Name: B2 Organisation. Class: 35 Questions. Date: Time: Marks: Comments: Brookvale Groby Learning Trust

Transcription

1 B2 Organisation 35 Questions Name: Class: Date: Time: Marks: Comments: Page of 2

2 Figure shows an animal cell. Figure (a) What is structure A? Tick one box. alex-mit/istock/thinkstock Cell membrane Cell wall Chromosome Cytoplasm () Page 2 of 2

3 (b) What is structure B? Tick one box. Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuole () (c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell. Figure 2 Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function. () Page 3 of 2

4 (d) Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes. The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root hair cell. How would each substance move into the root hair cell? Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process. Root hair cell Process (2) (Total 5 marks) Page 4 of 2

5 2 The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood. (a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell. Give your answer to the nearest micrometre. Width of cell = micrometres () (b) Complete the table below. Part of the blood Function Carries oxygen around the body Protects the body against infection Plasma (3) Page 5 of 2

6 (c) Platelets are fragments of cells. Platelets help the blood to clot. Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot. () (Total 5 marks) 3 When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division. (a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells? Tick one box. Differentiation Meiosis Mitosis () (b) Why can cancers grow very large? Tick one box. Cancer cells are specialised Cell division is slow Cell division is uncontrolled () (c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer. () Page 6 of 2

7 (d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot. People who are alive 0 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured. The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 96 and % of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 200 were alive 0 years later. Complete the figure above to show this information. () (e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 96 had the highest survival rate? Tick one box. Breast Prostate Skin Testicular () Page 7 of 2

8 (f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after 0 years? Tick one box. Breast Prostate Skin Testicular () (g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.. 2. (2) (Total 8 marks) Page 8 of 2

9 4 Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch. A student investigated the effect of ph on the activity of amylase. This is the method used.. Mix amylase solution and starch suspension in a boiling tube. 2. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 C. 3. Remove a drop of the mixture every 30 seconds and test it for the presence of starch. 4. Repeat the investigation at different ph values. The table below shows the students results. ph Time when no starch was detected in minutes (a) The student concluded ph 7.25 was the optimum ph for the amylase enzyme. This is not a valid conclusion. Suggest two reasons why.. 2. (2) Page 9 of 2

10 (b) The student did another investigation. This is the method used.. Put amylase solution and starch suspension into a boiling tube. 2. Make the ph Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 C. 4. Measure the amount of sugar produced every 30 seconds. The results are shown in the figure below. Calculate the mean rate of sugar produced per minute during the first 5 minutes. Mean rate = units per minute (2) Page 0 of 2

11 (c) Iodine solution is added to a sample taken from the boiling tube after 0 minutes and 60 minutes. Suggest what you would see in these samples. After 0 minutes.after 60 minutes (2) (d) The scientist repeated the investigation at 37 C. Draw a line on the figure above to show the predicted results. (2) (Total 8 marks) 5 Malignant tumours are called cancers. (a) Describe how a tumour can spread to different parts of the body. (2) Page of 2

12 (b) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot. Some people who are alive 0 years after diagnosis are considered to be cured. The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 96 and 200. Look at the data in the figure above for skin cancer. Calculate the percentage increase in the survival rate of people diagnosed with skin cancer in 96 compared to 200. Give your answer to three significant figures. Survival rate increase = % (2) Page 2 of 2

13 (c) Look at the data in the figure above for bowel and prostate cancer. 6 (a) Compare the survival rates for bowel and prostate cancer. Suggest reasons for the comparisons you have made. (4) (Total 8 marks) Blood is made up of four main components. Red blood cells and white blood cells are two of these components. Describe the functions of the two other components of blood. (2) (b) The heart is often described as a double pump. Describe why. () Page 3 of 2

14 (c) In coronary heart disease (CHD) layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries. This can cause a heart attack. Statins and stents can be used to reduce the risk of a heart attack in people with CHD. Evaluate the use of statins and stents in people with CHD. Remember to include a justified conclusion. (6) (Total 9 marks) Page 4 of 2

15 7 Figure shows a diagram of the human heart. Figure (a) Name parts A and B. A B (2) (b) What is the function of blood vessel C? Tick one box. To take blood from the heart around the body To take blood from the body to the heart To take blood from the heart to the lungs To take blood from the lungs to the heart () Page 5 of 2

16 (c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when layers of fatty material build up in the coronary artery. One treatment for CHD is to insert a stent into the coronary artery. Figure 2 shows a stent in a coronary artery. Figure 2 Explain why the stent helps to prevent a heart attack. (4) Page 6 of 2

17 (d) Look at the table below. Country Number of deaths from CHD per population per year Amount of fruit and vegetables eaten in kg per person per year A B C D E Plot the missing bars for countries D and E on Figure 3. Use data from the table above. Figure 3 (2) Page 7 of 2

18 (e) People in country B are more likely to die from CHD than people in country E. How many more times as likely are people to die from CHD in country B than in country E? () (f) A student concluded: The factor that causes CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables. Evaluate the student s conclusion. Use data from Figure 3, and your own knowledge, in your answer. (6) (Total 6 marks) Page 8 of 2

19 8 Statins are drugs used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD). New drugs must be trialled before they can be licensed for use. Some scientists trialled two different types of statin. The scientists: conducted the trial on 325 patients with a history of CHD in their family used a double-blind trial method measured the change in blood cholesterol levels over two years measured the change in thickness of an artery wall over two years. (a) During the trials the statins are tested for side effects. Give two other reasons why the statins are trialled before use.. 2. (2) (b) Describe how the double-blind method is used in this trial. (2) Page 9 of 2

20 (c) The results of drug trials are peer reviewed before they are published. Why are peer reviews important in drug trials? Tick one box. To calculate the best dose To check the drug works To make sure the scientist gets credit To prevent false claims () Page 20 of 2

21 (d) The table below shows the results of the trial. Drug A Drug B Number of patients who died during the trial Number of patients who reported aching muscles Number of patients who reported mild abdominal cramps Change in blood cholesterol level in percentage Change in thickness of artery wall in mm Drug A is more effective than Drug B. Give two reasons that support this conclusion. Use information from the table above.. 2. (2) (e) A scientist concludes that Drug A is a safer drug than Drug B. Give two reasons why this is not a valid conclusion. (2) (Total 9 marks) Page 2 of 2

22 9 Coronary heart disease (CHD) can be caused by many factors. The table below shows data related to CHD for five countries. Country Number of deaths from CHD per population per year Percentage of the population who smoke tobacco Percentage of the population who drink alcohol heavily Amount of fruit and vegetables eaten in kg per person per year A B C D E (a) Name one risk factor for CHD that is not shown in the table above. () (b) A student concludes that the main cause of CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables. Give three reasons why the student s conclusion is not correct. Use information from the table above. (3) Page 22 of 2

23 (c) Explain how the build-up of fatty material can damage the heart. (4) (d) Describe how statins can help to reduce deaths from CHD. (2) (Total 0 marks) 0 The figure below shows a cross-section through a plant root. (a) What is tissue A? () Page 23 of 2

24 (b) A student is given samples of two fluids. One fluid is from the phloem of a plant and one from the xylem of a plant. The student is asked to work out which fluid is from the phloem and which is from the xylem. She measures the ph and the concentrations of sugar, nitrate ions and potassium ions of each fluid. The table below shows the student s results. Fluid A Fluid B ph Sugar in mg / cm Nitrate ions in mg / cm Potassium ions in μg / cm Which fluid is from the phloem, and which is from the xylem? Explain your answer. Use the information from the table above. (4) (c) In fluid A, how many times greater is the concentration of sugar than the concentration of potassium ions? (2) Page 24 of 2

25 (d) The concentration of potassium ions in the soil is 3.9 μg / cm 3 The concentration of potassium ions in the root tissue is 2500 μg / cm 3 Explain why the concentration is so much higher in the roots than in the soil. (3) (Total 0 marks) Blood sugar levels in the body are controlled by insulin. (a) How does insulin travel around the body? () Page 25 of 2

26 (b) The table below shows the blood sugar levels for two people after eating a meal. Time after eating in hours Blood sugar levels in mg per 00 cm 3 of blood Person A Person B Use data from the table above to complete the graph in the figure below. Plot the points for person A. The first two points have been plotted for you. Draw a line through all the points. (3) (c) How long after the meal is person B s insulin production at its peak? () Page 26 of 2

27 (d) What is the greatest decrease in the blood sugar level of person B in an hour? Decrease = mg per 00 cm 3 (2) (e) Estimate how long after eating the meal it will take for person B s blood sugar level to return to the level before the meal. Show your working on the figure above. (2) (Total 9 marks) 2 The human body is organised to carry out many different functions. (a) Use words from the box to complete Figure by putting the parts of the body in order of size from smallest to largest. The smallest one has been done for you. (2) Page 27 of 2

28 (b) The stomach is made of different types of tissue. Draw one line from each type of stomach tissue to the correct description. (3) (c) Animals can react to their surroundings because they have nervous systems. A student investigated the behaviour of small animals called woodlice. The student set up the investigation as shown in Figure 2. The student covered one half of a Petri dish with black paper to make that side of the Petri dish dark. The other side had no cover. The student put five woodlice into each side of the dish and then put the clear Petri dish lid back on the dish. Figure 2 After 30 minutes, all the woodlice had moved to the dark side of the Petri dish. Page 28 of 2

29 (i) In this investigation, what is the stimulus that the woodlice responded to? () (ii) In this investigation, what is the response that the woodlice made? () (iii) The student concluded that woodlice prefer dark conditions. Give two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to be sure that his conclusion was correct.. 2. (2) (Total 9 marks) 3 The parts of the blood can be separated from each other by spinning the blood in a centrifuge. The image below shows the separated parts of a 0 cm 3 blood sample. (a) Calculate the percentage of the blood that is made up of plasma. Answer = % (2) Page 29 of 2

30 (b) Name three chemical substances transported by the plasma (3) (c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. White blood cells are part of the immune system. White blood cells help the body to defend itself against pathogens. Describe how pathogens cause infections and describe how the immune system defends the body against these pathogens. (6) (Total marks) Page 30 of 2

31 4 A potometer is a piece of apparatus that can be used to measure water uptake by a leafy shoot. Figure shows a potometer. Figure Some students used a potometer like the one shown in Figure. They measured the water taken up by a shoot in normal conditions in a classroom. As the water was taken up by the shoot, the level of water in the capillary tube went down. The students recorded the level of the water in the capillary tube at 2-minute intervals for 0 minutes. Table shows the students results. Table Time in minutes Level of water (on scale) in capillary tube in mm Page 3 of 2

32 Therefore, volume of water taken up by the shoot in minute = mm 3 (3) The area of the cross section of the capillary tube was 0.8 mm 2. (a) (i) Complete the following calculation to find the volume of water taken up by the shoot in mm 3 per minute. Distance water moved along the scale in 0 minutes = mm Volume of water taken up by the shoot in 0 minutes = mm 3 (ii) The students repeated the investigation but this time placed the potometer next to a fan blowing air over the leafy shoot. Suggest how the results would be different. Give a reason for your answer. (2) Page 32 of 2

33 (b) The students repeated the investigation at different temperatures. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Temperature in C Rate of water uptake in mm 3 per minute Plot the data from Table 2 on the graph paper in Figure 2. Choose suitable scales, label both axes and draw a line of best fit. Figure 2 (5) Page 33 of 2

34 (c) What would happen to the leaves if the potometer was left for a longer time at 40 C? Explain your answer. (3) (Total 3 marks) 5 Catalase is an enzyme found in many different tissues in plants and animals.it speeds up the rate of the following reaction. hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen Figure shows a 25-day-old broad bean seedling. Some students investigated whether different parts of bean seedlings contained different amounts of catalase. The students: put hydrogen peroxide into five test tubes added a different part of a bean seedling to each tube recorded the results after half a minute. If there was catalase in part of the seedling, oxygen gas was given off. When oxygen gas is given off, foam is produced in the tubes. Page 34 of 2

35 Figure 2 shows the results. The students made the following conclusions: most parts of a bean seedling contain catalase the seed contains a lot of catalase stems and roots have quite a lot of catalase the leaves have a little bit of catalase the seed coat has hardly any catalase. The students teacher said that the students needed to improve their investigation in order to make valid conclusions. (a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Describe how you would carry out an investigation to compare the amounts of catalase in different parts of bean seedlings. You should include details of how you would make sure your results give a valid comparison of the amounts of catalase. Page 35 of 2

36 (6) (b) Scientists investigated the effect of ph on the activity of the enzyme catalase in a fungus. The table below shows the scientists results. ph Enzyme activity in arbitrary units Test Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Mean (i) Calculate the mean enzyme activity at ph 5.0. Mean = arbitrary units (2) Page 36 of 2

37 (ii) On the graph paper in Figure 3, draw a graph to show the scientists results. Remember to: add a label to the vertical axis plot the mean values of enzyme activity draw a line of best fit. Figure 3 (4) Page 37 of 2

38 (iii) At what ph does the enzyme work best? () (iv) Predict the activity of the enzyme at ph 9.0. arbitrary units () (v) Suggest why the enzyme s activity at ph 3.0 is zero. () (Total 5 marks) Page 38 of 2

39 6 Scientists investigated the effect of different factors on health. (a) People who are not active may have health problems. The graph shows the percentage of 6-year-olds in some countries who are not active. (i) What percentage of 6-year-olds in the UK are not active? % () (ii) What percentage of 6-year-olds in the UK are active? % () (iii) A newspaper headline states: Information in Figure does not support the newspaper headline. Suggest one reason why the newspaper headline may be wrong. () Page 39 of 2

40 (b) Doctors gave a percentage rating to the health of 6-year-olds. 00% is perfect health. The table shows the amount of exercise 6-year-olds do and their health rating. Amount of exercise done in minutes every week Health rating as % Less than What conclusion can be made about the effect of exercise on health? Use information from the table. () (c) Inherited factors can also affect health. Give one health problem that may be affected by the genes someone inherits. Draw a ring around the correct answer. being malnourished having a high cholesterol level having a deficiency disease () (d) White blood cells are part of the immune system. Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence. antibiotics antibodies pathogens vaccines (i) (ii) When we are ill, white blood cells produce to kill microorganisms. Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to drugs called () () (Total 7 marks) Page 40 of 2

41 7 The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food. It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach. (a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or a tissue. For each structure, tick ( ) one box. Structure Organ Organ system Tissue Stomach Cells lining the stomach Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestine (2) (b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen. The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen. Complete the following sentence. Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by the process of. () Page 4 of 2

42 (ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach so that respiration can take place? Draw a ring around the correct answer. glucose protein starch () (iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place? Draw a ring around the correct answer. cell membrane mitochondria nucleus () (Total 5 marks) 8 Lipase is an enzyme that digests fat. (a) (i) Complete the equation to show the digestion of fat. Use the correct answer from the box. glucose glycerol glycogen fat fatty acids + () (ii) Name one organ that makes lipase. () Page 42 of 2

43 (b) Some students investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat by lipase. The students: mixed milk and bile in a beaker 2 put the ph sensor of a ph meter into the beaker 3 added lipase solution 4 recorded the ph at 2-minute intervals 5 repeated steps to 4, but used water instead of bile. Suggest two variables that the students should have controlled in this investigation.. 2. (2) (c) The graph shows the students results. (i) Why did the ph decrease in both investigations? () Page 43 of 2

44 (ii) Bile helps lipase to digest fat. What evidence is there in the graph to support this conclusion? () (iii) Suggest one reason why the contents of both beakers had the same ph at the end of the investigations. () (Total 7 marks) Page 44 of 2

45 9 During exercise, the heart beats faster and with greater force. The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats each minute.the volume of blood that travels out of the heart each time the heart beats is called the stroke volume. In an investigation, Person and Person 2 ran as fast as they could for minute. Scientists measured the heart rates and stroke volumes of Person and Person 2 at rest, during the exercise and after the exercise. The graph below shows the scientists results. (a) The cardiac output is the volume of blood sent from the heart to the muscles each minute. Cardiac output = Heart rate Stroke volume At the end of the exercise, Person s cardiac output = = cm 3 per minute. Use information from Figure above to complete the following calculation of Person 2 s cardiac output at the end of the exercise. At the end of the exercise: Person 2 s heart rate = beats per minute Person 2 s stroke volume = cm 3 Person 2 s cardiac output = cm 3 per minute (3) Page 45 of 2

46 (b) Person 2 had a much lower cardiac output than Person. (i) Use information from Figure above to suggest the main reason for the lower cardiac output of Person 2. () (ii) Person was able to run much faster than Person 2. Use information from Figure above and your own knowledge to explain why. (5) (Total 9 marks) Page 46 of 2

47 20 Our lungs help us to breathe. The image below shows the human breathing system. (a) (i) Name part A. () (ii) Give one function of the ribs. () (b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. active transport diffusion osmosis Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the process of. () (ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. arteries capillaries veins Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls of the. () Page 47 of 2

48 (iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood. Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into the blood.. 2. (2) (Total 6 marks) 2 Plants need different substances to survive. Figure shows the roots of a plant. (a) (i) Mineral ions are absorbed through the roots. Name one other substance absorbed through the roots. () Page 48 of 2

49 (ii) The plant in Figure has a higher concentration of mineral ions in the cells of its roots than the concentration of mineral ions in the soil. Which two statements correctly describe the absorption of mineral ions into the plant s roots? Tick ( ) two boxes. The mineral ions are absorbed by active transport. The mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion. The mineral ions are absorbed down the concentration gradient. The absorption of mineral ions needs energy. (2) (iii) The plant in Figure has roots adapted for absorption. Figure 2 shows a magnified part of a root from Figure. Describe how the root in Figure 2 is adapted for absorption. (2) Page 49 of 2

50 (b) The leaves of plants have stomata. What is the function of the stomata? () (c) Figure 3 shows the underside of two leaves, A and B, taken from a plant in a man s house. (i) In Figure 3, the cells labelled X control the size of the stomata. What is the name of the cells labelled X? Tick ( ) one box. Guard cells Phloem cells Xylem cells () (ii) Describe how the appearance of the stomata in leaf B is different from the appearance of the stomata in leaf A. () Page 50 of 2

51 (iii) The man forgets to water the plant. What might happen to the plant in the next few days if the stomata stay the same as shown in leaf A in Figure 3? () (Total 9 marks) 22 The circulatory system transports substances such as glucose and oxygen around the body. (a) Name two other substances that the circulatory system transports around the body.. 2. (2) (b) (i) Blood is a tissue. Blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells. Name two other components of blood.. 2. (2) (ii) The heart is part of the circulatory system. What type of tissue is the wall of the heart made of? () Page 5 of 2

52 (c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Every year, many patients need to have heart valve replacements. The table gives information about two types of heart valve. Living human heart valve It has been used for transplants for more than 2 years. It can take many years to find a suitable human donor. It is transplanted during an operation after a donor has been found. During the operation, the patient's chest is opened and the old valve is removed before the new valve is transplanted. Cow tissue heart valve It has been used since 20. It is made from the artery tissue of a cow. It is attached to a stent and inserted inside the existing faulty valve. A doctor inserts the stent into a blood vessel in the leg and pushes it through the blood vessel to the heart. A patient needs a heart valve replacement. A doctor recommends the use of a cow tissue heart valve. Give the advantages and disadvantages of using a cow tissue heart valve compared with using a living human heart valve. Use information from the table and your own knowledge in your answer. (6) (Total marks) Page 52 of 2

53 Answer m 2 (2) 23 Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung. The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B. (a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. Gases A and B move by diffusion. osmosis. respiration. () (ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs. Gas A is then breathed out. Name Gas A. () (iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B? Draw a ring around the correct answer. platelets red blood cells white blood cells () (b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million. The average surface area of million alveoli is 0.25 m 2. Calculate the total surface area of a human lung. Page 53 of 2

54 (c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete s lungs has increased to 80 m 2. Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete. () (Total 6 marks) 24 The photograph shows a fossil of a prehistoric bird called Archaeopteryx. By Ghedoghedo (own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 ( or GFDL ( /fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons; By Steenbergs from Ripon, United Kingdom (Small Fishing Boat In North Sea) [CC-BY-2.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons. (a) Describe three ways fossils can be made. (3) Page 54 of 2

55 (b) The drawing shows what an Archaeopteryx might have looked like when it was alive. Scientists think that Archaeopteryx was a predator. (i) Look at the drawing. Write down three adaptations that might have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey. How would each adaptation have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey? Adaptation How it helps Adaptation 2 How it helps Adaptation 3 How it helps (3) Page 55 of 2

56 (ii) Archaeopteryx is now extinct. Give two reasons why animals may become extinct.. 2. (2) (Total 8 marks) 25 Diagram shows a section through the heart. Diagram (a) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B on Diagram. arota atrium pulmonary artery ventricle A B (2) Page 56 of 2

57 (b) The tissue in the wall of the heart contracts. (i) What type of tissue is this? Tick ( ) one box. muscular glandular epithelial () (ii) What does the heart do when this tissue contracts? () (c) Draw arrows on Diagram 2 to complete the route taken by deoxygenated blood through the heart. Diagram 2 (2) Page 57 of 2

58 (d) The graph shows the percentage (%) of adults in the UK who have coronary heart disease. Age group (i) Look at the graph. Which group of people is most at risk of having coronary heart disease in the UK? (2) (ii) Explain what happens to the heart in coronary heart disease. (3) (Total marks) Page 58 of 2

59 26 The diagram below shows the human digestive system. (a) (i) What is Organ A? Draw a ring around the correct answer. gall bladder liver stomach () (ii) What is Organ B? Draw a ring around the correct answer. large intestine pancreas small intestine () Page 59 of 2

60 (b) Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system. Complete the table below putting a tick ( ) or cross ( ) in the boxes. The first row has been done for you. Organ producing enzyme salivary glands stomach pancreas small intestine amylase Enzyme lipase protease (2) (c) The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid. How does the acid help digestion? () (d) Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product. Digestive enzyme Breakdown products Amylase breaks down starch into Lipase breaks down fats into Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids. bases. fatty acids and glycerol. sugars. (3) (Total 8 marks) Page 60 of 2

61 27 The image below shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf. Stefan Diller/Science Photo Library (a) What are the cells labelled X called? Draw a ring around the correct answer. guard cells palisade cells mesophyll cells () (b) Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration. A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves. The student: took two leaves, A and B, from a plant put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A wrote down the mass of each leaf attached the leaves onto a string as shown in the diagram below. Page 6 of 2

62 Leaf A (no treatment) Leaf B (both surfaces covered in Vaseline) left the leaves for 48 hours wrote down the mass of each leaf again calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf. (i) Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation. () (ii) The mass of Leaf A was.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours it was.28 g. Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours. % decrease = (2) (c) Vaseline blocks the stomata. The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours. Explain why. () Page 62 of 2

63 (d) Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration (3) (Total 8 marks) 28 The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled. (a) (i) What is tissue A? Draw a ring around the correct answer. cuticle epidermis xylem () (ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.. 2. (2) (b) Phloem is involved in a process called translocation. (i) What is translocation? () Page 63 of 2

64 (ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants. (2) (c) Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells. (i) Active transport needs energy. Which part of the cell releases most of this energy? Tick ( ) one box. mitochondria nucleus ribosome () (ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells. (2) (Total 9 marks) Page 64 of 2

65 29 The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach. (a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B. cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole A B (2) (ii) What is the function of the nucleus? Tick ( ) one box. To control the activities of the cell To control movement of substances into and out of the cell To release energy in respiration () Page 65 of 2

66 (b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name. Part of human body Scientific name Layer of cells lining the stomach Stomach Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas An organ An organism An organ system A tissue (3) (Total 6 marks) 30 Some students investigated the effect of ph on the digestion of boiled egg white by an enzyme called pepsin. Egg white contains protein. The students: put a glass tube containing boiled egg white into a test tube added a solution containing pepsin at ph 7 set up six more tubes with solutions of pepsin at different ph values left the test tubes for 24 hours at room temperature. The image below shows one of the test tubes, at the start and at the end of the 24 hours. At start 24 hours later (a) (i) Name the product of protein digestion. () Page 66 of 2

67 (ii) What type of enzyme digests protein? Tick ( ) one box. amylase lipase protease () (b) The egg white in each tube was 50 mm long at the start of the investigation. The table below shows the students results. ph Length in mm of boiled egg white after 24 hours (i) At which ph did the pepsin work best? ph () Page 67 of 2

68 (ii) The answer you gave in part (b)(i) may not be the exact ph at which pepsin works best. What could the students do to find a more accurate value for this ph? (2) (iii) There was no change in the length of the egg white from ph 5 to ph 7. Explain why. (2) (c) Pepsin is made by the stomach. Name the acid made by the stomach which allows pepsin to work well. () (Total 8 marks) Page 68 of 2

69 3 (a) (i) Blood is part of the circulatory system. Draw one line from each part of the blood to its correct function. Part of the blood Function carry glucose around the body White blood cells carry oxygen around the body Red blood cells help the blood to clot Platelets destroy microorganisms (3) (ii) Name one waste product that is transported by the blood plasma. () Page 69 of 2

70 (b) The heart is also part of the circulatory system. Figure shows a section through the human heart. Figure (i) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood leaving the heart in the pulmonary artery to go to the lungs? () (ii) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood from the lungs entering the heart in the pulmonary vein? () (iii) Valves in the circulatory system make sure blood only travels in one direction. Name the type of blood vessel that has valves. () Page 70 of 2

71 (c) A person s coronary artery has become narrower. The person has a heart attack. A doctor puts a stent into the person s coronary artery. Figure 2 shows a stent inside a coronary artery. Figure 2 (i) How does the stent help to prevent another heart attack? Give one way. () (ii) Figure 3 shows a surgeon putting a stent into a patient. Figure 3 Science Photo Library Page 7 of 2

72 The surgeon puts the stent into an artery in the leg. He moves the stent through the artery to the coronary artery. Suggest two possible risks of this operation.. 2. (2) (Total 0 marks) 32 Substances are transported through plants. (a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence. capillary guard cells phloem stomata transpiration xylem (i) Water is transported from the roots to the stem of a plant in the. () (ii) Dissolved sugars are transported through the plant in the. () (iii) Movement of water through the plant is called the stream. () (iv) Water vapour moves out of the plant through pores called. () Page 72 of 2

73 (b) Students investigated the effect of different conditions on water loss from leaves. The apparatus is shown in Figure. Figure The students set up four flasks, A, B, C and D. The students: used the same size plant shoot in each flask recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot at the start of each experiment left each flask and plant shoot in different conditions recorded the mass of each flask and plant shoot after 2 hours. Table shows the conditions that flasks A, B, C and D were left in for 2 hours. Table Flask Temperature in C Fan or no fan A 20 No Fan B 20 Fan C 35 No Fan D 35 Fan (i) Suggest why the students used cotton wool in each flask. () Page 73 of 2

74 (ii) The use of the same size of plant shoot made the investigation a fair test. Explain why. (2) (iii) Table 2 shows the students results. Table 2 Flask Temperature in C Conditions Fan or no fan Mass at the start in grams Mass after 2 hours in grams Mass of water lost in 2 hours in grams A 20 No Fan B 20 Fan C 35 No Fan D 35 Fan What mass of water was lost by the plant shoot in flask D? grams () (iv) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on water loss from the plant shoot. () Page 74 of 2

75 (v) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of the fan on water loss from the plant shoot. () (c) The students carried out another experiment at 20 C, with no fan. The students used the apparatus in Figure 2. Figure 2 In this experiment, the students: recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot before tying the plastic bag around the plant shoot removed the bag after 2 hours and recorded the mass again. (i) What mass of water would be lost from the plant shoot in 2 hours? Draw a ring around the correct answer. 0.3 g.9 g 3.9 g () Page 75 of 2

76 (ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i). () (Total 2 marks) 33 Plant roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis. (a) What is osmosis? (3) (b) The image below shows part of a plant root. Page 76 of 2

77 The plant root is adapted for absorbing water from the soil. Use information from the diagram to explain how this plant root is adapted for absorbing water. (3) (Total 6 marks) 34 The leaves of most plants have stomata. (a) (i) Name the cells which control the size of the stomata. () (ii) Give one function of stomata. () (b) The image below shows part of the surface of a leaf. The length and width of this piece of leaf surface are both 0. mm. Page 77 of 2

78 per mm 2 (2) (i) Calculate the number of stomata per mm 2 of this leaf surface. (ii) A different plant species has 400 stomata per mm 2 of leaf surface. Having a large number of stomata per mm 2 of leaf surface can be a disadvantage to a plant. Give one disadvantage. () (c) A student investigated the loss of water from plant leaves. The student did the following: Step : took ten leaves from a plant Step 2: weighed all ten leaves Step 3: hung the leaves up in a classroom for 4 days Step 4: weighed all ten leaves again Step 5: calculated the mass of water lost by the leaves Step 6: repeated steps to 5 with grease spread on the upper surfaces of the leaves Step 7: repeated steps to 5 with grease spread on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. All the leaves were taken from the same type of plant. The table below shows the student s results. Treatment of leaves Mass of water the leaves lost in g No grease was used on the leaves 0.98 Grease on upper surfaces of the leaves 0.86 Grease on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves 0.0 Page 78 of 2

79 (i) What mass of water was lost in 4 days through the upper surfaces of the leaves? Mass = g () (ii) Very little water was lost when the lower surfaces of the leaves were covered in grease. Explain why. (3) (Total 9 marks) Page 79 of 2

80 35 LDL is one form of cholesterol found in the blood. People with a high concentration of LDL in their blood may be treated with drugs called statins. A high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood may result in an increased risk of heart and circulatory diseases. The graph shows the effects of the treatment of one person with four different statins, A, B, C and D, over a period of 8 years. The arrows show when each new treatment was started. Each treatment was continued until the next treatment was started. Year Compare the effectiveness of the five treatments in reducing the risk of heart and circulatory diseases for this person. Page 80 of 2

81 (Total 4 marks) Page 8 of 2

82 Mark schemes (a) cell membrane extra boxes ticked negates mark (b) nucleus extra boxes ticked negates mark (c) (d) has a tail so it can swim (to an egg) accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim all three correct for 2 marks one or two correct for mark 2 [5] 2 (a) 8 (micrometres) (b) red blood cell(s) white blood cell(s) accept named cell eg phagocyte / lymphocyte Page 82 of 2

83 (plasma) transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones / blood cells (c) any one from: you could lose a lot of blood bleed internally allow bleeding would not stop allow could bleed to death [5] 3 (a) mitosis extra box ticked negates mark (b) (c) cell division is uncontrolled any one from: smoking / tar alcohol carcinogens extra box ticked negates mark allow named chemical viruses (living in cells) (ionising) radiation accept UV / X-rays / gamma waves (d) bar plotted at 78% ignore width of bar (e) testicular extra box ticked negates mark (f) prostate extra box ticked negates mark Page 83 of 2

84 (g) any two from: improved treatment / drugs earlier diagnosis more cancer screening improved patient knowledge (of risk factors) allow improved patient diet / lifestyle 2 [8] 4 (a) any two from: same result at ph 7 and 7.5 or could be any ph between 7 and 7.5 or not tested at ph 7.25 or need to test at smaller ph intervals (between 7 and 7.5) accuracy of result only to nearest 0.5 minutes no repeats difficult to determine end point (colour) 2 (b) 2.7 / (units per minute) allow 0.52 with no working shown for 2 marks allow mark for 0.52 or 0.56 (c) (d) (after 0 minutes) solution goes black (after 60 minutes) solution stays the same or does not go black or goes slightly orange steeper curve levels off at.8 units and before 45 minutes [8] 5 (a) cells can break off allow cells invade other tissues Page 84 of 2

85 travel in blood accept travel in lymph (fluid) (b) 85.4 (%) allow 85.4 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks) (c) any two from: similar survival rates for diagnosis in 96 survival rate (for diagnosis in 20) is.5 times greater for prostate cancer compared to bowel cancer (survival rates) have improved for both cancers (survival rate) for prostate cancer has improved more accept survival rate for bowel cancer has increased 2.4 times but for prostate cancer 3.4 / 3.36 times 2 plus two from: earlier diagnosis improved screening programmes improved drugs difference in level of aggression of cancers difference in ease of removing tumours reason must be correctly linked to comparison 2 [8] 6 (a) plasma transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones or blood cells are suspended in the plasma platelets are involved in blood clotting (b) the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and the left side of the heart pumps blood around (the rest of) the body Page 85 of 2

86 (c) Level 3 (5 6 marks): A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided which considers a range of relevant points and comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning. Level 2 (3 4 marks): An attempt to relate relevant points and come to a conclusion. The logic may be inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument. Level ( 2 marks): Discrete relevant points made. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion, if present, may not be consistent with the reasoning. 0 marks: No relevant content Indicative content pros of statins: decreases blood cholesterol slows down build-up of fatty material in arteries (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells cons of statins: drug has to be taken regularly or may forget to take drug drug will need to be taken long-term side-effects of taking the drug effects of drug will take time to happen pros of stents: blocked artery is held open (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells will remain in place / work for a long time rapid recovery time cons of stents: risk of infection from procedure risk of surgery eg heart attack risk of thrombosis or blood clot a justified conclusion 6 [9] 7 (a) (A) right atrium (B) right ventricle (b) To take blood from the lungs to the heart (c) keeps the (coronary) artery open / wide Page 86 of 2

87 (d) (e) so the blood can carry glucose and oxygen to the heart (muscle) for respiration bar D correctly plotted bar E correctly plotted if marking points 2, 3 and 4 not awarded allow mark for keep a (constant) flow of blood to the heart (muscle) ± 0.5 small squares twice / two times (more likely) Page 87 of 2

88 (f) Level 3 (5 6 marks): A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided that considers a range of relevant points about how well the data correlates with the statement, quoting relevant comparisons and comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning. Level 2 (3 4 marks): An attempt to relate relevant points within the data and come to a conclusion. The logic may be inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument. Level ( 2 marks): Discrete, relevant points made, attempting to apply understanding of the factors involved in development of CHD to the data in the table. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion, if present, may not be consistent with the reasoning. 0 marks: No relevant content Indicative content data that supports statement: country A has the highest death rate at 285 deaths per 000 and the lowest consumption at only 80 kg per person death rate in country E is less than half that in country A (25 compared with 285) and consumption is higher (244 compared with 80) other countries with lower death rates than A have higher consumption (eg country B 250 deaths per 000 but consumption of 320 kg per person) arguments against statement: but most of the data on the graph does not show clear correlation between death rates and consumption of data eg death rate in country B is second highest at 250 deaths per 000 but consumption is highest at 320 kg per person, nearly double that in A where death rate is only 35 per 000 more differences show no clear pattern eg in countries where death rate is much lower the consumption is not a similar proportion higher (cf country D death rate just under half that in A but consumption not double that in A) there may be other factors affecting death rate that are not reported, such as smoking, obesity, exercise, stress 6 [6] 8 (a) (b) any two from: to work out the correct dose to be given to check that the drug is working correctly to check for toxic effects. patients are randomly allocated to receive statin or a placebo so neither patient nor doctor knows who has received which 2 Page 88 of 2

89 (c) (d) answer in terms of only the drug company knows who is taking the statin or the placebo gains 2 marks To prevent false claims drug A reduced the blood cholesterol level more than drug B drug A reduced the thickness of the artery or drug B increased the thickness of the artery allow drug A made the artery thinner or drug B made the artery thicker ignore side effects (e) differences in number of patients reporting side effects are very similar we don t know what the patients died of [9] 9 (a) (lack of) exercise allow description of type or amount of exercise allow other risk factors not mentioned in table, eg high cholesterol levels, blood pressure, levels of obesity, diabetes (b) the second highest death rate has the highest fruit and vegetable consumption the lowest death rates don t have high fruit and vegetable consumption lowest death rates have a low percentage of the population that smokes. 3 (c) (it builds up) inside the coronary arteries (causing) them to narrow (this) reduces blood flow so less oxygen gets to the heart muscle (d) (statins) reduce cholesterol in the blood so there is less build up of fatty material (in coronary arteries) allow slows the rate of fat deposit [0] Page 89 of 2

90 0 (a) xylem (b) A is phloem, B is xylem any three from: phloem transports sugars there are more sugars in fluid A xylem transports mineral ions / potassium ions / nitrate ions there are more mineral ions in fluid B. 3 (c) correct conversion of.8 µg to mg / cm 3 (d) allow mark for 00 (ie no conversion to mg) allow with no working shown for 2 marks potassium ions are transported into the root against a concentration gradient by active transport [0] (a) in the blood(stream) allow plasma ignore dissolved or in solution (b) all three plots correct accept two correct plots for mark 2 suitable line drawn (c) hour Page 90 of 2

91 (d) = 45 identification of steepest part of graph and correct readings taken (e) line on graph showing extrapolation for person B correct value read from graph (at 30 mg per 00 cm 3 ) allow mark for a value of hours if no extrapolation shown 2 [9] 2 (a) (b) tissue organ organ system one right for mark three right for 2 marks Epithelial tissue covers the outside and the inside of the stomach more than one line from a tissue = no mark Glandular tissue produces digestive juices Muscular tissue allows food to be churned around the stomach 2 (c) (i) light ignore dark (ii) (iii) moving (to the dark) any two from: use more woodlice repeat the experiment run for a longer time 2 [9] 3 (a) 55% 2 marks for correct answer alone accept / 0 00 alone gains mark 2 Page 9 of 2

92 (b) any three from: amino acids antibodies antitoxins carbon dioxide cholesterol enzymes fatty acid glucose glycerol hormones / named hormones ions / named ions proteins urea vitamins water. ignore blood cells and platelets ignore oxygen max named example of each for ions and hormones allow minerals 3 (c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and apply a best-fit approach to the marking. 0 marks No relevant content. Level ( 2 marks) There is a description of pathogens with errors or roles confused. or the immune response with errors or roles confused. Level 2 (3 4 marks) There is a description of pathogens and the immune response with some errors or confusion or a clear description of either pathogens or the immune response with few errors or little confusion. Level 3 (5 6 marks) There is a good description of pathogens and the immune response with very few errors or omissions. Page 92 of 2

93 Examples of biology points made in the response: bacteria and viruses are pathogens credit any ref to bacteria and viruses they reproduce rapidly inside the body bacteria may produce poisons / toxins (that make us feel ill) viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage). white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: ingesting pathogens / bacteria / (cells containing) viruses credit engulf / digest / phagocytosis to destroy (particular) pathogen / bacteria / viruses producing antibodies to destroy particular / specific pathogens producing antitoxins to counteract toxins (released by pathogens) credit memory cells / correct description this leads to immunity from that pathogen. 6 [] 4 (a) (i) 5.0 (5 0.8) or 4 allow ecf from distance 0.4 allow ecf from 0-min volume (ii) increased (rate of uptake) more transpiration / evaporation (b) correct scales allow reversed axes correctly labelled axes with units correct points one plot error = max mark curved line of best fit allow correct straight line 2 Page 93 of 2