloey,
More informationMetabolism of cardiac muscle. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013
Metabolism of cardiac muscle Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013 References This lecture Mark s Basic Medical Biochemistry, 4 th ed., p. 890-891 Hand-out Why is this topic important? Heart failure
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION. Xe - + Y X + Ye - CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy SUMMARY EQUATION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 NAME DATE HOUR CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: Reduction: Xe - + Y X + Ye - CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy C 6 H 12
More informationUnit 2: Metabolic Processes
How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced
More informationMetabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler
More informationMetabolism. Learning objectives are to gain an appreciation of: Part II: Respiration
Metabolism Part I: Fermentations ti Part II: Respiration Learning objectives are to gain an appreciation of: Catabolism and anabolism ATP Generation and energy conservation Fermentation 1 Importance of
More informationDalkeith High School Higher Human Biology Homework 3
Dalkeith High School Higher Human Biology Homework 3 1. During which of the following chemical conversions is A T P produced? A B C Amino acids protein Glucose pyruvic acid Haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin energy
More informationRELATION OF ENERGY PROCESSES TO THE INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA*
RELATION OF ENERGY PROCESSES TO THE INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA* BY M. RABINOVITZ, MARGARET E. OLSON, AND DAVID M. GREENBERG (From the Department of Physiological
More informationThis is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)
This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that
More informationFig In the space below, indicate how these sub-units are joined in a molecule of ATP.
1 (a) Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is an important product of respiration. The ATP molecule is made up of five sub-units, as shown in Fig. 5.1. adenine phosphates O ribose Fig. 5.1 (i) In the space below,
More informationg) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology
g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology What can you remember about respiration? 1. What is respiration? 2. What are the raw materials? 3. What are the products? 4. Where does it occur? 5. Why does
More informationMarah Bitar. Bayan Abusheikha ... Anas Abu-Humaidan
5 Marah Bitar Bayan Abusheikha... Anas Abu-Humaidan Bacterial Metabolism -Metabolism has two components, catabolism and anabolism. -Catabolism encompasses processes that harvest energy released from the
More informationCellular Respiration. 3. In the figure, which step of the citric acid cycle requires both NAD+ and ADP as reactants? a. Step 1. c. Step 3 b.
Cellular Respiration 1. Enzymes are organic catalysts. How do they increase the rate of chemical reactions? a. By decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction b. By increasing the free-energy change
More informationMIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY
MIDDLETOWN HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BIOLOGY BOOKLET 10 NAME: CLASS: 1 S.Tagore Middletown South High School March 2013 LEARNING OUTCOMES The role and production of ATP (a) Importance, role and structure of ATP
More informationOAT Biology - Problem Drill 03: Cell Processes - Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
OAT Biology - Problem Drill 03: Cell Processes - Metabolism and Cellular Respiration Question No. 1 of 10 1. What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? Question #01 (A) NADH (B) Mitochondria
More informationChapter 7: How Cells Harvest Energy AP
Chapter 7: How Cells Harvest Energy AP Essential Knowledge 1.B.1 distributed among organisms today. (7.1) 1.D.2 Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely Scientific
More informationBiol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationWhat is Glycolysis? Breaking down glucose: glyco lysis (splitting sugar)
What is Glycolysis? Breaking down glucose: glyco lysis (splitting sugar) Most ancient form of energy capture. Starting point for all cellular respiration. Inefficient: generates only 2 ATP for every 1
More informationGlycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps
Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (
More informationCellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Have you ever wondered why exactly you need to breathe? What happens when you stop breathing? Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes
More informationCellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular respiration: Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates: Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels. polysaccharides glucose
More informationMetabolism. Topic 11&12 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic Balancing Act. Topics. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topic 11&12 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic Balancing Act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More informationBIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2010
BIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2010 NAME (printed very legibly) KEY UT-EID EXAMINATION III Before beginning, check to be sure that this exam contains 8 pages (including front and back) numbered consecutively,
More informationIB Style Test - Topic 8 HL Metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis
Multiple choice questions 1. Enzyme inhibition can occur by an inhibitor doing which of the following? I an inhibitor binding to the enzyme s active site II an inhibitor binding to the allosteric site
More informationUNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016
LH8 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SRB3008 Date: Monday
More informationCell Respiration - 1
Cell Respiration - 1 All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain an ordered cellular environment. Movement of substances through membranes, manufacture of the organic molecules needed for structure
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: REDOX REACTIONS Redox reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Oxidation loss of electrons Reduction gain of electrons
More informationTHE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals
Br. J. Anaesth. (1981), 53, 131 THE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals J. C. STANLEY In this paper, the glucose-fatty acid cycle
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More informationThe molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose.
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose. Dietary fats are important because: a. they keep blood pressure normal.
More informationA. Incorrect! No, this statement is accurate so is not the correct selection to the question.
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 14: Glycolysis No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to glycolysis? (A) It is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. (B) In glycolysis
More informationChapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More informationGlycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437
Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of
More informationWhat s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP
2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There s got to be a better way!
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More informationDEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2015 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca OFFICE HOURS: Tuesdays 1000-1120
More information(From the Division of Animal Physiology and Histochemistry, Department of Zoology, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda, India) With i plate (fig.
Histochemical demonstration of certain DPN-linked dehydrogenases and of aldolase in the red and white fibres of pigeon breast-muscle By J. C. GEORGE and C. L. TALESARA (From the Division of Animal Physiology
More informationHow Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Global Athlete Outreach Program US CytoThesis Systems Medicine Center www.cytothesis.us US OncoTherapy Systems BioMedicine Group CytoThesis Bioengineering Research Group
More informationDEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE Fall 2017 BC 2000 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY 3 (3-0-0) 45 HOURS FOR 15 WEEKS INSTRUCTOR: Philip Johnson PHONE: 780-539-2863 OFFICE: J224 E-MAIL: PJohnson@gprc.ab.ca
More informationNBCE Mock Board Questions Biochemistry
1. Fluid mosaic describes. A. Tertiary structure of proteins B. Ribosomal subunits C. DNA structure D. Plasma membrane structure NBCE Mock Board Questions Biochemistry 2. Where in the cell does beta oxidation
More informationChem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis
Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules
More information1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions) Glucose priming get glucose ready to split phosphorylate glucose rearrangement split destabilized glucose
Warm- Up Objective: Describe the role of in coupling the cell's anabolic and catabolic processes. Warm-up: What cellular processes produces the carbon dioxide that you exhale? 1st half of glycolysis (5
More informationChapter 10! Muscle Tissue - Part 2! Pages ! SECTION 10-5! Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension!
! Chapter 10, Part 2 Muscle Chapter 10! Muscle Tissue - Part 2! Pages 308-324! SECTION 10-5! Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension! 2! 1 Tension Production - MUSCLE FIBER! All-or-none
More informationHow Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Introduction: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Individuals inherit various percentages of the two main types of muscle fibers, slow and fast The
More information3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. How are these two images related?
3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION How are these two images related? CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is the process whereby the body converts the energy that we get from food (glucose) into an energy form
More informationEnergy sources in skeletal muscle
Energy sources in skeletal muscle Pathway Rate Extent ATP/glucose 1. Direct phosphorylation Extremely fast Very limited - 2. Glycolisis Very fast limited 2-3 3. Oxidative phosphorylation Slow Unlimited
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Vocabulary ATP Synthase: the enzyme responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria Chemiosmotic Coupling: the mechanism for coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation; it requires a proton
More informationChapter 5 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Metabolism of Microbes metabolism all chemical
More informationFurther Observations on the Teratogenic Action of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone '
Further Observations on the Teratogenic Action of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ' ALLAN R. BEAUDOIN Department of Anatomy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ABSTRACT Pregnant Wistar Albino
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationEnzymes and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations
More informationAccelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1
Accelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1 V. L. Christensen, 2 J. L. Grimes, M. J. Wineland, and G. S. Davis Department of Poultry
More informationChapter 10! Chapter 10, Part 2 Muscle. Muscle Tissue - Part 2! Pages !
! Chapter 10, Part 2 Muscle Chapter 10! Muscle Tissue - Part 2! Pages 308-324! SECTION 10-5! Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension! 2! Tension Production - Muscle FIBER! All-or-none
More information