Department of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata ; 3
|
|
- Agnes Robbins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 63, , 2010 Original Article Molecular Epidemiological Study of Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Nha Trang, Vietnam, December 2005 June 2006 Tsutomu Tamura 1,3 *, Makoto Nishikawa 1,3,DangDucAnh 2, and Hiroshi Suzuki 3 1 Department of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata ; 3 Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata , Japan; and 2 National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam (Received April 30, Accepted August 25, 2010) SUMMARY: A molecular epidemiological study of rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) infections was carried out in Nha Trang city in Vietnam between December 2005 and June RV and NoV were detected in 87 (47.5z) and12(6.6z) of the 183 fecal specimens from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis, respectively. The majority of patients with RV and NoV were children younger than 2 years of age. The most frequent RV genotypes detected were G3 (n = 37, 42.5z) andg1(n = 28, 32.2z) for G type, P[8] (n = 61, 70.1z) for P type, and G3P[8] (n = 33, 38.0z) andg1p[8](n = 18, 20.7z) for the G and P genotype combination. GII.12 was the most common genotype (6/12, 50z) for NoV, followed by GII.4 (4/12, 33.3z), and we also identified a rare type (GII.19). The results of this study highlight the increased incidence of G3P[8] and the presence of many OP354-like P[8] RVs, as well as the GII Asia variant of NoVs. Furthremore, the first case of GII.19 of NoV in Vietnam is reported. INTRODUCTION Diarrheal disease remains the second most common cause of death among children younger than 5 years of age (1), with group A rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) being the main causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries. An estimated 527,000 children younger than 5 years of age die of RV-related diarrhea each year, with more than 85z of these deaths occurring in developing countries in Africa and Asia (2). Vietnam is estimated to account for 5,300 6,800 of such children (3). RV infections in this country occur throughout the year, with a slight peak during the winter dry season in both southern and northern Vietnam (4). RVs have two outer shell proteins, VP4 and VP7, against which protective immunity is mainly targeted. RVs are classified into 28 P and 20 G genotypes on the basis of the VP4 and VP7 gene sequences, respectively (5). Five combinations of G and P genotypes (G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[8]) make up 90z of the human RV strains worldwide (6), with the G1 strain currently being the most prevalent G genotype strain (6). The predominant G genotype in Vietnam between July 1998 and June 2000 was G2, although G1 then *Corresponding author: Mailing address: Department of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Sowa, Nishi-Ku, Niigata-Shi, Niigata , Japan. Tel: , Fax: , tamura.tsutomu@ pref.niigata.lg.jp became dominant (4,7). As far as P genotypes are concerned, P[8] is responsible for most RV infections in the world (6). Strain OP354, a rare genotype of P[8] RV, was first detected in Malawi in 1998 (10) and was recentlysuggestedtobesubtypep[8]b(8).p[8]brvhasbeen isolated recently in some Asian countries (8,9,11,12). NoV is the second most common cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis, after RV (13), and its prevalence in children with acute gastroenteritis ranges from 6to48z (14). NoV can be classified into five genogroups, GI to GV, and subdivided into many genotypes (15 18). Strains GI, GII, and GIV are associated with human gastroenteritis, whereas GIII and GV are only found in animals. Worldwide outbreak surveillance data show a prominent role for GII strains, especially after the emergence of new GII.4 variants between 1995 and 2007 (14,19). In this study we clarified the etiological role of RV and NoV in sporadic diarrhea and analyzed their genetic diversity in Nha Trang, which is located in southern Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples: A total of 183 fecal specimens were collected from children with gastroenteritis at hospitals in Nha Trang in Vietnam between December 2005 and June Stool samples were stored at -209C until further analysis. RNA extraction and reverse transcription: The fecal specimens were diluted with phosphate-buffered saline ph 7.2 to form a 10z suspensions then centrifuged at 8,000 g for 20 min. Viral RNA genomes were extract- 405
2 Table 1. Primer list for rotavirus and norovirus used in this study Primer Type F/R Sequence (5? 3?) Amplicon Reference Rotavirus primer Detection of RV Beg9 common F GGC TTT AAA AGA GAG AAT TTC CGT CTG G End9 common R GGT CAC ATC ATA CAA TTC TAA TCT AAG 20 VP7 typing abt1 G1 F CAA GTA CTC AAA TCA ATG ATG G act2 G2 F CAA TGA TAT TAA CAC ATT TTC TGT G aet3 G3 F CGT TTG AAG AAG TTG CAA CAG adt4 G4 F CGT TTC TGG TGA GGA GTT G aat8 G8 F GTC ACA CCA TTT GTA AAT TCG aft9 G9 F CTA GAT GTA ACT ACA ACT AC RVG9 common R GGT CAC ATC ATA CAA TTC T 20 Alternative primer for G3 typing G3 G3 F ACG AAC TCA ACA CGA GAG G VP4 typing con3 common F TGG CTT CGC CAT TTT ATA GAC A con2 common R ATT TCG GAC CAT TTA TAA CC 21 1T-1 P[8] R TCT ACT TGG ATA ACG TGC T-1 P[4] R CTA TTG TTA GAG GTT AGA GTC T-1 P[6] R TGT TGA TTA GTT GGA TTC AA T-1 P[9] R TGA GAC ATG CAA TTG GAC T-1 P[10] R ATC ATA GTT AGT AGT CGG Alternative primer for P[8] typing 1T-1D P[8] TCT ACT GGR TTR ACN TGC Detection of P[8]b VP4-F103G P[8]b F TGG ATC AGA AAA AAC TCA AG 550 This paper VP4-R612C P[8]b R CGG TAT TAT GTA AAA CTC AGA G This paper Norovirus primer Detection of NoV G1SKF F CTG CCC GAA TTY GTA AAT GA G1SKR R CCA ACC CAR CCA TTR TAC A 25 COG2F F CAR GAR BCN ATG TTY AGR TGG ATG AG G2SKR R CCR CCN GCA TRH CCR TTR TAC AT 25 Analysis of P2 region L1F F TTC CCY ATY CCT TTG GAA AAG 743 Shinohara (personal communication) L7R R TTG CAC TCA AAY AGA ACC CT 27 ed from these fecal suspensions using Extragen II (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The extracted RNA was reverse-transcribed using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) and random hexamer (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J., USA), with preincubation at 259C for 5 min, followed by treatment at 379C for 50 min and 709C for 15 min. RV detection and genotyping: The PCR assay was performed with Beg9 and End9 primers, as described elsewhere (20). Representative amplified PCR products were sequenced to ensure that only desired the PCR product was analyzed. The primers used in this study are shown in Table 1. G and P typing: RV-positive PCR samples were subjected to G and P genotyping by nested PCR assay with type-specific primers, as described previously (19,20). For G typing, 0.5 ml of the 1st round PCR products was added to 24.5 ml of the 2nd round PCR product containing the primer mix with all six serotype-specific forward primers (abt1, act2, aet3, adt4, aat8, and aft9) and a common reverse primer (RVG9) (20). P genotyping was performed with the 1st round PCR product using con2 and con3 primers to amplify the VP4 gene, and the 2nd round PCR using primers 1T-1 (P[8]), 2T-1 (P[4]), 3T-1 (P[6]), 4T-1 (P[9]), 5T-1 (P[10]), and a common primer (con3), as described previously (21). Alternative primers (22,23) were used when the G and P type could not be determined using the aforementioned primers. G and P types were determined on the basis of the size of the amplicon after electrophoresis. When coexistence of types was suspected in a sample by multiplex typing PCR, singleplex PCR was performed using primers for the suspected types. We designed a pair of primers to detect P[8]b as VP4- F103G and VP4-R612C (Table 1), based on strain MMC38 G9P8/05/Bangladesh (EU979379) from Gen- Bank, for P[8]a and P[8]b subtyping. This primer pair was used after first PCR with the con3 and con2 primer pair (product size, 550 bp). Representative amplified PCR products were sequenced to ensure that only the desired PCR products had been analyzed. The PCR assay was conducted in the presence of 1.5 mm MgCl 2, 1 mm/ml of each primer, and Taq polymerase (Biotech 406
3 International, Sydney, Australia) in a final volume of 25 ml. The thermal cycling conditions were 949C for3 min, followed by 30 cycles of 949C, 559C, and 729C for 1 min each, and final incubation at 729C for7min. NoV detection and typing: The presence of NoV in the fecal specimens was determined by multiplex PCR with two primer sets: G1SKF/G1SKR for GI NoV and COG2F/G2SKR for GII NoV (Table 1), as described previously (23,25,26). Since GI and GII NoV were the prevalent genogroups of gastroenteritis, only these two genogroups were included in the analysis. Analysis of the VP1 gene of GII.4 NoV: The VP1 gene of GII.4 strains was analyzed further to determine the variant type. A PCR assay was performed using L1 and L7 (24) primers to detect the P2 region of the VP1 gene of GII.4 NoV (Table 1). The thermal cycling conditions were 949C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 949C, 509C, and 729C for 1 min, 1 min, and 2 min, respectively, and final incubation at 729C for7min. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis: Direct sequencing of the VP7 gene of G3 strains and the VP4 gene of P[8] strains of RV, and sequencing of the 5? region of NoV ORF2 and the P2 region of the VP1 gene of GII.4 NoV, was performed using ABI Prism 310 and 3130 Genetic Analyzer and Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were carried out by the neighborjoiningmethodusingmega3.1(28).novgenotyping was based on Kageyama and Okada's scheme using the nucleotide sequence of the N-terminal region of the capsid gene (17,18). The nucleotide sequence accession numbers in GenBank for the samples sequenced in this study are AB AB and AB AB Reference sequences for the phylogenetic analysis of NoV and RV were obtained from GenBank. RESULTS RV and NoV were detected in 87 (47.5z) and12 (6.6z) of 183 fecal specimens from children with gastroenteritis collected in Nha Trang, Vietnam between November 2005 and June 2006, respectively. Dual infection with NoV and RV was detected in only one sample. The age distribution of the patients ranged from 1 month up to 44 months, although 88z of patients were younger than 24 months old. The majority of patients Table 2. Monthly distribution of rotavirus and norovirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis Virus Genotype 2005 Dec. Month 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Total (z) Rotavirus G (32.2) G ( 6.9) G ) (42.5) G4 1 1 ( 1.1) G1/G (16.1) G1/G2 1 1 ( 1.1) Subtotal Norovirus GII (33.3) GII ( 8.3) GII ) 6 (50.0) GII ( 8.3) Subtotal Total 4/10 17/29 17/39 26/45 8/23 24/32 3/5 99/183 1) : One sample of mixed infection with G3 rotavirus and GII.12 norovirus was included. Table 3. Distribution of rotavirus G and P genotypes among patients with acute gastroenteritis Ptype Gtype P[4] P[6] P[8] Mixed 1) NT Total (z) P[4]/P[6] P[4]/P[8] P[4]/P[6]/P[8] P[6]/P[8] G (32.2) G2 6 6 ( 6.9) G (42.5) G4 1 1 ( 1.1) G1/G2 1 1 ( 1.1) G1/G (16.1) Total (z) 11 (12.6) 1 (1.1) 61 (70.1) 1 (1.1) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.3) 9 (10.3) 1 (1.1) 87 1) : co-infected with two or three G or P genotypes. NT, non-typable samples. 407
4 with RV or NoV infection were also younger than 24 months old. RV was detected throughout the study period, with a peak observed in March (24/87, 27.6z) (Table2).G types among the 87 RV-positive samples were G3 (n = 37, 42.5z), G1 (n = 28, 32.2z), G2 (n = 6, 6.9z), and G4 (n = 1, 1.1z) (Table 3). Mixed G-type RV infections (G1/G3 and G1/G2) were seen in 14 (16.1z) and 1 (1.1z) of the 87 cases, respectively. P[8] represented was the major P type (61/87, 70.1z), with a further 11 cases being P[4] (12.6z) and one P[6] (1.1z). Mixed P-type RV infections were seen in 9 (P[6]/P[8]), 2 (P[4]/P[6]/P[8]), one (P[4]/P[6]), and one (P[4]/P[8]) cases. G3P[8] and G1P[8] were the most common G and P genotype combinations, accounting for 33 (38z) and18(21z) of the RV infections, respectively. The predominant G type was found to vary with time, with G1 predominating from December 2005 to January 2006 and G3 from February to June 2006 (Table 2). As G3 was the most predominant type in this study, we sequenced the VP7 gene from five randomly selected G3 strains, all of which were grouped in the same clade as Asian reference strains, including other Vietnamese strains collected from the database (Fig. 1). Likewise, as P[8] was the most common P genotype, we conducted a genetic analysis of the VP4 gene of 10 randomly selected samples of G1 or G3 genotypes. These were grouped into two clusters: an OP601-like cluster for P[8]a and an OP354-like cluster for P[8]b (Fig. 2). Our design of a specific primer for P[8]b allowed 14 further strains to be differentiated from 49 tested samples out of 73 P[8] strains. These were grouped with G1 of the VP7 gene and classified into G1P[8]b. Only one case of NoV was detected in December Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 nucleotide sequences of rotavirus G3 strains. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 1,007 nucleotide sequences of the G3 VP7 genes. Percentage bootstrap values above 70z were shown at the branch nodes., collected in Nha Trang, Vietnam, ; #, collected during ;, collected in Haiphong, Vietnam, September Fig. 2. Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP4 nucleotide sequences of the rotavirus P[8] strains. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 645 nucleotide sequences of the VP4 genes. Percentage bootstrap values above 70z were shown at the branch nodes., collected in Nha Trang, Vietnam; $, reference strains collected in Vietnam. 408
5 Fig. 3. Phylogenetic analysis of norovirus capsid gene. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of partial capsid nucleotide sequences of norovirus strains. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 218 nucleotide sequences of capsid gene. Percentage bootstrap values above 70z are shown at the branch nodes. Reference strains and their accession numbers used in Fig. 3(A) are as follows: GII.4: Bristol/93/UK (X76716), VN915/2003/VNM (DQ377174), VN800/2003/VNM (DQ377172), Hokkaido/194/2004/JP (AB240180), Sakai2/2006/JP (AB447448), Beijing/ 274/2005/CHN (EU839585), Chiba/040974/2004/JP (AB294782), Hunter 284E/04O/AU (DQ078794), Terneuzen70/2006/NL (EF126964), Farmington Hills/2002/USA (AY502023), Nijmegen115/2006/NL (EF126966); GII.13: M7/99/US (AY130761); GII.19: NLV/J23/1999/US (AY130762), Shaibah-2/2007/IRQ (EU138878), 299/JPN (EF630529), Hiroshima/ /2006/JP (AB360387), CMH148/01/2001/THA (EU363866); GII.6: SaitamaU3/97/JP (AB039776), Miami/292/94/US (AF414410), HCMC204/2006/VNM (EU137732), HCMC311/2006/VNM (EU137733); GII.10: Mc37/99/Thai (AY237415); GII.15: SaitamaKU80aGII/99/JP (AB058582); GII.12: SaitamaU1/97/JP (AB039775), Hiroshima/25-583/2002/JP (AB354292), NZ587/2006/ NZL (EF187600), HCMC91/2006/VNM (EU137734), NSW021E/2006/AUS (EF187525), CMH145/05/2005/ THA (EU872289), NSW330F/2006/AUS (EF187578); GI.1: Norwalk/68/US2 (M87661)., collected in NhaTrang, Vietnam; ( ), number of strains. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of capsid amino acid sequences include P2 region of the norovirus GII.4 strains. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 200 amino acids sequences of the capsid gene include P2 region. Percentage bootstrap values above 70z are shown at the branch nodes. Reference strains and their accession numbers used in Fig. 3(B) are as follows: Beijing/79/2004/CHN (EU839583), Chiba/040974/2004/JP (AB294782), Sakai/04 179/2005/JP (AB220922), Sakai2/2006/JP (AB447448), Beijing/274/2005/CHN (EU839585), Chiba/040110/2004/JP (AJ844477), Chiba/031038/2003/JP (AJ844476), Nijmegen115/2006/NL (EF126966), Kobe034/2006/JP (AB291542), Terneuzen70/2006/NL (EF126964), Hunter 284E/04O/AU (DQ078794), Farmington Hills/2002/USA (AY502023), Bristol virus/b493/ 93 (X76716)., collected in NhaTrang, Vietnam. 2005, with a further 8 in February, 2 in March, and one in April (Table 2). All these cases were identified as GII (12/12, 100z). Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the N-terminal region of the capsid gene showed that half (6/12) these GII specimens were GII.12, with a further 4 being GII.4 and one each for was GII.6 and GII.19 (Fig. 3). A phylogenetic analysis of the P2 region of the VP1 amino acid sequences allowed us to classify two GII.4 samples into the GII Asian clade. DISCUSSION RV has been detected essentially year round throughout the country, with a slight peak in the dry winter season, in a six-hospital surveillance in four cities in Viet- 409
6 nam (Hanoi, Haiphong, Nha Trang, and Ho Chi Minh) (4). Although the present study in Nha Trang, which has a tropical climate, was conducted during the dry season, and RVs were also detected throughout the study period, with a peak in March. In accordance with previous reports, our results indicate that RV is one of the leading viruses responsible for childhood gastroenteritis in Vietnam (7,29 35). The predominant G type for RV in Vietnam was G2 from 1998 to 2000 and G1 from 2000 to 2003, whereas genotypes G3 and G3P[8] RV were rare (7,31). However, G3 was isolated as the predominant genotype as of February 2006 in this study, as well as in Haiphong in north Vietnam during the season (36). These observations therefore suggest that G3 infections occur throughout the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of RV showed that the G3 strains in this study clustered with the strains collected from Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Kunming (China), Khabarovsk (Russia), Chiang Mai (Thailand) and Japan between 2001 and 2003 (37), Wuhan (China) in (38), and Malaysia in Thus, these observations also suggest that isolation of the G3 strain has increased in frequency both in Vietnam and in neighboring countries, although the reasons for this increase remain unclear. Since a clinical trial of RotaTeq} (Merck, Whitehouse Station, N.J., USA) vaccine has been underway in Vietnam since 2007, continuous monitoring of the change of RV genotype will be required to understand the epidemiology of RV infection and to evaluate the efficacy of this vaccine in the future. The P[8] strain is the most predominant VP4 gene in the world (7), and this situation was mirrored in our study. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that P[8] could be grouped into two subclusters: an OP601- like cluster for P[8]a and an OP354-like cluster for P[8]b. Strain OP354 was first detected in Malawi in 1998 (10) as a rare genotype of P[8] RV and was named as subtype P[8]b (8). This genotype was also isolated recently in some Asian countries, including Vietnam (8,9,11,12). All P[8]b strains in our study were classified into G1P[8]b and are therefore closely related to the CU20 strain, which was reported in Thailand during Thus, our observations suggest that the G1P[8]b strain was circulating in Vietnam and neighboring countries during the same period. We designed a specific primer for P[8]b to detect more such strains and found 14 (28.6z) from a total of 49 P[8] strains. This result suggests that our specific primer for P[8]b may be effective for identifying and monitoring P[8]b, although this aspect warrants further study. The prevalence of NoV infection in our study was 7z, with GII.4 and GII.12 being predominant genotypes. These findings are consistent with a previous study performed in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam during 2005 and 2006 (39) and suggest that these NoV genotypes were prevalent in southern Vietnam in that period. In accordance with previous reports (33,39), NoV GI was not detected in our study, although we identified one rare NoV GII.19 using partial capsid sequence analysis, which was the first case in Vietnam. This genotype had previously only been reported in the USA (15) and Japan (40). Phylogenetic analysis of the P2 region of GII.4 strains allowed us to classify two representative samples intogii.42003asiavariant,suggestingthatanepidemic of this GII.4 variant occurred throughout Asia, including Vietnam. In conclusion, we have analyzed the prevalence of RV and NoV and shown that these viruses are important causal agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children in Vietnam. Furthermore our detection of numerous genotypes of these viruses suggests that continuous surveillance and genetic analysis of gastroenteritis viruses is required in order to monitor and characterize the epidemiological correlation or possible antigenic changes in epidemic strains. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Shinohara of Saitama Institute of Public Health, Japan, who kindly provided the primers for the nucleotide sequence analysis of P2 region of norovirus. Conflict of interest None to declare. REFERECES 1. Bryce, J., Boschi-Pinto, C., Shibuya, K., et al. (2005): WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet, 365, Centers for Disease, Control and Prevention (2008): Rotavirus surveillance worldwide, Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 57, Fischer, T.K., Anh, D.D., Antil, L., et al. (2005): Health care costs of diarrheal disease and estimates of the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Vietnam. J. Infect. Dis., 192, Van Man, N., Luan, L., Trach, D.D., et al. (2005): Epidemiological profile and burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Vietnam: 5 years of sentinel hospital surveillance, J. Infect. Dis., 192, S127-S Solberg, O.D., Hasing, M.E., Trueba, G., et al. (2009): Characterization of novel VP7, VP4, and VP6 genotypes of a previously untypeable group A rotavirus. Virology, 385, Santos, N. and Hoshino, Y. (2005): Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev. Med. Virol., 15, Man, N.V., Trang, N.V., Lien, H.P., et al. (2001): The epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus in Vietnam: sentinel surveillance at 6 hospitals. J. Infect. Dis., 183, Nagashima, S., Kobayashi, N., Paul, S., et al. (2009): Characterization of full-length VP4 genes of OP354-like P[8] human rotavirus strains detected in Bangladesh representing a novel P[8] subtype. Arch. Virol., 154, Samajdar, S., Ghosh, S., Dutta, D., et al. (2008): Human group A rotavirus P[8] Hun9-like and rare OP354-like strains are circulating among diarrhoeic children in Eastern India. Arch. Virol., 153, Cunliffe, N.A., Gondwe, J.S., Graham, S.M., et al. (2001): Rotavirus strain diversity in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to J. Clin. Microbiol., 39, Nguyen, T.A., Hoang, L.P., Pham, L.D., et al. (2008): Use of sequence analysis of the VP4 gene to classify recent Vietnamese rotavirus isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 14, Theamboonlers, A., Bhattarakosol, P., Chongsrisawat, V., et al. (2008): Molecular characterization of group A human rotaviruses in Bangkok and Buriram, Thailand during reveals the predominance of G1P[8], G9P[8] and a rare G3P[19] strain. Virus Genes, 36, Patel, M.M., Widdowson, M.-A., Glass, R.I., et al. (2008): Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14, Koopmans, M. (2008): Progress in understanding norovirus epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 21, Zheng, D.P., Ando, T., Fankhauser, R.L., et al. (2006): Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology, 346,
7 16. Katayama, K., Shirato-Horikoshi, H., Kojima, S., et al. (2002): Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of 18 Norwalk-like viruses. Virology, 299, Okada, M., Ogawa, T., Kaiho, I., et al. (2005): Genetic analysis of noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, Kageyama, T., Shinohara, M., Uchida, K., et al. (2004): Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol., 42, Siebenga, J.J., Vennema, H., Renckens, B., et al. (2007): Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to J. Virol., 81, Gouvea, V., Glass, R.I., Woods, P., et al. (1990): Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 28, Gentsch, J.R., Glass, R.I., Woods, P., et al. (1992): Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol., 30, Iturriza-Gomara, M., Kang, G. and Gray, J. (2004): Rotavirus genotyping: keeping up with an evolving population of human rotaviruses. J. Clin. Virol., 31, Iturriza-Gomara, M., Green, J., Brown, D.W.G., et al. (2000): Diversity within the VP4 gene of rotavirus P8 strains: implications for reverse transcription-pcr genotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, Yan, H.N., Yagyu, F., Okitsu, S., et al. (2003): Detection of norovirus (GI, GII), Sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J. Virol. Methods, 114, Kojima, S., Kageyama, T., Fukushi, S., et al. (2002): Genogroupspecific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses. J. Virol. Methods, 100, Kageyama, T., Kojima, S., Shinohara, M., et al. (2003): Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-pcr. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, Shinohara, M., Shimada, S., Uchida, K., et al. (2006): Genetic analysis of P2 subdomain of norovirus strains detected in Saitama prefecture, Ann. Rep. Saitama Inst. Public Health, 40, (in Japanese). 28. Kumar, S., Tamura, K. and Nei, M. (2004): MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief. Bioinform., 5, Anh, D.D., Thiem, V.D., Fischer, T.K., et al. (2006): The burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam: baseline assessment for a rotavirus vaccine trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 25, Nishio, O., Matsui, K., Lan, D.T.P., et al. (2000): Rotavirus infection among infants with diarrhea in Vietnam. Pediatr. Int., 42, Nguyen, T.V., Le Van, P., Le Huy, C., et al. (2004): Diarrhea caused by rotavirus in children less than 5 years of age in Hanoi, Vietnam. J. Clin. Microbiol., 42, Nguyen, T.V., Le Van, P., Le Huy, C., et al. (2006): Etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 10, Nguyen, T.A., Yagyu, F., Okame, M., et al. (2007): Diversity of viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J. Med. Virol., 79, Nguyen, T.A., Khamrin, P., Takanashi, S., et al. (2007): Evaluation of immunochromatography tests for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among Vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis and the emergence of a novel norovirus GII.4 variant. J. Trop. Pediatr., 53, Bodhidatta, L., Lan, N.T.P., Hien, B.T., et al. (2007): Rotavirus disease in young children from Hanoi, Vietnam. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 26, Ngo, T., Nguyen, B., Dang, D., et al. (2009): Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea among children in Haiphong, Vietnam: the emergence of G3 rotavirus. Vaccine, 27 (Suppl. 5), F Trinh, Q.D., Pham, N.T.K., Nguyen, T.A., et al. (2007): Amino acid substitutions in the VP7 protein of human rotavirus G3 isolated in China, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam during J. Med. Virol., 79, Wang, Y.H., Kobayashi, N., Zhou, D.J., et al. (2007): Molecular epidemiologicanalysisofgrouparotavirusesinadultsandchildren with diarrhea in Wuhan city, China, Arch. Virol., 152, Nguyen, T.A., Hoang, L., Pham, L.D., et al. (2008): Norovirus and sapovirus infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during J. Trop. Pediatr., 54, Ozawa, K., Oka, T., Takeda, N., et al. (2007): Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol., 45,
c Tuj1(-) apoptotic live 1 DIV 2 DIV 1 DIV 2 DIV Tuj1(+) Tuj1/GFP/DAPI Tuj1 DAPI GFP
Supplementary Figure 1 Establishment of the gain- and loss-of-function experiments and cell survival assays. a Relative expression of mature mir-484 30 20 10 0 **** **** NCP mir- 484P NCP mir- 484P b Relative
More informationSupplementary Table 3. 3 UTR primer sequences. Primer sequences used to amplify and clone the 3 UTR of each indicated gene are listed.
Supplemental Figure 1. DLKI-DIO3 mirna/mrna complementarity. Complementarity between the indicated DLK1-DIO3 cluster mirnas and the UTR of SOX2, SOX9, HIF1A, ZEB1, ZEB2, STAT3 and CDH1with mirsvr and PhastCons
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz J-P, et al. Motesanib diphosphate
More informationSupplementary Document
Supplementary Document 1. Supplementary Table legends 2. Supplementary Figure legends 3. Supplementary Tables 4. Supplementary Figures 5. Supplementary References 1. Supplementary Table legends Suppl.
More informationSupplemental Data. Shin et al. Plant Cell. (2012) /tpc YFP N
MYC YFP N PIF5 YFP C N-TIC TIC Supplemental Data. Shin et al. Plant Cell. ()..5/tpc..95 Supplemental Figure. TIC interacts with MYC in the nucleus. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay using
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 a
Supplementary Figure a Normalized expression/tbp (A.U.).6... Trip-br transcripts Trans Trans Trans b..5. Trip-br Ctrl LPS Normalized expression/tbp (A.U.) c Trip-br transcripts. adipocytes.... Trans Trans
More informationTable S1. Oligonucleotides used for the in-house RT-PCR assays targeting the M, H7 or N9. Assay (s) Target Name Sequence (5 3 ) Comments
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION 2 3 Table S. Oligonucleotides used for the in-house RT-PCR assays targeting the M, H7 or N9 genes. Assay (s) Target Name Sequence (5 3 ) Comments CDC M InfA Forward (NS), CDC M
More informationNature Structural & Molecular Biology: doi: /nsmb Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 U1 inhibition causes a shift of RNA-seq reads from exons to introns. (a) Evidence for the high purity of 4-shU-labeled RNAs used for RNA-seq. HeLa cells transfected with control
More informationa) Primary cultures derived from the pancreas of an 11-week-old Pdx1-Cre; K-MADM-p53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Supplementary Figure 1. Induction of p53 LOH by MADM. a) Primary cultures derived from the pancreas of an 11-week-old Pdx1-Cre; K-MADM-p53 mouse revealed increased p53 KO/KO (green,
More informationSupplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials 1 Supplementary Table 1. List of primers used for quantitative PCR analysis. Gene name Gene symbol Accession IDs Sequence range Product Primer sequences size (bp) β-actin Actb gi
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. ROS induces rapid Sod1 nuclear localization in a dosagedependent manner. WT yeast cells (SZy1051) were treated with 4NQO at
Supplementary Figure 1. ROS induces rapid Sod1 nuclear localization in a dosagedependent manner. WT yeast cells (SZy1051) were treated with 4NQO at different concentrations for 30 min and analyzed for
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 MicroRNA expression in human synovial fibroblasts from different locations. MicroRNA, which were identified by RNAseq as most
Supplementary Figure 1 MicroRNA expression in human synovial fibroblasts from different locations. MicroRNA, which were identified by RNAseq as most differentially expressed between human synovial fibroblasts
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Oosterveer, M. H. (2009). Control of metabolic flux by nutrient sensors Groningen: s.n.
University of Groningen Control of metabolic flux by nutrient sensors Oosterveer, Maaike IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it.
More informationPhylogenetic analysis of human and chicken importins. Only five of six importins were studied because
Supplementary Figure S1 Phylogenetic analysis of human and chicken importins. Only five of six importins were studied because importin-α6 was shown to be testis-specific. Human and chicken importin protein
More informationBIOLOGY 621 Identification of the Snorks
Name: Date: Block: BIOLOGY 621 Identification of the Snorks INTRODUCTION: In this simulation activity, you will examine the DNA sequence of a fictitious organism - the Snork. Snorks were discovered on
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1. H3F3B expression in lung cancer. a. Comparison of H3F3B expression in relapsed and non-relapsed lung cancer patients. b. Prognosis of two groups of lung cancer
More informationAbbreviations: P- paraffin-embedded section; C, cryosection; Bio-SA, biotin-streptavidin-conjugated fluorescein amplification.
Supplementary Table 1. Sequence of primers for real time PCR. Gene Forward primer Reverse primer S25 5 -GTG GTC CAC ACT ACT CTC TGA GTT TC-3 5 - GAC TTT CCG GCA TCC TTC TTC-3 Mafa cds 5 -CTT CAG CAA GGA
More informationFigure S1. Analysis of genomic and cdna sequences of the targeted regions in WT-KI and
Figure S1. Analysis of genomic and sequences of the targeted regions in and indicated mutant KI cells, with WT and corresponding mutant sequences underlined. (A) cells; (B) K21E-KI cells; (C) D33A-KI cells;
More informationToluidin-Staining of mast cells Ear tissue was fixed with Carnoy (60% ethanol, 30% chloroform, 10% acetic acid) overnight at 4 C, afterwards
Toluidin-Staining of mast cells Ear tissue was fixed with Carnoy (60% ethanol, 30% chloroform, 10% acetic acid) overnight at 4 C, afterwards incubated in 100 % ethanol overnight at 4 C and embedded in
More informationSupplementary Table 2. Conserved regulatory elements in the promoters of CD36.
Supplementary Table 1. RT-qPCR primers for CD3, PPARg and CEBP. Assay Forward Primer Reverse Primer 1A CAT TTG TGG CCT TGT GCT CTT TGA TGA GTC ACA GAA AGA ATC AAT TC 1B AGG AAA TGA ACT GAT GAG TCA CAG
More informationCD31 5'-AGA GAC GGT CTT GTC GCA GT-3' 5 ' -TAC TGG GCT TCG AGA GCA GT-3'
Table S1. The primer sets used for real-time RT-PCR analysis. Gene Forward Reverse VEGF PDGFB TGF-β MCP-1 5'-GTT GCA GCA TGA ATC TGA GG-3' 5'-GGA GAC TCT TCG AGG AGC ACT T-3' 5'-GAA TCA GGC ATC GAG AGA
More information*To whom correspondence should be addressed. This PDF file includes:
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1212182/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Partial Retraction to Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue
More informationNucleotide Sequence of the Australian Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 RNA Segment 10
J. gen. Virol. (1988), 69, 945-949. Printed in Great Britain 945 Key words: BTV/genome segment lo/nucleotide sequence Nucleotide Sequence of the Australian Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 RNA Segment 10 By
More informationChronic shedders as reservoir for nosocomial. transmission of norovirus
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 1 September 2010 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.01308-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi: 10.1038/nature05883 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplemental Figure 1 Prostaglandin agonists and antagonists alter runx1/cmyb expression. a-e, Embryos were exposed to (b) PGE2 and (c) PGI2 (20μM) and
More informationA smart acid nanosystem for ultrasensitive. live cell mrna imaging by the target-triggered intracellular self-assembly
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 A smart ZnO@polydopamine-nucleic acid nanosystem for ultrasensitive live cell mrna imaging
More informationCulture Density (OD600) 0.1. Culture Density (OD600) Culture Density (OD600) Culture Density (OD600) Culture Density (OD600)
A. B. C. D. E. PA JSRI JSRI 2 PA DSAM DSAM 2 DSAM 3 PA LNAP LNAP 2 LNAP 3 PAO Fcor Fcor 2 Fcor 3 PAO Wtho Wtho 2 Wtho 3 Wtho 4 DTSB Low Iron 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 22 DTSB Low Iron 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 22 DTSB
More informationNature Immunology: doi: /ni.3836
Supplementary Figure 1 Recombinant LIGHT-VTP induces pericyte contractility and endothelial cell activation. (a) Western blot showing purification steps for full length murine LIGHT-VTP (CGKRK) protein:
More informationNoronet report, April 2013
Noronet report, April 2013 Janko van Beek, Annelies Kroneman, Harry Vennema, Marion Koopmans National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands The major aim of Noronet
More informationSupplementary Information. Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by. modulating the gut microbiota
Supplementary Information Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota Xiufen Li 1,2, Juan Guo 1, Kailong Ji 1,2, and Ping Zhang 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Lats1/2 deleted ihbs and ihps showed decreased transcripts of hepatocyte related genes (a and b) Western blots (a) and recombination PCR (b) of control and
More informationwww.lessonplansinc.com Topic: Protein Synthesis - Sentence Activity Summary: Students will simulate transcription and translation by building a sentence/polypeptide from words/amino acids. Goals & Objectives:
More informationSupplementary Figure 1a
Supplementary Figure 1a Hours: E-cadherin TGF-β On TGF-β Off 0 12 24 36 48 24 48 72 Vimentin βactin Fig. S1a. Treatment of AML12 cells with TGF-β induces EMT. Treatment of AML12 cells with TGF-β results
More informationResearch Article Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus in Korea in 2013
BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 468304, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/468304 Research Article Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus in Korea in 2013 Jae-Seok Kim, Hyun
More informationAstaxanthin prevents and reverses diet-induced insulin resistance and. steatohepatitis in mice: A comparison with vitamin E
Supplementary Information Astaxanthin prevents and reverses diet-induced insulin resistance and steatohepatitis in mice: A comparison with vitamin E Yinhua Ni, 1,2 Mayumi Nagashimada, 1 Fen Zhuge, 1 Lili
More informationBeta Thalassemia Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Spring 2015
Bioinformatics in Medical Product Development SMPD 287 Three Beta Thalassemia Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Hemoglobin Outline Anatomy of a gene Hemoglobinopathies
More informationViral Agents of Paediatric Gastroenteritis
Viral Agents of Paediatric Gastroenteritis Dr Carl Kirkwood -------------------- Enteric Virus Research Group Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Royal Children s Hospital Victoria. WHO Collaborating
More informationBHP 2-7 and Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium (Hyclone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 2mM L-glutamine, and 100 U/mL
1 2 3 4 Materials and Methods Cell culture BHP 2-7 and Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium (Hyclone) 5 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 2mM L-glutamine, and 100 U/mL 6 penicillin-streptomycin.
More informationAn update on the laboratory detection and epidemiology of astrovirus, adenovirus, sapovirus, and enterovirus in gastrointestinal disease
An update on the laboratory detection and epidemiology of astrovirus, adenovirus, sapovirus, and enterovirus in gastrointestinal disease Christopher McIver, Principal Hospital Scientist, Microbiology Department
More informationIsolation and Genetic Characterization of New Reassortant H3N1 Swine Influenza Virus from Pigs in the Midwestern United States
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 2006, p. 5092 5096 Vol. 80, No. 10 0022-538X/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.80.10.5092 5096.2006 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Isolation
More informationA basic helix loop helix transcription factor controls cell growth
A basic helix loop helix transcription factor controls cell growth and size in root hairs Keke Yi 1,2, Benoît Menand 1,3, Elizabeth Bell 1, Liam Dolan 1,4 Supplementary note Low soil phosphate availability
More informationCharacterizing intra-host influenza virus populations to predict emergence
Characterizing intra-host influenza virus populations to predict emergence June 12, 2012 Forum on Microbial Threats Washington, DC Elodie Ghedin Center for Vaccine Research Dept. Computational & Systems
More informationSupplemental Information. Th17 Lymphocytes Induce Neuronal. Cell Death in a Human ipsc-based. Model of Parkinson's Disease
Cell Stem Cell, Volume 23 Supplemental Information Th17 Lymphocytes Induce Neuronal Cell Death in a Human ipsc-based Model of Parkinson's Disease Annika Sommer, Franz Maxreiter, Florian Krach, Tanja Fadler,
More informationPatterns of hemagglutinin evolution and the epidemiology of influenza
2 8 US Annual Mortality Rate All causes Infectious Disease Patterns of hemagglutinin evolution and the epidemiology of influenza DIMACS Working Group on Genetics and Evolution of Pathogens, 25 Nov 3 Deaths
More informationViral Causes Of Gastroenteritis In The Era Of Widespread Rotavirus Vaccination
Yale University EliScholar A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine January 2016 Viral Causes Of Gastroenteritis In The Era Of Widespread
More informationBeta Thalassemia Case Study Introduction to Bioinformatics
Beta Thalassemia Case Study Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA sami.khuri@sjsu.edu www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/khuri Outline v Hemoglobin v Alpha
More informationCIRCRESAHA/2004/098145/R1 - ONLINE 1. Validation by Semi-quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR
CIRCRESAHA/2004/098145/R1 - ONLINE 1 Expanded Materials and Methods Validation by Semi-quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR Expression patterns of 13 genes (Online Table 2), selected with respect
More informationNorovirus and Sapovirus Infections among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during
Norovirus and Sapovirus Infections among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during 2005 2006 by Tuan Anh Nguyen, a,b LePhuc Hoang, c Le Duc Pham, c Kim Trong Hoang, a,b Shoko Okitsu,
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Biology is different in small volumes: endogenous signals shape phenotype of primary hepatocytes cultured in microfluidic channels Amranul Haque, Pantea Gheibi, Yandong Gao, Elena
More informationPrevalence and Molecular characterization of the Human Rotavirus strains detected in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis at Wardha
International Journal of Current Research in Medical Sciences ISSN: 2454-5716 www.ijcrims.com Volume 2, Issue 2-2016 Original Research Article http://s-o-i.org/1.15/ijcrms-2016-2-2-6 Prevalence and Molecular
More informationRelationship of the APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster and APOB gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia
elationship of the APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster and APOB gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia H.J. Ou 1, G. Huang 2, W. Liu 3, X.L. Ma 2, Y. Wei 4, T. Zhou 5 and Z.M. Pan 3 1 Department of Neurology, The
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Malapeira et al. 10.1073/pnas.1217022110 SI Materials and Methods Plant Material and Growth Conditions. A. thaliana seedlings were stratified at 4 C in the dark for 3 d on Murashige
More informationLezione 10. Sommario. Bioinformatica. Lezione 10: Sintesi proteica Synthesis of proteins Central dogma: DNA makes RNA makes proteins Genetic code
Lezione 10 Bioinformatica Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Lezione 10: Sintesi proteica Synthesis of proteins Dip. Informatica e Automazione Università Roma Tre Dip. Medicina Clinica Università La Sapienza
More informationA study on the possibility of zoonotic infection in rotaviral diarrhoea among calves and buffalo calves in and around Kolkata, India
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2009; 13: 7-11 A study on the possibility of zoonotic infection in rotaviral diarrhoea among calves and buffalo calves in and around Kolkata, India
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1: Cryopreservation alters CD62L expression by CD4 T cells. Freshly isolated (left) or cryopreserved PBMCs (right) were stained with the mix of antibodies described
More informationJournal of Cell Science Supplementary information. Arl8b +/- Arl8b -/- Inset B. electron density. genotype
J. Cell Sci. : doi:.4/jcs.59: Supplementary information E9. A Arl8b /- Arl8b -/- Arl8b Arl8b non-specific band Gapdh Tbp E7.5 HE Inset B D Control al am hf C E Arl8b -/- al am hf E8.5 F low middle high
More informationMOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON NOROVIRUS INFECTION IN TWO DISTINCT HOSPITALS IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND,
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON NOROVIRUS INFECTION IN TWO DISTINCT HOSPITALS IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND, 2013-2015 Ratigorn Guntapong 1,*, Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat
More informationSupplemental Information. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Neutralize. the Anti-tumor Effect of CSF1 Receptor Blockade
Cancer Cell, Volume 32 Supplemental Information Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Neutralize the Anti-tumor Effect of CSF1 Receptor Blockade by Inducing PMN-MDSC Infiltration of Tumors Vinit Kumar, Laxminarasimha
More informationRecommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness
World Health Organization Recommended laboratory tests to identify influenza A/H5 virus in specimens from patients with an influenza-like illness General information Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
More informationSequence analysis for VP4 of enterovirus 71 isolated in Beijing during 2007 to 2008
16 2009 3 4 1 Journal of Microbes and Infection, March 2009, Vol. 4, No. 1 2007 2008 71 VP4 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2 1., 100730; 2., 100020 : 2007 2008 71 ( EV71), 2007 3 EV71( 1, 2 ) 2008 5 EV71(
More informationSupplementary Materials and Methods
DD2 suppresses tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cells by limiting cancer stem cell population Chunhua Han et al. Supplementary Materials and Methods Analysis of publicly available datasets: To analyze
More informationEpidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices
Epidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices A. Carducci, M. Verani, R. Battistini, F. Pizzi, E. Rovini, E. Andreoli and B. Casini Department
More informationThe Emergence of Rotavirus G12 and the Prevalence of Enteric Viruses in Hospitalized Pediatric Diarrheal Patients in Southern Vietnam
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85(4), 2011, pp. 768 775 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0364 Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene The Emergence of Rotavirus G12 and the Prevalence
More informationCross-talk between mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II signaling for cardiac
ONLINE SUPPLEMENT TO Crosstalk between mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II signaling for cardiac remodeling An Di ZHANG,,3, Aurelie NGUYEN DINH CAT*,,3, Christelle SOUKASEUM *,,3, Brigitte ESCOUBET, 4,
More informationExpression of Selected Inflammatory Cytokine Genes in Bladder Biopsies
Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (2013) 3(2): 15-20 Expression of Selected Inflammatory Cytokine Genes in Bladder Biopsies EDMUND UI-HANG SIM *1, NUR DIANA ANUAR 2, TENG-AIK ONG 3, GUAN-
More informationPrevalence and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Outpatient Children with Acute Diarrhea in Shanghai, China
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 64, 417-422, 2011 Original Article Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Outpatient Children with Acute Diarrhea in Shanghai, China Zeng Mei, Gong Zhixiang 1,2, Zhang Yuxia
More informationTetR repressor-based bioreporters for the detection of doxycycline using Escherichia
Supplementary materials TetR repressor-based bioreporters for the detection of doxycycline using Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter oleivorans Hyerim Hong and Woojun Park * Department of Environmental
More informationPlasmids Western blot analysis and immunostaining Flow Cytometry Cell surface biotinylation RNA isolation and cdna synthesis
Plasmids psuper-retro-s100a10 shrna1 was constructed by cloning the dsdna oligo 5 -GAT CCC CGT GGG CTT CCA GAG CTT CTT TCA AGA GAA GAA GCT CTG GAA GCC CAC TTT TTA-3 and 5 -AGC TTA AAA AGT GGG CTT CCA GAG
More informationEnhanced detection and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Original article http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.11.424 Korean J Pediatr 2012;55(11):424-429 eissn 1738-1061 pissn 2092-7258 Enhanced detection and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using multiplex
More informationNoronet report, April 2014
Noronet report, April 2014 Janko van Beek, Annelies Kroneman, Harry Vennema, Marion Koopmans A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 3721 MA Bilthoven Postbus 1 3720 BA Bilthoven www.rivm.nl T 030 274 91 11 F 030 274
More informationDetection of Human Enteric Viruses in Japanese Clams
1689 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 71, No. 8, 2008, Pages 1689 1695 Copyright, International Association for Food Protection Research Note Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Japanese Clams GRANT
More informationBaseline clinical characteristics for the 81 CMML patients Routine diagnostic testing and statistical analyses... 3
Next-Generation Sequencing Technology Reveals a Characteristic Pattern of Molecular Mutations in 72.8% of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) by Detecting Frequent Alterations in TET2, CBL, RAS, and
More informationCancer Genetics 204 (2011) 45e52
Cancer Genetics 204 (2011) 45e52 Exon scanning by reverse transcriptaseepolymerase chain reaction for detection of known and novel EML4eALK fusion variants in nonesmall cell lung cancer Heather R. Sanders
More informationLongitudinal Studies of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rotavirus in Stools and Sera of Children following Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Nov. 1998, p. 897 901 Vol. 5, No. 6 1071-412X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Longitudinal Studies of
More informationDetection of 549 new HLA alleles in potential stem cell donors from the United States, Poland and Germany
HLA ISSN 2059-2302 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Detection of 549 new HLA alleles in potential stem cell donors from the United States, Poland and Germany C. J. Hernández-Frederick 1, N. Cereb 2,A.S.Giani 1, J.
More informationResistance to Tetracycline Antibiotics by Wangrong Yang, Ian F. Moore, Kalinka P. Koteva, Donald W. Hughes, David C. Bareich and Gerard D. Wright.
Supplementary Data for TetX is a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Conferring Resistance to Tetracycline Antibiotics by Wangrong Yang, Ian F. Moore, Kalinka P. Koteva, Donald W. Hughes, David C. Bareich and
More informationThe Clinical Performance of Primary HPV Screening, Primary HPV Screening Plus Cytology Cotesting, and Cytology Alone at a Tertiary Care Hospital
The Clinical Performance of Primary HPV Screening, Primary HPV Screening Plus Cytology Cotesting, and Cytology Alone at a Tertiary Care Hospital Jung-Woo Choi MD, PhD; Younghye Kim MD, PhD; Ju-Han Lee
More informationFinding protein sites where resistance has evolved
Finding protein sites where resistance has evolved The amino acid (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates Please sit in row K or forward The Berlin patient: first person cured of HIV Contracted HIV
More informationDetermination of Human Sapovirus Genotypes Causing Gastroenteritis in Children under Five Years in Baghdad
Journal of AlNahrain University Vol.20 (3), September, 2017, pp.121126 Science Determination of Human Sapovirus Genotypes Causing Gastroenteritis in Children under Five Years in Baghdad Nadira Salman Mohamed
More informationExistence of reassortant A (H1N2) swine influenza viruses in Saitama Prefecture, Japan
International Congress Series 1263 (2004) 749 753 Existence of reassortant A (H1N2) swine influenza viruses in Saitama Prefecture, Japan Shin ichi Shimada a, *, Takayasu Ohtsuka b, Masayuki Tanaka b, Munehito
More informationGenetic diversity of noroviruses in Taiwan between November 2004 and March 2005
Arch Virol (2006) 151: 1319 1327 DOI 10.1007/s00705-005-0717-4 Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Taiwan between November 2004 and March 2005 F.-T. Wu 1, T. Oka 2, K. Katayama 2, H.-S. Wu 1, D.-S. Donald
More informationNorovirus Infections in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Food Handlers in Japan
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 2007, p. 3996 4005 Vol. 45, No. 12 0095-1137/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.01516-07 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Norovirus
More informationPredominant Human Rotavirus Genotype G1 P[8] Infection in Infants and Children in Bangkok, Thailand
IASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY (2001) 19: 49-53 Predominant Human Rotavirus Genotype G1 P[8] Infection in Infants and Children in Bangkok, Thailand Suwanna Noppornpanth 1, Apiradee Theamboonlers
More informationSupporting Information. Mutational analysis of a phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster in
Supporting Information for Mutational analysis of a phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces anulatus 9663 Orwah Saleh 1, Katrin Flinspach 1, Lucia Westrich 1, Andreas Kulik 2, Bertolt Gust
More informationDetection and Genomic Characterization of Aichi Viruses in Stool Samples from Children in Monastir, Tunisia
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 27 May 2009 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.00913-09 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationSupplementary Material Hofko M et al., Detection of carbapenemases by real-time PCR and melt-curve analysis on the BD MAX TM System
Supplementary Material Hofko M et al., Detection of carbapenemases by real-time PCR and melt-curve analysis on the BD MAX TM System Supplementary Material and Methods Characterization of isolates by the
More informationMutation Screening and Association Studies of the Human UCP 3 Gene in Normoglycemic and NIDDM Morbidly Obese Patients
Mutation Screening and Association Studies of the Human UCP 3 Gene in Normoglycemic and NIDDM Morbidly Obese Patients Shuichi OTABE, Karine CLEMENT, Séverine DUBOIS, Frederic LEPRETRE, Veronique PELLOUX,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY DATA. Supplementary Table 1. Primer sequences for qrt-pcr
Supplementary Table 1. Primer sequences for qrt-pcr Gene PRDM16 UCP1 PGC1α Dio2 Elovl3 Cidea Cox8b PPARγ AP2 mttfam CyCs Nampt NRF1 16s-rRNA Hexokinase 2, intron 9 β-actin Primer Sequences 5'-CCA CCA GCG
More informationMutation analysis of a Chinese family with oculocutaneous albinism
/, 2016, Vol. 7, (No. 51), pp: 84981-84988 Mutation analysis of a Chinese family with oculocutaneous albinism Xiong Wang 1, Yaowu Zhu 1, Na Shen 1, Jing Peng 1, Chunyu Wang 1, Haiyi Liu 2, Yanjun Lu 1
More informationJournal of Microbes and Infection,June 2007,Vol 2,No. 2. (HBsAg)2 , (PCR) 1762/ 1764
68 2007 6 2 2 Journal of Microbes and Infection,June 2007,Vol 2,No. 2 2 S 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 (HBsAg)2 ( YIC) S 5 30g 60g YIC ( HBV) DNA > 2 log10 e (HBeAg), 6 DNA, 1 YIC 1, (PCR) (0 ) (44 ) HBV DNA S 2, S a
More informationViral quantification and filogenetic analysis Chikungunya virus strains imported to Italy Antonino Di Caro
Viral quantification a filogenetic analysis Chikungunya virus strains imported to Italy Antonino Di Caro National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome BACKGROUND 1 Since 2005, more than
More informationDescription of Supplementary Files. File Name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary Tables
Description of Supplementary Files File Name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary Tables Supplementary Figure 1: (A), HCT116 IDH1-WT and IDH1-R132H cells were
More informationMultiplex Assay for Simultaneously Typing and Subtyping Influenza Viruses by Use of an Electronic Microarray
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 2009, p. 390 396 Vol. 47, No. 2 0095-1137/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.01807-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Multiplex Assay
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL METHODS Cell culture RNA extraction and analysis Immunohistochemical analysis and laser capture microdissection (LCM)
SUPPLEMENTAL METHODS Cell culture Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy donors by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Monocyte differentiation to resting macrophages ()
More informationReceived 24 March 2011/Returned for modification 6 May 2011/Accepted 6 July 2011
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2011, p. 3154 3162 Vol. 49, No. 9 0095-1137/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jcm.00599-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Evaluation
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Metastatic melanoma Primary melanoma Healthy human skin Supplementary Figure 1 CD22 IgG4 Supplementary Figure 1: Immunohisochemical analysis of CD22+ (left) and IgG4 (right), cells (shown in red and indicated
More informationNucleotide diversity of the TNF gene region in an African village
(2001) 2, 343 348 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1466-4879/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/gene Nucleotide diversity of the TNF gene region in an African village A Richardson 1, F Sisay-Joof
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 3 3 3 1 1 Bregma -1.6mm 3 : Bregma Ref) Http://www.mbl.org/atlas165/atlas165_start.html Bregma -.18mm Supplementary Figure 1 Schematic representation of the utilized brain slice
More informationLoyer, et al. microrna-21 contributes to NASH Suppl 1/15
Loyer, et al. microrna-21 contributes to NASH Suppl 1/15 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Liver MicroRNA-21 is Overexpressed in Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Contributes to the Disease in Experimental Models
More informationMolecular and Epidemiologic Trends of Caliciviruses Associated with Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United States,
MAJOR ARTICLE Molecular and Epidemiologic Trends of Caliciviruses Associated with Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000 2004 Lenee H. Blanton, 1,2,a Susan M. Adams, 1,2,a R. Suzanne
More information