Dietary diversity, global change, and human health
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1 Dietary diversity, global change, and human health Timothy Johns Centre for Indigenous Peoples Nutrition and Environment (CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal,, Canada
2 Dietary Diversity = Health
3 Dietary Diversity & Health -Mortality- Variety Score (median) Odds Ratio P for trend <0.001 Kant et al JAMA 283:
4 Dietary Diversity & Gastric Cancer La Vecchia et al Int. J. Cancer 72: Vegetable diversity # of items Percentage of Cases Odds Ratio Stomach Controls cancer # of items Stomach Controls < P for trend <0.001
5 Mediterrean diets / french paradox Fresh fruits and vegetables
6
7
8 Urinary tract infections Vaccinium spp. blueberry, bluet
9 Johns Journal of Ethnobiology 1: Lepidium meyenii maca
10 Johns Journal of Ethnobiology 1: Lepidium meyenii maca ( Peruvian ginseng )
11 Opuntia ficus-indica indica
12 Food Functionality for Developing Areas?
13 Food Functionality for Developing Areas CONSIDERATIONS traditional ecology
14 Food Functionality for Developing Areas CONSIDERATIONS traditional ecology urbanization
15 Food Functionality for Developing Areas CONSIDERATIONS traditional ecology dietary transition urbanization
16 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change HEALTH Oxidative status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection
17 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION HEALTH Oxidative status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection
18 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION HEALTH Oxidative status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection
19 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION Oxidative HEALTH status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection
20 Premature Mortality Rates (45-64 years of age/1000) Ratios Relative to Canada Country CVD Diabetes Chile Argentina Mexico Nicaragua Albala et al Nutrition Reviews 59:
21 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION Oxidative HEALTH status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection
22 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION Oxidative HEALTH status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection ADAPTATION
23 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION Optimization Oxidative HEALTH status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection ADAPTATION
24 Population growth Industrialization ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Urbanization Biodiversity loss Climate change Inadequacy DIET / NUTRITION Optimization BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY Oxidative HEALTH status CHALLENGES Toxicants & Xenobiotics Malnutrition Immunity & Infection ADAPTATION
25 Functionality of Ingested Phytochemicals Nutrition Gastrointestional function Antioxidants Glycemic control Antibiotic Immunostimulant Nervous system Detoxification Anti-inflammatory / anti-gout
26 Dietary Variety and Nutritional Adequacy in Mali Hatløy et al European J. Clinical Nutrition 52: Correlation Between Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Food Variety NAR Food Variety Score Correlation Energy (MJ/d) 0.01 Fat Energy (%) 0.29* iron (mg/d) vitamin C 0.38** vitamin A 0.27* Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) 0.33**
27 Adansonia digitata baobab
28 Per 100 g edible Ca mg Fe mg ß-car. Vit C kcal ug mg Protein baobab, ripe, raw orange, raw cowpea leaves, raw maize, white, dried cassava, fresh beans, dried g
29 Per 100 g edible Ca mg Fe mg ß-car. Vit C kcal ug mg Protein baobab, ripe, raw orange, raw cowpea leaves, raw maize, white, dried cassava, fresh beans, dried g
30
31 Crotalaria brevidens > 4900 µg β-carotene per 100 g d edible portion Uiso and Johns, Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 35:59-69.
32 Crotalaria brevidens Solanum nigrum
33 Solanum nigrum Gynandropsis gynandra provitamin A, vitamin C, folate iron, calcium, fibre, protein
34 Functionality of Ingested Phytochemicals Nutrition Gastrointestional function Antioxidants Glycemic control Hypolipidemic Antibiotic Immunostimulant Nervous system Detoxification Anti-inflammatory / anti-gout
35 Solanum nigrum Anti-giardial activity Johns et al Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6:17-23.
36 Functionality of Ingested Phytochemicals Nutrition Gastrointestional function Antioxidants Glycemic control Hypolipidemic Antibiotic Immunostimulant Nervous system Detoxification Anti-inflammatory / anti-gout
37
38 Acacia nilotica olkiloriti
39 Inhibition of LDL oxidation by Maasai soup additives Conjugated dienes Lindhorst and Johns
40 Functionality of Ingested Phytochemicals Nutrition Gastrointestional function Antioxidants Glycemic control Hypolipidemic Antibiotic Immunostimulant Nervous system Detoxification Anti-inflammatory / anti-gout
41 Functionality of Ingested Phytochemicals Nutrition Gastrointestional function Antioxidants Glycemic control Hypolipidemic Antibiotic Immunostimulant Nervous system Detoxification Anti-inflammatory / anti-gout
42 Commiphora mukul guggul Indian Bdellium
43 RESIN OF COMMIPHORA AFRICANA E- Guggulsterone content RESIN 0.03 % CHEWED RESIN 0.006% Johns et al Current Anthropology 41: RELEASED BY MASTICATION: 80% 0.24mg/g
44 Xanthine oxidase inhibition- Maasai milk & soup additives allopurinol Acacia nilotica Bridelia micrantha Olinia usambarensis Osyris lanceolata Myrisine africana Rhamnus prinoides Harrisonia abyssinica Maytenus senegalensis Ximenia americana Guertin and Johns, 2001
45 Xanthine oxidase inhibition- Maasai milk & soup additives allopurinol Acacia nilotica Bridelia micrantha Olinia usambarensis Osyris lanceolata Myrisine africana Rhamnus prinoides Harrisonia abyssinica Maytenus senegalensis Ximenia americana Guertin and Johns, 2001
46 Xanthine oxidase inhibition- Maasai milk & soup additives % Inhibition (S.D.) Remedies for 60.6 (13.6) joint disease (n=5)
47 Xanthine oxidase inhibition- Maasai milk & soup additives % Inhibition (S.D.) Remedies for 60.6 (13.6) joint disease (n=5) Other indications 38.2 (28.9) (n=18) Student s t-test p = 0.03
48 CONCLUSIONS Biodiversity Dietary Diversity Health Global change impacts traditional ecology Health rationale for managing biodiversity Health not simply absence of disease Rural / Urban linkages are key
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