Exchange of materials

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Exchange of materials 1 During marathon races, athletes are advised to drink sports drinks. Choose the correct words from the list below to complete the sentences.

1 Exchange of materials 1 During marathon races, athletes are advised to drink sports drinks. Choose the correct words from the list below to complete the sentences. alcohol fat ions protein starch sugar water While running the athletes sweat. The sports drink replaces the. and lost in sweat. The drinks are also a source of energy because they contain (3) 2 The diagram shows an alveolus and a blood capillary. The alveolus and the blood capillary are gas exchange surfaces. a i Where in the body would these structures be found? (1) ii Give two features visible in the diagram that allow efficient gas exchange to take place. (2) b i Name the gas that moves from the alveolus into the blood. (1) ii Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. diffusion osmosis ventilation Gases are drawn into the alveolus by the process of (1) iii Describe two changes that take place in the body to draw gases into the alveolus.

(2) 3 Substances move in and out of plants. List A shows some processes. List B shows descriptions for these processes. Match each process with its correct description.

2 (2) 3 Substances move in and out of plants. List A shows some processes. List B shows descriptions for these processes. Match each process with its correct description. List A List B active transport how water is lost through stomata osmosis enables root cells to absorb ions from very dilute soil water evaporation transport of sugar through the plant movement of water from cell to cell (3) 4 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. The diagram shows a design for an artificial lung. Many people with lung disease are confined to a wheelchair or are unable to do much exercise. Scientists hope that a portable artificial lung, the size of a spectacle case, can be

3 developed. This device might replace the need for lung transplants and allow patients to live a normal life. When scientists design an artificial lung, what features of a normal lung must they copy? Suggest the advantages of the artificial lung compared with a lung transplant. (6) water and ions (either order); sugar a i lung ii Any two from: large surface area; thin walls; good blood supply b i oxygen ii ventilation iii Any two from: rib muscles contract; diaphragm contracts/flattens; ribcage moves out/up Active transport enables root cells to absorb ions from very dilute soil water. Osmosis movement of water from cell to cell. Evaporation how water is lost through stomata. Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. There is a clear description of most of the features of a normal lung which must be copied and at least two advantages of the artificial lung. The answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent and in an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately. There is a description of at least three features of a normal lung which must be copied and at least one advantage of the artificial lung. There are some errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has some structure and organisation. The use of specialist terms has been attempted, but not always accurately. There is a description of at least two features of the lung which must be copied and at least one advantage of the artificial lung. The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is poorly organised with almost no specialist terms and/or their use demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning. No relevant content Examples of biology points made in the response: large surface area method of removing carbon dioxide thin membranes method of filtering the air going in

4 ventilation/described no need for tissue matching no operation needed few lungs become available no need for (immunosuppressant) drugs reference to ethics involved with transplants. Transporting materials 1 a Platelets are found in the blood plasma. Some sick people need platelets as part of their treatment. What is the function of platelets? (1) b Some people donate whole blood, but the National Blood Service also needs platelet donations. Read the facts about blood donation and platelet donation in the table below. Blood donation Platelet donation Age of donors Number of possible donations per year Diet before donating normal diet a few days of low fat food, no aspirin or other blood-thinning drugs Volume removed 470 cm 3 blood cm 3 of straw coloured liquid Time to test blood before donation Usual time to donate Time for blood to get back to normal Keeping time Number of people to benefit from a single donation Benefit to person receiving platelets time for confidential questionnaire plus a few minutes for a finger-prick test to find out haemoglobin levels 10 minutes to donate blood plus resting time; about 1 hour in total about 16 weeks depends on treatment blood is separated into different parts such as red cells or plasma; some is frozen blood is often split into components, including platelets; 3 7 people may benefit may require platelets from several donors often a previous blood donor; extra blood tests take about 8 weeks to check platelet levels 90 minutes to donate platelets plus resting time; about 2 hours in total a few days 5 days three adults or up to 12 children platelets received from one donor

5 Use information from the table and your own knowledge to answer the questions. i The National Blood Service needs more platelet donors. Why? (1) ii Give two reasons why doctors prefer platelet donation for seriously ill patients who require platelets. (2) iii Give one disadvantage of platelet donation for the National Blood Service. (1) iv Blood platelet donors choose to donate because they know the benefits to patients but there are disadvantages to donating platelets instead of whole blood. Give two disadvantages for the donor of platelets. (2) v Give one advantage to the donor for platelet donation over whole blood donation. (1) 2 The photograph shows a red blood cell in part of a blood clot. The fibres labelled X are produced in the early stages of the clotting process. a Suggest how the fibres labelled X help in blood-clot formation. (1)

6 b The average diameter of a real red blood cell is millimetres. On the photograph, the diameter of the red blood cell is 100 millimetres. Use the formula to calculate the magnification of the photograph. diameter on photograph = real diameter magnification Magnification =. (2) c Some blood capillaries have an internal diameter of approximately 0.01 millimetres. i Use information given in part b to explain why only one red blood cell at a time can pass through a capillary. (2) ii Explain the advantages of red blood cells passing through a capillary one at a time. (2) a Platelets are needed for blood clotting b i Platelets only last 5 days. Allow answers relating to more patients. ii only one donor needed; less risk of infection. iii It takes 8 weeks to get results of donor blood tests. iv restricted diet before donating/description; time spent (to donate platelets) v blood returns to normal quicker a hold cells together or prevent flow of cells or trap cells b if correct answer, ignore working/lack of working 100 ignore any units c i size RBC approximately same size capillary or, no room for more than one cell or, only one can fit or, RBC is too big allow use of numbers, do not accept capillaries are narrow ii more oxygen released (to tissues) or, more oxygen taken up (from lungs) and any two from: slows flow or more time available shorter distance (for exchange) or close to cells/capillary wall more SA (surface area) exposed

7 Keeping internal conditions constant 1 a The human body must keep internal conditions constant. List A shows some conditions. List B shows some monitoring or control centres. Match each condition with its correct monitoring or control centre. (3) List A blood glucose level body temperature blood water content List B kidneys pancreas thermoregulatory centre skin b Choose the correct words from the list below to complete the sentence. (2) amino fatty kidney lactic liver lung pancreas Urea is produced in the by the breakdown of acids. 2 a Which two of the following substances are found in the urine of a healthy person? Circle your answers. glucose mineral ions proteins water

b A person with kidney disease can be treated by dialysis. The diagram shows how dialysis works. The circles represent molecules of different substances.

8 b A person with kidney disease can be treated by dialysis. The diagram shows how dialysis works. The circles represent molecules of different substances. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. i During blood cells blood plasma dialysis fluid ii During dialysis, urea moves into the. (1) blood cells blood plasma dialysis fluid iii Urea moves by the process of. (1) diffusion digestion transpiration

9 iv To allow the movement of urea, the dialysis membrane is.. (1) impermeable partially permeable thick v The urea can pass through the membrane because the urea molecules are.. (1) large round small c For most patients, a kidney transplant is better than continued dialysis treatment. Underline the correct phrase to complete the sentence. One major problem with a kidney transplant is that (1) drug treatment is needed to suppress the immune system. hospital visits are needed three times a week. yearly costs are higher than for dialysis. AQA, When a person has a kidney transplant, the donor kidney must be matched to their tissue type. Choose the correct words from the list below to complete the sentences. antibodies antiseptics aspirin immunosuppressants protein urea On the surface of the kidney cells are antigens. Antigens are made of. The antigens may be attacked by the person s. To prevent the attack on the donor kidney the person is given drugs called. (3) 4 When a person gets too cold, the organs cannot function properly. Below 35 C the person could die. Alcohol causes blood vessels to stay dilated. A person found collapsed on a cold mountain should not be given an alcoholic drink. Explain why.

10 [ H ] (4) 5 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. A person with type 1 diabetes cannot produce enough of the hormone insulin. Some diabetics use an insulin pump that is attached to the body. They can increase or decrease the amount of insulin which is injected, depending on their lifestyle. Describe how insulin controls blood glucose levels and explain why a diabetic may need to change their insulin levels at certain times. (6) 1 a b liver, amino 3 2

11 2 a mineral ions; water (each extra box ticked cancels 1 mark) b i blood plasma ii dialysis fluid iii diffusion iv partially permeable v small c drug treatment is needed to suppress the immune system protein; antibodies; immunosuppressants 3 4 skin blood vessels dilate(d) more heat lost (through skin) by radiation core temperature falls even further 4 5 There is a clear and detailed description of the role of insulin and the answer should show a clear understanding of how at least one lifestyle change can alter the amount of insulin pumped. The answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent and in an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately. There is a description of the role of insulin and at least one reference to a lifestyle change which can alter the amount of insulin pumped. There are some errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has some structure and organisation. The use of specialist terms has been attempted, but not always accurately. There is an attempt to describe the role of insulin or to explain a lifestyle change which alters the amount of insulin to be pumped but little clarity and detail. The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is poorly organised with almost no specialist terms and/or their use demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning. No relevant content Examples of biology points made in the response: Description of role of insulin when blood sugar/glucose is raised pancreas secretes (more) insulin liver and muscles take in glucose blood sugar levels decrease. Explanation of why diabetics might change insulin levels before a large meal increase levels when undertaking exercise decrease levels.

How humans can affect the environment 1 The diagram shows how the manure from a cow can be recycled. a Choose the correct word to complete the sentences. i The gas used for cooking is.

12 How humans can affect the environment 1 The diagram shows how the manure from a cow can be recycled. a Choose the correct word to complete the sentences. i The gas used for cooking is.. (1) carbon dioxide methane nitrogen ii The gas released into the atmosphere is. (1) carbon dioxide methane nitrogen iii The gas absorbed by the plants is (1) carbon dioxide methane nitrogen b i Name the biological process that occurs in the biogas generator. (1) ii Name the organisms that are active in the biogas generator. (1) c The biogas generator is built underground. Suggest two reasons for this. (2)

13 2 Humans need food, water and shelter. Large areas of land must be cleared to grow food or to build houses. Sometimes valleys are flooded in order to store water in reservoirs. a Land is usually cleared by cutting trees down. Give two disadvantages to the environment of removing trees. (2) b The cleared land may be used for rearing cattle or growing rice. i Name the two gases which increase in the atmosphere due to these activities. (2) ii Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. These gases may contribute to.. (1) global warming food production deforestation c Water in reservoirs can sometimes be polluted by human farming activities. Explain how. (2) 3 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Producing food efficiently to feed an increasing human population is a challenge for farmers. Describe how farmers increase the efficiency of food production. You should refer to food chains and reducing energy loss in your answer. (6)

14 a i methane ii carbon dioxide iii carbon dioxide b i fermentation/anaerobic respiration/anaerobic digestion/anaerobic decomposition ii microorganisms/bacteria/decomposing bacteria/correctly named c Any Two from: keeps it warm/maintains suitable temperature/ allows manure to drain down/ reference to unsightly above ground/takes up space on the field a Increase of carbon dioxide (in atmosphere); decrease in biodiversity allow impact on soil stability/increased risk of flooding b i carbon dioxide; methane ii global warming c pesticides/herbicides/other named chemical/toxic chemical; may be washed from the land into the water There is a clear, detailed answer which includes a description of energy loss through the food chain and methods of reducing energy loss in farm animals. The answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent and in an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately. There is a description which includes a description of energy loss through the food chain and methods of reducing energy loss in farm animals. There are some errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has some structure and organisation. The use of specialist terms has been attempted, but not always accurately. There is a brief description of energy loss through the food chain and an attempt to describe methods of reducing energy loss in animals, which has little clarity and detail. The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is poorly organised with almost no specialist terms and/or their use demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning. No relevant content. Examples of biology points made in the response: plants capture solar energy some energy from plants is not transferred to herbivores description of why e.g. roots may not be eaten herbivores do not transfer all the energy into growth the more stages in a food chain the more energy is lost growing plant crops is more efficient farm animals/mammals/chickens move to find food use energy to maintain temperature/keep warm farmers restrict animal movements farmers keep animals warm. Allow one reference to other methods of food production e.g. mycoprotein if in context of reducing energy losses.

AQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 1 Q

AQA B3.1 Movement of molecules in and out of cells LEVEL 1 Q 154 minutes 154 marks Page 1 of 44 Q1. The table shows the percentage of some gases in the air a boy breathed in and out. Gases Air breathed