Muscular anatomy of the head, neck, and thoracic region of the lesser grison (Galictis cuja) in

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1 Muscular anatomy of the head, neck, and thoracic region of the lesser grison (Galictis cuja) in comparison with the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and other carnivorans: phylogenetic and functional implications of two etremely different carnivoran ecomorphs Journal of Mammalian Evolution Marcos D. Ercoli, Alicia Álvarez, Felipe Busker, Miriam. M. Morales, Emily Julik, Heather F. Smith, Brent Adrian, Mike Barton, Keerthi Bhagavatula, Meifawn Poole, Matt Shahsavan, Rachel Wechsler, Rebecca E. Fisher Correspondence Marcos D. Ercoli, Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Av. Bolivia 1661, San Salvador de Jujuy Y4600GNE, Argentina. T: /94/95-202; E: marcosdarioercoli@hotmail.com

2 Table S3. Specimen 1 Specimen 2 M. rectus capitis dorsalis major The deep belly is subdivided into both superficial and deep layers Relatively reduced etension of the origin of the superficial belly The superficial and deep bellies reach the midline at their insertion through a short fascia only M. rectus capitis dorsalis minor Total differentiation of its two bellies M. rectus capitis lateralis It shares fibers with the ventral belly of the m. obliquus capitis cranialis across its entire length It shares fibers with the ventral belly of the m. obliquus capitis cranialis near its insertion only M. obliquus capitis caudalis Superficially subdivided into two bellies Presence of fibers inserted onto the articular capsule between ais-atlas Lack of fibers that insert onto the lateral aspect of the cranial articular process of the atlas M. longus capitis Tendinous portion of insertion reduced M. masseter Some fibers of the deep belly insert onto a position slightly craniad with respect to their origin The middle belly presents tendinous fibers in its origin near the preglenoid process The etension of the insertion of the superficial belly is restricted to a point at the level of the caudal half of the masseteric fossa, with the eception of a few fibers that span cranially The insertion of the middle belly is totally fleshy Caudal region of insertion of the middle belly consist of a tendinous fascia Insertion of the middle belly is composed mainly by tendinous and fleshy fibers, with the cranial fibers tendinous only M. temporalis Bundles C and D mainly fused Etra origin of the superficial bundle A via fascia onto the ventral most area of the temporal fossa, dorsal to the eternal acoustic meatus The insertion of bundle A reaches the dorsal half of the cranial margin of the coronoid process M. digastricus Tendinous intersection slightly differentiated The insertion reaches a point at the level of the caudal aspect of m1 Absence of tendinous fibers in the cranial area of insertion M. splenius capitis Differentiation of dorsal and ventral bellies Differentiation of dorsal, middle, and ventral bellies There are no differentiated bellies, ecept regarding the type of origin fibers Fusion with the m. longissimus capitis restricted to the cranial end of the neck Most cranial portion of the dorsal belly (originated from the ais) composed eclusively by a tendinous fascia

3 M. sternocephalicus pars mastoideus Origin of the deep belly eclusively tendinous Area of insertion is broad caudally, passing the level of the middle manubrium An aponeurosis etends ventrally the area of insertion, fusing partially with the cranial margin of the m. pectoralis superficialis Similar relative size of bellies? Superficial belly smaller than the deep one? The fusion between counterparts is restricted to near the insertion M. longus colli Origin from T7 is lateral and reduced There is an insertion onto C6 and secondarily onto C7 Cranial and caudal bellies are not distinguishable at their insertion M. scalenus ventralis It is divided into a dorsal belly, with insertion on C4, and a ventral belly, with insertion on C5 The insertion on C5 etends cranially via a tendinous fascia M. scalenus dorsalis Tendinous fibers present in the origin of the dorsal belly Multiple origins of ventral belly from ribs 5, 6, and 7 (the last two are secondary) The ventral margin of the ventral belly is fused with the m. "supracostalis" M. mylohyoideus Presence of a tendinous insertion onto the basihyoideum M. sternohyoideus Fusion with m. sternothyroideus etends along its caudal half Fusion with m. sternothyroideus etends along its caudal third The union of counterparts through tendinous fascia is restricted to the middle aspect of the neck The union of counterparts through tendinous fascia occurs along the entire length of the neck M. serratus dorsalis caudalis Origin from ribs 11 to 15 Origin from ribs 12 to 15 M. serratus dorsalis cranialis Origin from ribs 4 to 10 Etra origin, via fascia, from ribs 3 and 11 Origin from ribs 4 to 11 Presence of an etra fascia of origin from the m. iliocostalis thoracis at the level of rib 11 M. iliocostalis thoracis Origin from rib 14 occurring from posterior muscular bellies, without bony attachment Origin from rib 14 with bony attachment; it is distal with respect to the insertion of posterior bundles Origin from ribs 13 and 14 with bony attachment; it has an intermediate position with respect to the insertion of posterior bundles Insertions eclusively via tendon onto the first seven ribs Insertions eclusively via tendon onto the first si ribs Presence of lateral tendons of insertion up to the ninth rib Presence of lateral tendons of insertion up to the tenth rib Presence of transitional bundles that originate from the thoraco-lumbar fascia and insert via fleshy fibers onto the last three ribs (15 a 13)

4 Presence of transitional bundles that originate from the thoraco-lumbar fascia and insert via fleshy fibers onto the last four ribs (15 a 12) Presence of transitional bundles that originate from the thoraco-lumbar fascia and insert via fleshy fibers onto the last four ribs (16 to 13) M. longissimus thoracis Origin from thoraco-lumbar fascia etended cranially reaching the? spinous process of the last pre-anticlinal vertebrae Absence of insertion onto rib 1 Etra cervical insertion onto the dorsal tubercle of the transverse process of C7 Presence of fleshy fibers at the insertions onto ribs 2 and 4? Presence of an isolated tendon of insertion onto rib 9 Costal insertion absent from the rib that corresponds with the anticlinal vertebra Presence of two tendons of insertion that reach the lateral surface of the m. spinalis et semispinalis at the level of T7 and T8 M. longissimus cervicis The bundle that originates from T8 and inserts mainly onto C7 and secondarily onto T1 is independent from the other bundles along its trajectory Etra origin via fascia from T9 M. longissimus capitis Origin from the tubercle of the articular process of T3 M. spinalis et semispinalis thoracis It becomes medial to the m. longissimus thoracis at the level of T11 It becomes medial to the m. longissimus thoracis at the level of T10? The muscle becomes fleshy after the origin at the level of T12 The muscle becomes fleshy after the origin at the level of T10-11? Lack of insertion onto spinous process of T10 Insertions corresponding to the spinous processes of T1 and T2 are onto the m. spinalis cervicis rather than bone Presence of a robust tendon of insertion onto m. multifidus cervicis at the level of the spinous process of C7 M. biventer cervicis Bellies mainly independent from each other and the m. compleus Cranial belly fuses with the caudal belly at its origin and with the m. compleus at its insertion Most cranial origin of the caudal belly at the level of T2 Most cranial origin of the caudal belly at the level of T3 Most caudal origin of the caudal belly at the level of T4 Most caudal origin of the caudal belly at the level of T5 Bony origin, via tendon, from the transverse process of T5 Presence of fleshy fibers at the origin from T2 M. compleus Some fibers of origin reach the caudal articular process of C7, immediately medial to the m. longissimus capitis Well-defined bundle of origin reaches the caudal articular process of C7, immediately medial to the m. longissimus capitis Etra tendinous insertion onto the fascia that covers the contact between mm. obliquus capitis cranialis and caudalis M. multifidus cervicis Lateral intermediate bundles fused The first medial bundle, which originates from C7, also originates via fibers from the spinous process of T1

5 The lateral system lacks fibers originating from the tubercle of the caudal articular process of C7 The second medial bundle presents etra fibers of origin from the medial aspect of the tubercle of the caudal articular process of C4 First lateral bundle does not insert onto C7 The second lateral bundle does not insert onto the neural arch of C5 Mm. rotatores longi Bundle that originates from T13 absent Mm. intertransversarii thoracis Most caudal bundles have tendinous fibers at their insertion Mm. intertransversarii medii cervicis Bundles are poorly differentiated from the mm. scalenus ventralis and medius at the middle aspect of neck Etra bundle that originates from the ventral and central aspects of the transverse process of C7, ventral to the origin of the m. serratus ventralis; it fuses, at its insertion, with the bundles originating from vertebrae C5 to ais Absence of tendinous fibers at insertions Mm. intertransversarii ventrales cervicis Presence of fleshy fibers at the insertions onto C3 and ais Mm. levatores costarum and mm. intercostales Presence of a fifteenth bundle linked to the presence of 16 ribs First five bundles of mm. levatores costarum almost indistinguishable from the mm. intercostales eterni Mm. intercostales eterni reach an insertion onto the entire lateral? aspect of sternebra 10 Mm. intercostales eterni reach an insertion onto the caudolateral end? of sternebra 10 M. transversus thoracis Presence of a reduced origin in the costal cartilage of rib 12 Presence of partially independent bundles that originate from ribs 11 and 12 and insert onto the costal cartilage of ribs 10 and 11, respectively M. rectus abdominis Presence of origins from costal cartilages of ribs 1 to 4 Presence of origins from costal cartilages of ribs 1 to 4, the last two being reduced Origin restricted to the costal cartilage of rib 1; with the presence of fleshy fibers Origin from rib 1 reaches the ventral end of the costal cartilage M. obliquus eternus abdominis Most cranial origin from rib 3 Most cranial origin from rib 4 Most cranial origin from rib 5 M. transversus abdominis Partial subdivision into two bellies which have a lumbar and a thoracic origin, respectively Costal origins restricted to the last si ribs Costal origins restricted to the last seven ribs The origin from the last rib is etended up to the proimal half of it? The origin from the last rib is moderately etended, covering the distal? half of the rib The origin from the last rib is reduced, covering the distal end of the rib?

6 M. "supracostalis" Origin fibers reach the caudal margin of the first costochondral? articulation Presence of insertion onto rib 5 Presence of insertion onto rib 6 Presence of insertion onto rib 5 and 6 Presence of insertion onto rib 6, and secondarily onto ribs 4 and 5 Partial fusion with the ventral belly of the m. scalenus dorsalis