Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week.
|
|
- Cornelius Rodgers
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Today s slides will be put on-line today, and are designed to introduce you to glycolysis. You should use these slides, along with Dr. DerVartanian s notes, and your reading of chapters (and chapter 6, pages ), TO STUDY THE MATERIAL and PREPARE for next week s exam.
2 Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Glucose + 6 O 2 6 CO H 2 O Glucose = total ATPs during aerobic metabolism. + 6 Combustion: G Lost ~2800 kj mol -1 Glycolysis G stored 2NAD + +4e - 2NADH 2ADP 2ATP Citric Acid Cycle G stored 8NAD + +16e - 8NADH 2GDP(ADP) 2GTP(ATP) 2Q + 4e - 2QH
3 Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle hexose (6C) stage: 2 ATP s consumed. triose 2(3C) stage: 4 ATP s produced. Net: 2 ATP s. ALSO, 2 NADH Molecules and Pyruvate Net Reaction: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD Pi 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H H 2 O Hexose Pyruvate catabolism produces most of the energy in mammalian cell! 8NAD + +16e - 8NADH ATP Equivalents ATP = 1 NADH = 2.5 (1.5)* QH 2 = 1.5 GTP = 1 Energy carriers (ATP/NADH) are in all life forms 2GDP(ADP) 2GTP(ATP) 2Q + 4e - 2QH 2 So, glucose = ATP s! Triose *It costs energy to transport NADH electrons into the mitochondria of some cells
4 Consume energy to setup Stage 2 Trap Glc in cell Essential Substrate for Stage 2
5 Glycolysis: Step 1, Hexokinase C6 Recall: hexokinase uses induced fit Glc Hexokinase drives passive transport of Glucose Passive Glc transporters in membrane Glc hexokinase Product Inhibition glucokinase Glc-6-P Metabolically irreversible rxn. It is inhibited by the G- 6P product AND Substrate Availability
6 Glycolysis: Step 2 Glucose 6-Phosphate Isomerase Aldose Ketose Ultimate cleavage site Stereospecific: uses -D-Glc-6P; produces -D-fructose-6P Aldose to ketose conversion Stereospecific: ring opening leads to ~30 % Beta G-6P, what drives the Beta to Alpha?
7 Step 3, Phosphofructokinase-1 PFK-1 First COMMITTED step of glycolysis Metabolically irreversible rxn under cellular conditions. It is an allosteric enzyme and a REGULATORY CONTROL step for glycolysis (ATP, AMP and citrate). (see page 299) ALSO Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP)!!!!!!
8 Glycolysis: Step 4, Aldolase Rxn is near equilibrium K eq 1 10, 000 Reaction is very Unfavorable ( G = 5.7 kcal mol -1 ) Rapid depletion of 2 products in subsequent steps drives rxn
9 ONLY GAP can enter stage 2!. We must convert DHAP to a second molecule of GAP!
10 Step 5, Triose Phosphate Isomerase Ketose Aldose near equil. ONLY GAP can enter stage 2!
11 Stage 2: Energy Production ONLY GAP can enter stage 2! So far, we have consumed 2 molecules of ATP Energy Rich Molecules produced in stage 2: NADH ATP Pyruvate!!
12 Glycolysis: Step 6 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase High Energy Mixed Anhydride Mixed anhydride of phosphoric acid and a carboxylic acid Redox RXNs: Follow the double bonds or the addition of an Oxygen. Generates NADH!!!!! Higher group transfer potential than ATP Redox reaction? Adds or removes a double bond OR Oxygen OR Sulfur atom Great Example of how enzymes use coupled reactions to do difficult chemistry: Formation of a high-energy molecule for making ATP!
13 NADH, the other energy carrier in the cell. NADH oxidation in the mitochondria produces 2.5 ATP molecules NAD + is a cellular oxidant! Carrying 2 e s
14 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: Coupled RXN 1) E Thioester High Energy 2) O Ester E Compare leaving groups! 1) oxidation 2) dehydration Coupled Rxn G G G Thioester covalent catalysis Traps the dg from oxidation to drive phosphorylation RXN Coord. RXN Coord. RXN Coord.
15 GAP Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Nucleophilic Addition Thiohemiacetal Oxidation The thiohemiacetal oxyanion tautomerizes to produce an unstable carbanion, which is easily oxidized. 1,3-BPG NAD + 3-PG Nucleophilic Substitution NADH The favorable energy from the favorable oxidation is stored in the high energy thioester (yellow shading). The attacking phosphate substitutes the thiolate. What is the thiol pka?
16 High Energy Mixed Anhydride Step 7, Phosphoglycerate Kinase First ATP generating step Substrate level phosphorylation- Nucleotide diphosphate phosphorylated Donor is not a nucleotide Near equilibrium rxn. Reversibility is important for reverse step in glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis). Named for the reverse reaction
17 Glycolysis: Step 8,9 and 10 Acidic Proton Enolase will protonate the hydroxyl to form H 2 O High Energy phosphate Donor Phosphoenolpyruvate
18 If given you the enzyme names. You must know the reactions (be able to draw the sugar substrates and products) Know GAPDH: example of elegant coupled chemistry (GAPDH). But No ATP input!! Hexose Aldolase: largest uphill reaction (standard dg). What drives it? Triose phosphate isomerase. What drives it All energy producing and consuming steps Be able to draw the sugars if given a name. Know the names Triose What happens if there is no NAD +
19 Anaerobic Redox Balancing Getting rid of Electrons! Net Reaction: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD Pi 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H H 2 O If a cell is not able to regenerate NAD + needed by GAPDH, glycolysis will stop! Lactate
20 Redox Balancing Getting rid of Electrons! Anaerobic Yeast Anaerobic Oxygen starved Muscles Aerobic Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH NAD + The Most efficient use of glucose! NEEDS a mitochondria!!
21 Gluconeogenesis: The Cori and Alanine (Cahill) Cycles (Liver). Also RBCs! The Cori Cycle converts Lactate produced in muscle during anaerobic respiration to glucose in the liver to control blood sugar. RBCs are also a major source of lactate (why?). During starvation, muscle protein catabolism produces energy and pyruvate. Pyruvate can be used to make OAA for Glucose and FA synthesis in the Liver via the Cahill Cycle. Cori cycle Alanine (Cahill) Cycle- pyruvate produced in muscle cannot be exported. In the Cahill Cycle, the amine groups of AA s are transferred to pyruvate to produce alanine. The alanine is exported from the muscle to the liver, where deamination produces pyruvate for gluconeogenesis.
22 Three Metabolically Irreversible Reactions 1. Hexokinase 3. Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate Kinase Will the pathway work based on the standard dg? Most reactions are near equilibrium in the cell, and have G close to zero * * * The table legend is wrong! Small +dg is NO PROBLEM as long as a larger dg is downstream!
23 Allosteric Control of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase We will learn about the Insulin and Glucagon response at the end of gluconeogenesis
24 Regulation of Hexokinase Passive Low affinity Glut 1 transporters in membrane Why is Hexokinase NOT a major control point in glycolysis? Glc Glc Insulin regulated High affinity Glut4 transporters. Glut4 inserts in membrane in response to insulin to increase Glc transport See Table 16.3 What drives Glc import? Product Inhibition hexokinase (glucokinase) Glc-6-P F6P PGI PFK-1 Glycolysis Regulation 1) Feedback Inhibition by product 2) Substrate Availability F-1,6-BP
25 Allosteric Control of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase Phosphofructokinase is the most important control site in mammalian glycolytic pathway. Enzyme is 340-kDa tetramer
26 Allosteric Regulation of PFK-1 Active Site Allosteric Site Activators *AMP- says ATP low, make more *F-2,6-BP * - says blood Glc High Inhibitors *ATP**- ATP stores are high *Citrate- CAC is stopped! *H + - Too much lactic acid! * *F-2,6-BP is NOT F-1,6-BP! WE WILL LEARN ABOUT THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF F-2,6-BP WHEN WE TALK ABOUT GLUCONEOGENESIS! Does it make sense that ATP is an allosteric inhibitor?
27 Fructose-2,6-biphosphate Allosteric Regulation of PFK-1 with AMP/ATP Look at the 0 F-2,6-BP High ATP saturation curve. [AMP] Why are Low concentrations of ATP required for PFK-1 to function? Why do High concentrations of ATP inhibit? Notice that the activator F-2,6-Bp can negate the inhibitory effect of high ATP. ATP is also substrate in the reaction! Active Site Allosteric Site
28 Allosteric Control of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase
29 Allosteric and Covalent Regulation of Pyruvate Kinase* WE WILL DISCUSS THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF PK at the END OF Gluconeogenesis! INHIBIT: When blood [Glc] drops, glucagon signals protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate pyruvate kinase (Liver only) Allosteric Activators F-1,6-BP: says PFK-1 working Allosteric Inhibitors ATP- ATP stores are high Alanine- From the Cori Cycle/ gluconeogenesis is running ACTIVATE: When Blood sugar is high, Insulin signals phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to dephosphorylate pyruvate kinase. PP1 PKA *Named for the reverse reaction
30 Coordinated Regulation of glycolysis in muscle Contingent on glycogen levels! PFK-1: Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. We will learn more in gluconeogenesis!
CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis
CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP
More informationDr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS
Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Note: Even though we did not get through all of these slides during lecture, I advise you to look them all through because they will be helpful to you as you learn
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism I
Carbohydrate Metabolism I Outline Glycolysis Stages of glycolysis Regulation of Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism Overview Enzyme Classification Dehydrogenase - oxidizes substrate using cofactors as
More informationGlycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate
Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the
More informationBCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes
BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 19 Glycolysis 2 aka = also known as verview of Glycolysis aka The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway First pathway discovered Common to almost all living cells ccurs in
More informationGlucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain
Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose
More informationGlycolysis. Glycolysis Expectations. Glycolysis 10/20/2015. Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course. Memorize/learn Figure 16.1
Glycolysis Chapter 16, Stryer Short Course Glycolysis Expectations Memorize/learn Figure 16.1 Know overall reaction and stages Explain chemical/physiological purpose of each step Learn structures Reversible/Irreversible
More informationGlycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437
Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of
More informationChapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP
More information0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates
0.40 Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Biochemistry of Carbohydrates ATP ADP Glycolysis The Breakdown of Glucose Primary Energy Source of Cells Central Metabolic Pathway All Reactions Occur in Cytoplasm Two
More informationChem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis
Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 16 Outline Why is glucose such a prominent fuel in all life forms? 1. Glucose
More informationFate of glucose in living systems. Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glucose + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O δg o = kj/mol
Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splitting During this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon molecule).
More informationCHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
CHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism Lecture 3 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define metabolism Discuss the structure and function of ATP in metabolism Discuss glycolysis in
More informationGlycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition
Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide
More informationBiochemistry. Glycolysis. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Principal Investigator.
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module :03 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari, Professor UGC-CAS Department
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More informationOVERVIEW OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY Glycolysis is considered one of the core metabolic pathways in nature for three primary reasons:
Glycolysis 1 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of the Glycolytic Pathway Glycolysis generates a small amount of ATP Preview of the ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions of glycolysis - Stage 1: ATP
More informationSummary of Coenzymes. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000
Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000 1 2 Summary of Coenzymes Coenzyme Thiamine Pyrophosphate NAD + and NADP + FAD and FMN Pyridoxal Phosphate Thiamine (B 1 ) Niacin Riboflavin (B 2 ) Pyridoxine (B 6 ) Class
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationGLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE
More informationGlycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps
Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (
More informationChapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition Donald Voet Judith G. Voet harlotte W. Pratt hapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Page No. 47-490 Introduction Glucose: is major source of metabolic
More informationBiochemistry of carbohydrates
Biochemistry of carbohydrates الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Hanan Jamal لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ In the last lecture we talked about Pyruvate, pyruvate is a central intermediate;
More informationReview of Carbohydrate Digestion
Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Glycolysis Glycolysis is a nine step biochemical pathway that oxidizes glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, energy is released and some of it
More informationPart III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation
Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation Section 3.2a: Glycolysis Synopsis 3.2a - Dietary starch (eg bread, rice and
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 13 Done by Asma Karameh Corrected by Saad hayek Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis This lecture covers gluconeogenesis with aspects of: 1) Introduction to glucose distribution through tissues.
More informationMetabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism Last Week Energy Metabolism - The first thing a living organism has got to be able to do is harness energy from the environment - Plants do it by absorbing sunlight
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationMoh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar
14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with
More informationGlycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules
Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP Anaerobic no O 2 needed aerobic O 2 needed In
More informationBoth pathways start with Glucose as a substrate but they differ in the product.
Glycosis:may occur either with the presence or absence of -Glucose-.So with oxygen we have Aerobic glycolysis-, without the participation of oxygen Anaerobic glycolysis-(it occur in certain places) where
More informationIII. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis Carl & Gertrude Cori Slide 1 Carbohydrate Synthesis Lactate, pyruvate and glycerol are the important
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationThis is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)
This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that
More informationit s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.
Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY #12 BY: AMMAR AL-HABAHBEH فيصل الخطيب. October 11, 2012
BIOCHEMISTRY #12 د. فيصل الخطيب October 11, 2012 BY: AMMAR AL-HABAHBEH The Beginning Degradation and synthesis does not occur in a single step but in several steps where sequence of steps converts starting
More informationPRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M.
PRINT your Name Student No. (FAMILY, first name) BIOCHEMISTRY 311A VERSION 1 (ONE) Midterm 7:00 P.M. Examiners: Dr. R. E. MacKenzie (69%) Dr. A. Storer (18%) Dr. W. Mushynski (13%) READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY!!
More informationMetabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;
More informationLink download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet
Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen
More informationChapter 24 Lecture Outline
Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared
More informationRawan almujaibel. Ayman Musleh. Dr. Nayef
12 Rawan almujaibel Ayman Musleh Ayman Musleh Dr. Nayef In the previous lecture we talked about digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. In this lecture we will be talking about glycolysis. Glycolysis
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More informationTransport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose.
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation When one glucose molecule is oxidized to six CO 2 molecules by way of glycolysiss and TCA cycle, considerable amount of energy (ATP) is generated.
More informationMBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle
MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle (1) Glucose 1-pohsphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate
More informationCHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith
CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism Learning Objectives: q Role in
More informationPortal module: m Glycolysis. First Last. 1 First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps)
Portal module: m10399 1 Glycolysis First Last This work is produced by Portal and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract By the end of this section, you will be able to do
More informationIII. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Slide 1 Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Cartoon: Fate of pyruvate, the product of glycolysis.
More information(de novo synthesis of glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (de novo synthesis of glucose) Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of new glucose. The main purpose of gluconeogenesis is to maintain the constant blood Glc concentration.
More informationGlycolysis. Biochemistry of Metabolism. glucose-6-phosphate. ATP adenosine triphosphate
Biochemistry of Metabolism opyright 998-007 by Joyce J. Diwan. All rights reserved. Gibbs Free Energy hanges Rxn# Enzyme ΔG '(kj/mol) ΔG(kJ/mol) exokinase -.7 -. Phosphogluco-isomerase +.7 -. Phosphofructokinase
More informationGlycolysis Introduction to Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Overview of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis
Glycolysis Introduction to Metabolism Regulation of Metabolism Overview of Glycolysis Reactions of Glycolysis Suggested Reading: Lippincot s Ilustrated reviews: Biochemistry Glycolysis, an example of metabolic
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6)
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6) What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 12 Done by Baraa Ayed Corrected by Mamoon Mohammad Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Lactate production 1 P a g e Advantages of producing lactate Lactate is produced anaerobically to meet the following
More informationCourse: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS
Course: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS Content Writer: Dr. Radhika Bakhshi, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied
More informationDerived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis *
OpenStax-CNX module: m56968 1 Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis * Erin Easlon Based on Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis by OpenStax Mitch Singer This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative
More informationRespiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs
Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationLecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation
Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms
More informationRegulation of glycolysis
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 07 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor UGC-CAS Department
More informationComparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA
More informationChapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd
Chapter 10 Cellular Respiration Life Is Work a) Living cells require energy from outside sources b) Some animals, such as the giraffe, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms
More information14 Glycolysis W. H. Freeman and Company
14 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 1 Central Importance of Glucose Glucose is an excellent fuel. - Yields good amount of energy upon oxidation. - Can be efficiently stored in the polymeric form.
More informationBiochemistry - I SPRING Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) Lecture 15. Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat
Biochemistry - I Mondays and Wednesdays 9:0-10:4 AM (MR-107) SPRING 017 Lecture 1 Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat 1 utline Bioenergetics Fates of glucose Glycolysis Feeder pathways for glycolysis
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism
OpenStax-CNX module: m46451 1 Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More information3.2 Aerobic Respiration
3.2 Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Catabolic pathways Breaks down energy-rich compounds to make ATP Requires oxygen Occurs in different parts of the cell C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) What s the point? The point is to make! Glycolysis: Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol? Why does that
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationCampbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1
Lecture on General Biology 1 Campbell Biology 9 th edition Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., chulsuyang@hanyang.ac.kr Infection Biology Lab., Dept. of Molecular & Life
More informationChapter 11 Catabolism of Hexoses. Glucose is the focal point of carbohydrate breakdown.
hapter 11 atabolism of Hexoses Glucose is the focal point of carbohydrate breakdown. Glycolysis: A pathway made up of 10 steps in which glucose ( 6 H 12 6 ) is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvate
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationCellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration. Lecture 8 Fall Overview of Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration 1 Cellular Respiration Lecture 8 Fall 2008 All organisms need ATP to do cellular work Cellular Respiration: The conversion of chemical energy of carbon compounds into another
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
AP Biology Reading Guide Name: Date: Period Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells
More informationName: Chem 351 Exam 3
Multiple hoice: Pick the BEST answer and write it in the box at the end of the section. 1) The TA (Krebs) ycle depends on oxygen availability, though it does not directly use it. How can you best explain
More informationBis2A 5.3 Glycolysis: Beginning Principles of Energy and Carbon Flow *
OpenStax-CNX module: m59692 1 Bis2A 5.3 Glycolysis: Beginning Principles of Energy and Carbon Flow * The BIS2A Team This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are exergonic and considered catabolic pathways. Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates
More informationEnergetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 1 Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzymecatalyzed reactions that constitute
More informationBiochemistry sheet (11)
Biochemistry sheet (11) Made by: wael abu-anzeh corrected by: abd. salman DATE: 3/11/2016 Some explanations about the previous lectures: 1- Glucose is the only form of sugar that circlet in the blood,
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis 2007-2008 What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Glycolysis Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol?
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationCarbohydrate. Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides
More informationChapter 18: Carbohydrate Metabolism
Vocabulary Biotin: a CO2 carrier molecule Cori Cycle: a pathway in carbohydrate metabolism that links glycolysis in the liver with gluconeogenesis in the liver Debranching Enzyme: an enzyme that hydrolyzes
More informationUnit 2: Metabolic Processes
How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced
More information7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY. Glycolysis. by Dr Jaya Vejayan Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
BIOCHEMISTRY Glycolysis by Dr Jaya Vejayan Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology email: jayavejayan@ump.edu.my Chapter Description Overview This chapter is related to carbohydrate catabolism. It
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More information