MICRONUTRIENTS IN VARIOUS MILL STREAMS OF FLOUR OF DIFFERENT WHEAT CUL TIVARS

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1 Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vl. 4(34), 23 MICRONUTRIENTS IN VARIOUS MILL STREAMS OF FLOUR OF DIFFERENT WHEAT CUL TIVARS Faqir M. Anjum, Abrar Ahmad, Imran Pasha and M. S. Butt Institute f Fd Scice & Technlgy, University f Agriculture, Faisalabad384, Pakistan Five Pakistani wheat cultivars namely MH 97, Inqlab 91, Auqab 2, Iqbal 2 and Chab 2 were milled t btain differt flur mill streams viz. bran & shrts, break 1, break 2, break 3, break 4, sizing, middling, tailing and whle wheat flur. The Kernel weight f wheat cultivars varied frm t 4.4g (per thusand kernels). Test weight ranged frm (Iqbal 2) t 73. kg/hl (Chab 2) betwe the wheat cultivars. Chemical cmpnts such as misture, crude prtein and ttal ash were affected siqnificantly by mill streams as well as by the wheat cultivars. The mineral cntts were fund significantly higher in bran & shrts fllwed by whle wheat flur. Irn cntt ranged frm 97.9 t mg/kg amng differt flur mill streams. Zinc cntt varied frm 3.5 t mg/kg. Manganese cntt was higher in bran & shrts and the lwest was fund in sizing fractin and ranged frm 9.9 t mg/kg amng differt flur mill streams. Cpper cntt ranged frm 6.3 t 15.9 mg/kg while Cadmium cntt was nly fund in bran & shrts and whle wheat flur i.e. 4.2 and 1.5 mg/kg respectively. Key Wrds: Wheat cultivars, flur mill streams, irn, manganese, cpper, cadmium, zinc. INTRODUCTION Cereals, nutritinally dse, supply carbhydrate and prtein as well as a variety f micrnutrits; in particular certain B vitamins, vitamin E and minerals such as irn, in the case f wheat (Alldrick & Hajselva, 22). Wheat is a staple fd fr the peple f Pakistan and is the cheapest surce f prtein and calries. Cereals especially wheat has t be prcessed in rder t maximize the biavailability f the nutrits. Mechanical prcesses, such as milling, assist biavailability in tw ways; firstly, by breaking and ft remving the uter seed cat; and secndly, by cnverting the grain t smaller particles thereby effectively increasing the surface area available t attack by digestive zymes. (Alldrick & Hajselva, 22) Mdern industrial flur prductin invlves a prgressive reductin prcess using a system f rller mills (Kt and Evers, 1994). Wheat grains are adjusted t apprpriate misture cntt and pass thrugh a system whereby they are first fragmted (Break Release) and the starchy dsperm is remved frm the bran. This in itself is a prgressive prcess, invlving a number f break mills. Grain particles are separated n the basis f size by sieve prcess and either reter the break peratin r pass n the secnd stage f the prcess (Reductin). Large number f wheat flur streams f varying degrees f purity and quality are available depding n many factrs including wheat quality and milling cnditins. Distributin f wheat flur cmpnts during milling effect the chemical and rhelgical prperties f wheat flur (End et al., 1987). The inrganic material i.e. minerals are required in ur bdies in a very minute quantity. Mst f the minerals are esstially required in ur diet and their deficicy may result in the ccurrce f sme type f nutritinal disrders. Cnctratin f mineral elemts varies significantly in flurs f differt wheat cultivars in Pakistan (Anjum et al., 22). Ranum (2) reprted that atta frm chakki mills in the Indian subcntint has fairly high ash cntt (1.1 %) indicating that it is high in minerals (irn cntt f 3ppm), but sme f the irn is in xidized frm and nt fully utilized. The remainder f the irn is als nt well absrbed because f its binding with phytic acid which is prest at high level (.5%) (Rielly et al., 22; Cultate, 1996). The bjective f the prest investigatin was t determine the distributin f micrnutrits such as irn, cpper, zinc, manganese and txic minerals i.e. lead and cadmium in differt flur mill streams t find ut ne with better micr nutrit prfile. MATERIALS AND METHODS The grains f five Pakistani spring wheat cultivars i.e. Inqlab 91, Auqab 2, Chab 2, Iqbal 2 and MH 97 grwn under idtical cnditins during 2 21 crp year, were btained frm Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad. The samples were cleaned and ne Kg grains f each cultivar were tempered t 15.5% misture as described in MCC (2) methd N The grains f each wheat cultivar were milled thrugh batch type Rss Experimtal Flur mill t btain differt flur mill streams i.e. bran, break 1, break 2, break 3, break 4, sizing, middling, tailing and shrts. The yield f each flur mill stream was calculated t get perct yield f each fractin. The 18

Anjum, Ahmad, Pasha & Butt whle wheat flur f each cultivar was btained by milling the grains thrugh china chakki (Mdel: FFC 15, Shandng Jim Agric. Mach. Wrks, China).

2 Anjum, Ahmad, Pasha & Butt whle wheat flur f each cultivar was btained by milling the grains thrugh china chakki (Mdel: FFC 15, Shandng Jim Agric. Mach. Wrks, China). Fifty clean, unbrk and sund kernels were tak randmly frm each wheat cultivar and their weight was recrded in grams per 1 kernels by using an Electric Mettler Balance. The test weight (Kg/hectliter) f each wheat cultivar was estimated by fllwing the prcedure described in MCC (2) methd N Differt flur mill streams f each wheat cultivar were analyzed fr misture, crude prtein and ttal ash cntts by fllwing the methds as described in MCC (2) methd N. 4415A, 461 & 81, respectively. The mineral cntts i.e. Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd were determined by using Atmic Absrptin Spectrphtmeter (Mnalyst 1, Perkin Elmer, Nrvalk, C.T. USA) accrding t methd described in AOAC (199). The data were analyzed by using the sftware prgram MSTATC (Freed et a/., 1991) accrding t standard statistical prcedures (Steel et a/., 1996). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thusand kernel weight differed significantly amng the wheat cultivars. The results (Table 1) indicated that the kernel weight was fund t be the highest in Chab 2 fllwed by Inqlab 91 while it was the lwest in MH 97. The test weight was nn significant in wheat cultivars and ranged frm t 73. Kg/hi and the highest was fund in Chab 2 and lwest in Iqbal 2 (Table 1). These results are in clse agreemt with the results reprted by Ahmad (1993) and Butt et a/. (1997a) wh reprted that the test weight varied in differt wheat cultivars. Table 1. Thusand Kernel Weight and Test Weight f Varius Wheat Cultivars Wheat Cultivars Thusand Kernel Weight (g) Test Weight (kg/hectliter) Inqlab ab NS Auqab bc Chab a 73. Iqbal c MH d 7.75 Mean (p<.1 ) Table 2. Means f Misture, ash & prtein cntt f differt flur mill streams f varius wheat cultivars Milling Misture Ash Prtein Fractins (%) (%) (%) B+S 9.71 h 2.92 a 15.6 a WWF b b BK a.74 f 1.73 f BK b.81 e 11.17e BK3 1.6 c.92 d d BK d 1.12 c c Sizing 1.21 e Middlings 1.14f.63 h 9.98 h Tailings 1.5 g.69 g 1.26 g B + S = Bran + Shrt WWF = Whle Wheat Flur BK = Break The chemical cmpnts such as misture, crude prtein and ttal ash differed significantly in mill streams (Table 2) as well as in wheat cultivars (Table 3). The misture cntt differed significantly amng the differt flur mill streams, wheat cultivars and interactin betwe flur mill streams and wheat cultivars. Highest misture cntt was fund in Iqbal 2 fllwed by Chab 2 and lwest was fund in MH 97 and was ranged frm 9.99 t 1.66 %. Amng differt mill streams, the highest misture cntt was fund in break1 ranged frm 9.75 t 12.3 %. The reasn f higher misture cntt in break1 and break2 was that tempered wheat grains were first passed thrugh these tw break rll systems and in subsequt milling peratin the misture cntt may be reduced due t expsure f material with air currt during carriage frm n step t anther. The results are in line with the earlier results reprted by Tariq (199) and Ahmad (1993) wh reprted that misture cntt in differt flur mill streams f varius wheat cultivars ranged frm 1 t 12 %. Table 3. Means f Misture, ash and prtein cntt f varius wheat cultivars Cultivars Misture Prtein Ash (%) (%) (%) MH e 1.12 c 1.86 e Auqab d 1.2 e 12.1 b Inqlab c 1.17 b d Iqbal a 1.23 a a Chab b 1.7 d c 181

Micrnutrits in varius mill streams f wheat cultivars Ash cntt was significantly higher in bran & shrts (ranged betwe 2.74 3.

3 Micrnutrits in varius mill streams f wheat cultivars Ash cntt was significantly higher in bran & shrts (ranged betwe %) btained frm Iqbal 2 fllwed by Inqlab 91 and lwest was fund in bran & shrts f Auqab 2. Ash cntt in whle wheat flur ( %) f Iqbal 2 was fund t be higher fllwed by whle wheat flur f Inqlab 91. The ash cntt in varius flur mill streams except bran & shrts ranged frm.52 t 1.2 % amng differt wheat cultivars having the highest in break4. The findings are in clse agreemt with the findings f Tariq (199), Ahmad (1993) and Butt et al. (1997b) wh reprted the ash cntt in differt milling factins ranged frm % amng differt flur samples. The prtein cntt was maximum in bran & shrts f Iqbal 2 while minimum in sizing fractin f MH 97. The highest prtein is attributed t adhering f sme prtin f bran with dsperm in break3 and break4 mill streams. Prtein and mineral cntts are higher in bran. The results are in cnfrmity t earlier reprts (Jnes and Zielger, 1969) that prtein cntt gerally rises prgressively frm 1 st t last break flur. Differt flurmill streams derived frm differt prtins f dsperm with varying degree in refinemt differ in prtein cntt (pyler, 1988). The results regarding mineral cntt f varius wheat cultivars and differt milling fractins are depicted in Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 respectively. The irn cntt was higher in bran & shrts f Auqab 2 fllwed by Iqbal 2 while minimum was in bran & shrts f Chab 2. The irn cntt in bran & shrts f wheat cultivars ranged frm t mg/kg while in whle wheat flur ( t mg/kg) was higher in Auqab 2 fllwed by Iqbal 2. The irn cntt in differt flur millstreams except bran & shrts was significantly higher in break4 and minimum in sizing fractin. The higher amunt f irn cntt in break rll system may be due t small prtin f bran remain adhered with dsperm in break3 and bread4 mill stream and the bran is relatively rich in minerals (Kulp et a/., 198). These results are in cnfrmity with thse reprted by Pyler (1988) & Davis et al., (1984). Zinc cntt (except bran & shrts and whle wheat flur) f varius wheat cultivars ( mg/kg) was significantly higher in break4 (Auqab 2) and minimum was in sizing f Chab 2. Amng differt mill streams, the zinc cntt ( mg/kg) was higher in bran & shrts (maximum in Chab 2 & minimum in MH 97) fllwed by whle wheat flur (Maximum in MH 97 & lwest in Iqbal 2). The results are in line with the findings reprted fr ash, prtein, irn in which the similar pattern was bserved as bran is rich in prtein and minerals and higher amunt f bran is fund in breaks than ther milling streams (pyler, 1988). Manganese cntt was significantly higher in bran & shrts (Maximum in Inqlab 91& lwest in Iqbal 2) fllwed by whle wheat flur (maximum in Inqlab 91 & lwest in Iqbal 2) and amng differt flur mill streams except bran & shrts the manganese cntt was higher in break4 f Inqlab 91 and lwest in sizing fractin f Iqbal 2. The results are in line with the findings f Anjum et al., (22). Cpper cntt was significantly higher in bran & shrts (Higher in Iqbal 2 & lwest in Chab 2) fllwed by whle wheat flur (Maximum in Iqbal 2 & minimum in Chab 2). The cpper cntt was higher in break4 f Iqbal 2 whereas lwest in sizing fractin f Chab 2 ( mg/kg). The results are in accrdance with the earlier findings f Kulp et a/., (198) & Petersn et al., (1983). Cadmium was fund in bran & shrts (4.2 mg/kg) and whle wheat flur (1.5 mg/kg) f Inqlab 91. Lead cntt was nt detectable by the prcedure adpted in this study. CONCLUSION The prest investigatin revealed that cnctratin f minerals and prtein is higher in bran & shrts fllwed by whle wheat flur and break4 flur. This suggests that refinemt f flur reduces the amunt f prtein and minerals. REFERENCES AACC. 2. Apprved Methds f the American Assciatin f Cereal Chemists. American Assciatin f Cereal Chemists, Inc. St Paul, MN, USA. Ahmad I Physicchemical and Functianl Prperties f Sme New Pakistani Wheat Varities. M.Sc.(Hns.) Thesis, Dept. Fd Tech. Univ. Agric. FaisalbadPakistan. Alldrick A. J and Hejselva H. 22. The Prcessing f Cereal Fds. In: The Nutritinal Handbk fr Fd Prcessrs (Ed: Hry C.J.K and Chapman C.). pp WdHead Pub. Ltd. Cambridge, England. Anjum F. M., M. S. Butt, N. Ahmad and I. Ahmad. 22. Phytate and mineral cntt in differt milling fractins f sme Pakistani spring wheats. Int. J. Fd Sci. & Tech. 37: AOAC Official Methds f Analysis. The Assciatin f the Official Analytical Chemists. 15 th Ed. Arlingtn, Virginia, USA. 182

4 Anjum, Ahmad, Pasha & Butt C ::l N NI. l8i :;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;;:;::: c.c C C U... ED tn C'lS > E ::] N I C'lS r..s:: 3: ;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;::; e III.. ;E ns ".. > O'l E s: I. :s s:.c s: c ns 3: cu :;;;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;::::: s:. N I. C) ::J LL «::> N e ::> ill e N 183

5 Micrnutrits in varius mill streams f wheat cultivars "T1 (Q <9 x t.j m...»; mg/kg f\.) (J) ex> f\.) (J) a a a a a a a a a C., <D 3: _. (Q., "T1 D)!:!: 3: 7 T e: _. a: (Q T\j> < D) "T1 U1 OJ "!:!: <D 3: <D., D) <91: V ;. <D %... ;. c '< II < II D) U' :: 1. :!. :: 1. " N rv II.I> II.l> w e:». a '1 x <.n x.j +..I> '1 + Ol <;; :E Ol Ol CD +t+ ("):5: N ::; rv Ol " U' > U'1.I> <D w D) > C::J::JQ ; 9 ::J N.j U'1 II a > N:,.. t t.i>.j 184

6 Anjum, Ahmad, Pasha & Butt Butt M. S., F. M. Anjum, A. Ali and A. Rehman. 1997b. Milling and baking prperties f spring wheats. J. Agric. Res. 35 (6): Butt M. S., F. M. Anjum, A. Rehman and A. Ali. 1997a. Physicchemical characteristics f spring wheats. J. Agric. Res. 35(6): Cultate 1. P Fd; The Chemistry f Its Cmpnts. 3 rd Ed. The Ryal Sciety f Chemistry. The sci. Park, Cambridge, UK. Davis K. R, L. J. Peters, R F. Cain, D. Leturneau and J. Mc Ginnis Evaluatin f the nutrit cmpsitin f wheat III Minerals. Cereal Fds Wrld 29: End S., K. Okada and S. Naga Studies n Dugh Develpmt. Mixing characteristics f flur streams and their changes during mixing in the presce f chemicals. Cereal Chem. 64 (2): Fareed R, S. P. Eissmith, S. Getz, D. Reicsky, V. W. Smail and P. Wlberg User's Guide t MSTATC. A Sftware Prgram fr the Design, Managemt and Analysis f Agrnmic Research Experimts. Dept. Agri. Ecn. Michigan State Univ. USA. Internatinal Grains Cuncil. 2. Wrld Grain Statistics. Internatinal Grains Cuncil, Lndn. Jnes C. R. and E. Zielger Principles f Milling. In: Wheat Chemistry and Technlgy (Ed. Hlynka). The American Assciatin f Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul MN, USA. Kt N. L. and Evers A. D Kt's Technlgy f Cereals (4 th Ed). Oxfrd, Elsevier. Kulp K., P. M. Ranum, P. C. Willians and W. T.Yanmazaki Natural levels f nutrits in cmmercially milled wheat flurs I. Descriptin f samples and prximate analysis. Cereal Chem., 57: Petersn C. J., V. A. Jhnsn and P. J. Mattern EWvaluatin f variatin in mineral elmt cnctratin in wheat flur and bran f differt cultivars. Cereal Chem. 6 (6): Pyler E. J Baking Scice and Technlgy. V1.1. Ssland Pub. C., Kansas, USA. Ranum P. 2. Frtificatin f highextractin wheat flurs. Cereal Fds Wrld, 45: Reilly C. 22. Minerals. In: The Nutritinal Handbk fr Fd Prcessrs (Ed: Hry C.J.K and Chapman C.). pp WdHead Pub. Ltd. Cambridge, England. Steel, R, J. Trrie and D. Dickey, Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. A Bimetrical Apprach, 3 rd Ed. McGraw Hill Bk C., New Yrk, USA. Tariq M Phytic acid in wheat as influced by milling and baking. M.Sc. Thesis. Dept. Fd Tech., Univ. Agric. Faisalabad, Pakistan. 185

AVAILABLE COPPER, ZINC, MANGANESE AND I RON STATUS OF RAJASTHAN SOILS

AVAILABLE COPPER, ZINC, MANGANESE AND I RON STATUS OF RAJASTHAN SOILS Annals f Arid Zne 30 (I) : 17-21, 1991 AVAILABLE COPPER, ZINC, ANGANESE AND I RON STATUS OF RAJASTHAN SOILS R.K. EHRA and B.L. BASER Department f Sil Science & Agril. Chemistry Rajasthan Cllege f Agriculture,