- DO NOT COPY -! THIS ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR IS FOR! REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY!
|
|
- Felicity Crawford
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 - DO NOT COPY - THIS ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY Many organisations, including awarding bodies, use software to check that your content is original. Use this assignment exemplar as a reference to guide you when compiling your own original work. Level 4 Assignment Exemplar 2 Counselling theory Student: xxxxxx Word count total 3595 Bibliography 151 Titles and quotes 231 Actual words used 3364 (Excluding titles, bibliography & references) 1. The historical development and basic philosophy of the main therapeutic model used by the centre Carl Ranson Rogers, 8th January , is credited as founding the person centered approach (PCA). Rogers felt frustrated with the analytical approaches, where therapists hide behind diagnostic theory. Following work with children in Rochester, Rogers experienced a fundamental change captured by this quote. "In my early professional years I was asking the question: How can I treat, or cure, or change this person? Now I would phrase the question in this way: How can I provide a relationship which this person may use for his own personal growth? Carl R Rogers LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 1
2 Thus began a quiet revolution of non-directive therapy that put trust in the client. Based on humanistic philosophy, considered to be a third force after Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis, Rodgers developed a non-interpretive model with the client as the expert. The presence of six necessary and sufficient conditions, encourages clients to self actuate, towards being a fully functioning person. Self actualisation was the theory of Abraham Maslow famous for his hierarchy of needs. Maslow theorised we all have a biological and social needs. When these needs are satisfied we can move on, or actualise, to the next goal. Rogers also drew on influence from Rollo May , considered the father of existential psychotherapy, who theorized people are an organized bundle of potentialities. Otto Rank and Charlotte Buhler also influenced the foundations of the PCA model. 2. The key concepts, principles and practice of the model, including a critical appraisal of its validity, relevance and effectiveness PCA is based on humanistic philosophy that all people are born good. PCA is a way of being that s more about the counsellor s attitudes, character and relationship with a client, than academic qualification. PCA is phenomenological meaning, we view the world as a sum of our experiences, needs, history and expectations and this becomes our subjective reality. Based on client autonomy and equality between the practitioner and the client where the client holds the answers and sets the pace and agenda. It is argued that this is an idealist, over optimistic view of human nature and that allowing the client to direct, puts a non skilled individual at the wheel and robs them of the theoretical information available in the psychodynamic and behavioral models. The PCA therapist acts as a non-authoritarian facilitator as the client moves from incongruence and rigidity through seven stages of process to a state of fluidity and acceptance resulting in a more accepting, fully functioning person. Carl Rogers famously identified six very specific conditions that bring about client change that he labeled, necessary and sufficient. Brian Mearns and David Thorne later named empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence as the core conditions. The core conditions are the client s conditions needed for growth and the remaining three, outlined below, are the counsellor s conditions, or the lost conditions, because they are sometimes overlooked. If we fail to recognise the hidden conditions, we run the risk of not checking that the process is working. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 2
3 "Thus the relationship which I have found helpful is characterized by a sort of transparency on my part, in which my real feelings are evident; by an acceptance of this other person as a separate person with value in his own right; and by a deep empathic understanding which enables me to see his private world through his eyes. When these conditions are achieved, I become a companion to my client, accompanying him in the frightening search for himself, which he now feels free to undertake." Carl R Rogers 1. Two persons are in psychological contact The client is present in the relationship and understands their involvement in a therapeutic relationship. It s important to check with the client that they can work with you. An example is a female who was abused as a child by a male; she may display emotional issues and be referred to me by her Doctor without him checking if she is ok to work with a male. If she feels uncomfortable with me we may not form psychological contact. This renders PCA ineffective in treating psychotic clients, clients impaired under the influence of drugs and alcohol or those that are catatonic thus limiting the clients a PCA therapist can work with. 2. The first, who we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. The client comes into counselling in a state of distress, feelings within them may be mismatched causing turmoil. If the client feels no incongruence, it may be worth exploring whether the client has come of their own free will. I have had an example where parents brought their 19 year old son. They were concerned that he wanted to lie in bed all day and not get a job. When I spoke to the son, he was quite happy with his life, no counselling was offered. 3. The second person, who we shall term the counsellor, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. The therapist is committed and present, being as transparent, authentic and as truthful as is appropriate. PCA encourages integration at a deep level, immediacy is truthfully bringing your feelings to the client unfiltered, this helps develop emotional depth. The danger of this level of unfiltered congruence is that it can backfire; the comment may be incorrect or inappropriate. 4. The counsellor experiences unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client. The practitioner must fully embrace the whole being of the client without judgment or agenda. The client-counsellor relationship is fragile and can fracture if the counsellor has prejudice or does not fully understand the client s diversity in customs, sexuality, religion or frame of reference. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 3
4 5. The counsellor experiences an empathic understanding of the client s internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The therapist enters the client s world being fully emerged in their frame of reference and stands with them in their internal, subjective world no matter how hard the going gets, it s important that the client feels this. The counsellor runs the risk of sometimes getting it wrong, with no textbook theory to hide behind. It is then necessary to attempt to repair the fracture. The Counsellor is only human. 6. The communication to the client of the counsellor s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. If the client doesn t feel prized or understood, they will not trust, relational depth will not come, the client will feel alone and vulnerable. It is therefore important to communicate understanding. To say the 6 conditions are necessary and sufficient means nothing else is needed; this is a main criticism of the PCA. Other modalities adopt aspects of the 6 conditions but do not deem them necessary or sufficient. PCA theorises that clients naturally actualise; moving towards their full potential, but growth is interrupted or stunted by a conflict of incongruence between self and experience. This is known as developing conditions of worth as the client seeks external positive regard. Clients may adopt other views as their own, undermining their own organismic valuing system and acting from an external locus of evaluation, meaning undermining and mistrusting self to allow for another s view which is valued as true. The presence of the core conditions allows the client to be heard and begin to trust their own inner voice or organismic voice and begin to operate from an internal locus of evaluation, meaning trust their own process. This is the basis on which the PCA works. It is easy to become blinkered into thinking that the PCA model works for all situations. Even Brian Thorne found he had to execute Rogers in his psyche after studying under him to gain his own perspective and distance himself from the awe he felt for Rogers. Evidence shows the PCA is ineffective in a number of situations, including addressing phobias, alcoholism and substance misuse dependence. Even Rogers failed using the PCA when working in Wisconsin with clients suffering from schizophrenia. It could be said that the non-directive approach and lack of substantial theory makes the model appear shallow and woolly. The progress is dependent on the relationship between counsellor and client with the client wanting positive change, thus limiting the scope of who can be worked with. The model opens the counsellor to a high risk of counter transference as by its very definition, empathy, a core condition, relies on counter transference to be effective. Assessment is not used, meaning the counsellor may well be working in the dark, relying only on what the client chooses to bring. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 4
5 Let us consider a case A client presents saying his life is falling apart and he is losing everything as a result of his inability to stop drinking. This client may well be experiencing emotional turmoil but the main presenting issue is both psychological and physiological. Being with this client in a person centred manner in his subjective reality offers this client no assistance whatsoever and can even worsen the situation. A behavioural, psychosocial approach that is directive and prescriptive would be more appropriate. To put it bluntly this client needs to be taught how to stop drinking before they can ever look at sorting emotional issues out. The person centred approach is also ineffective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias and other conditions which are considered more behavioural than emotional. I am mindful of the limitations of the PCA from a cultural and socio-economic perspective. Developed by a white, middle-class, Christian in the USA at the time of great optimism and prosperity, the model does not reflect the best interests of those bound by cultural collectivism. An example may be to consider a Shi'ite Muslim woman; her culture dictates that the woman plays second fiddle to the man. It could be viewed that she is oppressed by her femininity within her culture and that self actualisation would be to throw down the oppression and break free becoming her own person. In reality this could result in the client being outcast from her society. The reality may be completely different, she may be happy with her place in her society. This is a good example of the phenomenological approach, her place in society is her reality and based on her experience, history and how she finds and views her subjective world. Taking into consideration the pros and cons, I am mindful that the practice of PCA will vary from practitioner to practitioner. By its very nature, PCA is idiosyncratic and its practice will be as diverse as those that choose to practice this model. I find this both exciting and frightening. 3. Illustrate various aspects of the concept of self and the development of self-concept in terms of the chosen model. Rogers theory of self is phenomenological, based on the subjective reality of the client, referred to as phenomenal field and idiographic meaning to see a person as an individual with characteristics that distinguish them from others. Rogers identified two forms of self. The ideal self constructed from incongruence and external locus of evaluation, an unrealistic view of how we believe that we should be, based on others values. It can be described as "I should be" as opposed to the "I am. The real self "I am" is accepting of how it is in the here and now, it s open, congruent and it is able to self actualise. Real self is fluid and subject to change and reconstruction as the individual s experience and views change. This is outlined in Rogers personality LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 5
6 theory where he identifies 19 propositions or axioms of personality that underpin the person centred theory. In the 19 propositions, Rogers identifies the need for congruence between the phenomenal field of experience and the conceptual structure of self in order for an organism to fully actuate. Actualising tendency is key and is a universal constant applying to all organisms striving to be the best they can, in their circumstances. biological pressure to fulfill the genetic blueprint Maddi 1996 Rogers theorised, in the absence of interruption, a person would self actualise to complete fluidity, richness, acceptance and self-awareness, calling this the fully functioning person. Self actualisation is interrupted when internal feelings contrast external actions; causing incongruence. Conditions of worth are adopted when the view of another is valued over your own internal voice. External locus of evaluation is valuing from the outside in, using somebody else's valuing system as opposed from inside out trusting your own internal voice. Operating from an external locus of evaluation causes a clash between internal feeling and external action and this presents as emotional turmoil as we ignore our organismic valuing. A child falls over and hurts himself, his immediate reaction is to begin to cry and to seek the reassurance of his mother, internally he feels scared and in need of love, he is reacting to his internal locus of evaluation. The mother rejects him saying, big boys don't cry. This confuses the child, he relies on the mother for his love and care and what she is saying is in direct conflict what he's feeling. He loses trust in his own inner experience and represses his feelings. His experiences show this gains him positive regard from others. He now operates from an external locus of evaluation and ignores his own organismic valuing causing psychological distress. Seven stages of process were identified by Rogers to track a client moving from a rigid, incongruent state, towards the fluidity of a fully functioning person. It is unlikely the client would even enter therapy at stage 1 and 2, they are in complete denial that there is anything that can change, and any distress within their lives is accredited to other people and factors beyond their own control. At stage 3 we find the client becomes more flexible they will enter therapy, they may reference themselves objectively and will avoid speaking about present situations. At stage 4 we begin to see psychological contact, trust begins to develop in the relationship and the client is able to speak of deeper more meaningful emotion. The client is now able to recognise the conditions that the therapist is offering. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 6
7 Stage 5 sees the client bringing current emotion, self actualisation, becomes evident and the client begins to trust more in their own feelings and begins to act from an internal locus of evaluation. The client is now more readily accepting conditions as they are and take responsibility for how they feel. Stage 6 the client now acts from a position of congruence, what they feeling internally is mirrored by how they react externally; the client accepts full responsibility for their life and exhibits positive regard for others. The presence of these qualities within the therapeutic relationship would clearly indicate that therapy has come to an end and that the client is now self-sufficient and a fully functioning person. Stage 7 this represents a fully functioning individual. They can relate the therapy that they have undertaken to new situations that arise within their lives. This person exhibits the quality of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. They are able to accept life on life's terms no matter what may arise. The study of self continues with the introduction of the dialogical self. Configurations of self identifies multiplicity within the person and says we are made up of many voices that make up the complete self. This exciting development introduces the opportunity to speak directly to a certain part of self part of me wants to just leave him but there is another part that can t bear to be without him. The counsellor may say tell me about the part of you that can t bear to be without him. This is an invite to speak to one aspect individually and this could be an exciting tool. 4. Comparison with material from two other therapeutic schools. There are three schools of thought influencing psychology: behavioural, psychodynamic and humanistic. Here we examine and draw similarities and differences between them. Behavioral Rational emotive behavioral therapy, REBT, developed by Albert Ellis ( ) is a model of problem identification and solving by addressing behavior. REBT is ideal intervention for phobias, post dramatic stress disorder, substance misuse treatment and areas where behavior needs changing. PCA deals with emotion underlying behavior and non-directive. REBT argues that humans are hedonistic striving to stay alive to achieve a degree of happiness; REBT is humanistic at its core as are PCA and TA. REBT challenges and changes beliefs saying it s not what happens that affects us, but how we react. Beliefs are challenged by explaining theory to the client, and undertaking worksheets and home-work to address self defeating beliefs such as I must and it's not fair. REBT challenges the client; PCA is a non-challenging model, trusting in the client to be the solution. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 7
8 REBT identifies Action (A), what happens. Belief (B), how we view action based on our beliefs causing us to react and Consequence (C), what happens as a result of our belief and action. We are powerless to change what happens to us, A, but we can alter the consequence, by addressing the belief. The core conditions of PCA, UPR, congruence and empathy or present in the practice of REBT but are not necessary or sufficient, this is also the case with TA. Psychodynamic Transactional Analysis, TA, began with Erick Berne ( ) is a theory-heavy model that s humanistic believing people ore ok and have worth which reflects the PCA. TA relies on an equal relationship between counsellor and client with the counsellor exhibiting UPR for self and the client, I m OK your OK. TA is a decisional model with client being responsible for his behavior, thoughts and feelings; again we see similarities with the PCA. TA relies heavily on contracting believing both parties share responsibility for the process, in PCA contracting is handing the client the power and letting them know what s on offer whereas TA contracting is integral to the therapy including contracting against suicide. TA case notes are available to the client and used as part of therapy, in PCA it is unusual for the notes to be shown unless specifically asked for by the client. The key ideas of TA include the ego state model or PAC model. P refers to parent ego, related to Freud's super ego (conscious) dealing with values and thought; A refers to adult ego, dealing with the here and now and direct response to thinking based both on past experience and acceptance of the fluidity of the present. C refers to the child ego state and deals with behaviors deployed from childhood, we are looking at feelings and subconscious or Freudian ID. In comparing TA with PCA, A represents a fully functioning person, C represents interjected values, a client working from an external locus of evaluation. TA looks at transactions between different ego states, complimentary transactions exist between child and parent where one person assumes the parent ego state, either nurturing or controlling parent and the other take on the child ego which may be the free child who is freethinking or the adaptive child who has adapted to gain love. There is a parallel between the adaptive child in TA and someone operating within conditions of worth in PCA. A complimentary transaction does not mean a healthy transaction but means the transaction can theoretically go on indefinitely. A cross transaction is both individuals acting from the same ego state, if both parties are working from parent to child to parent to child this transaction is said to be crossed. A crossed transaction will be short lived and volatile resulting in one person changing ego state or both avoiding further contact. TA strives to bring people's thinking into the adult state where the person is reacting in the here and now in a fluid and accepting manner mirroring PCA were a client s self actuate to becoming a fully functioning person working from an internal locus of evaluation. TA theory also looks at the life script, stating that we continually act out LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 8
9 scripts that were formed during childhood to gain positive regard. Here we see similarities to interjected values and conditions of worth. There is too much theory to cover in this short space but hopefully you can see the comparisons drawn between the behavioural, psychodynamic and humanistic models are used by counsellors. Recognition of the dangers of using interventions without adequate training Eclectic is to randomly use pieces of different philosophies, integrative is a range of complimentary tools that work well together. Example, a PCA therapist s client seems not to be responding, the therapist introduces REBT worksheets in an attempt to jumpstart the process. This client could feel failure and confused at being taken from autonomy to a point where the counsellor is now directing. PCA specifically relies on trusting the client to find their own way, if the therapist shows they have no trust in the model, how can the client be expected to trust? A client confused by a therapist randomly using different interventions may seek to end therapy. They may feel they have failed and that therapy is not working for them, leading to continuing unhappiness or even worse, considering suicide. Counselling is about ultimate respect to the client, to maintain that respect and give the best level of service I can. I need to be well-trained in the model I practice. This ensures best practice, due care to my clients and also protects me as a practitioner. Referencing and bibliography Reference Dryden, W. (2000) Key issues for counselling in action. London: Sage Publications Stewart, I. (1996) Transactional Analysis Counselling in Action. London: Sage Publications Merry, T. (2002) Learning and being in Person Centred Counselling, second edition. Herefordshire: PCCS Books Ltd Dryden, W and Neenan, M (2004) Rational Emotive Behavioural Counselling in Action. London: Sage Publications Bibliography Carl R Rogers. (1967), On Becoming a Person. Houghton Mifflin company, New York, New York Stewart, I. (1996) Transactional Analysis Counselling in Action. London: Sage Publications Merry, T. (2002) Learning and being in Person Centred Counselling, second edition. Herefordshire: PCCS Books Ltd Dryden, W and Neenan, M (2004) Rational Emotive Behavioural Counselling in Action. LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY 9
10 London: Sage Publications Maddi, S.R. (1996). Personality theories: A comparative analysis (6th ed.). Toronto: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co Dryden, W. (2000) Key issues for counselling in action. London: Sage Publications Rogers, C. (2008) The Carl Rogers reader. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd Tolan, J. (2008) Skills in Person-Centred Counselling & Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications LEVEL 4 ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR 2 COUNSELLING THEORY
Case study linked to theory!
- DO NOT COPY - THIS ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY Many organisations, including awarding bodies, use software to check that your content is original. Use this assignment exemplar
More informationAssignment The professional context of counselling!
- DO NOT COPY - THIS ASSIGNMENT EXEMPLAR IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY Many organisations, including awarding bodies, use software to check that your content is original. Use this assignment exemplar
More informationMODULE 7 CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY Quadrant 1
MODULE 7 CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY Quadrant 1 1. Introduction Client Centered Therapy (CCT) established by Carl Rogers is also known by terms such as Rogerian psychotherapy, person-centered psychotherapy,
More informationPsychological Approaches to Counseling. Mr. Lema, Isaac Clinical Psychologist (MSc.) 25 th November 2015
Psychological Approaches to Counseling Mr. Lema, Isaac Clinical Psychologist (MSc.) 25 th November 2015 Learning Objectives Explore different psychological approaches to counseling Adopt psychological
More informationCompare and Contrast Different The Same Different
Compare and Contrast Different The Same Different Compare and Contrast Transactional Analysis REBT Person Centred Eric Berne Albert Ellis Same Carl Rogers Parent Adult Child (EGO states) Works with how
More informationUNDERGRADUATE COURSE. SUBJECT: Psychology. PAPER: Basic Psychological Processes. TOPIC: Personality. LESSON: Humanistic Approach
UNDERGRADUATE COURSE SUBJECT: Psychology PAPER: Basic Psychological Processes TOPIC: Personality LESSON: Humanistic Approach Humanistic Approach Assumptions of Human Nature The present is the most important
More informationAn Introduction To The Client-Centred/Person-Centred Approach
An Introduction To The Client-Centred/Person-Centred Approach 1 Steve Vincent The client-centred/person-centred approach derives primarily from the work of Carl Rogers (1902-1987). Nathaniel Raskin (in
More informationPERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Rogers: Father of Humanistic Movement Carl Rogers is the father of the humanistic movement in psychotherapy His
More informationCONGRUENCE REVISITED. Elizabeth Freire
CONGRUENCE REVISITED Elizabeth Freire MISUNDERSTANDINGS OF THE CORE CONDITIONS Empathy = shallow reflection of content UPR = only respect and warmth (overlooking the unconditional aspect) Congruence: most
More informationLecture Series: Chapter 9 Every Person Is to Be Prized: Pages: 20 Carl Rogers
Dikran J. Martin Psychology 116 Name:. Date:. Lecture Series: Chapter 9 Every Person Is to Be Prized: Pages: 20 Carl Rogers TEXT: Allen, Bem P., (2003). Personality Theories (4th.) New York: Allen & Bacon.
More informationSupport activity for understanding and applying theory for CST-L3 criteria 6.2 and 6.3
The purpose of this support document is to provide activities aimed to equip candidates with the knowledge and understanding to meet the requirements of criteria: 6.2 Describe the main theoretical approaches
More informationUnit 3: EXPLORING YOUR LIMITING BELIEFS
Unit 3: EXPLORING YOUR LIMITING BELIEFS Beliefs and Emotions Bring to mind a negative belief you hold about money. Perhaps it is I don t believe I can win with money or Money is hard to come by. While
More information6. Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates A) an Electra complex. B) learned helplessness. C) the spotlight ef
Name: Date: 1. One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through
More informationHumanism. Chapter 13. Abraham Maslow
Humanism Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Big Ideas Abraham Maslow Human Needs: A Hierarchical Theory D-needs B-Needs Hierarchy of Needs Drive to become self-actualized and to fulfill potentials Self-actualization
More informationThinkers on Education -Carl Ransom Rogers ( )
Thinkers on Education -Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) Best known for his contribution to client-centered therapy and his role in the development of counseling, Rogers also had much to say about education
More informationFAQ: DSM Disorders and Treatment
Question 1: What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)? Answer 1: To better classify mental disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has been the
More informationNeurobiology of Sexual Assault Trauma: Supportive Conversations with Victims
Neurobiology of Sexual Assault Trauma: Supportive Conversations with Victims Jim Hopper, Ph.D. November 2017 Handout 1: Using Neurobiology of Trauma Concepts to Validate, Reassure, and Support Note: In
More informationINTERVIEWS II: THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES 1. THE HUMANISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR INTERVIEWER SKILLS
INTERVIEWS II: THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES 1. THE HUMANISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR INTERVIEWER SKILLS 1.1. Foundation of the Humanistic Framework Research interviews have been portrayed in a variety of different ways,
More informationWhat is Therapy? mental behavioral social functioning
PSYCHOTHERAPY What is Therapy? Therapy for psychological disorders takes a variety of forms, but all involve some relationship focused on improving a person s mental, behavioral, or social functioning
More informationPsychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders Psyc 100 Ch 15A therapies 1 Anxiety Mood Personality Dissociative Schizophrenia GAD Panic Attacks Phobias PTSD OCD Major Depression Dythymic Disorder Bipolar disorder Cyclothymic
More informationChapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles
Chapter 1. Dysfunctional Behavioral Cycles For most people, the things they do their behavior are predictable. We can pretty much guess what someone is going to do in a similar situation in the future
More informationHumanist Psychology ABRAHAM MASLOW. Carl Rogers. And
Humanist Psychology ABRAHAM MASLOW And Carl Rogers Maslow biography 1908-1970 Manhattan, New York Parents Russian Jewish immigrants A professed atheist He studied Psychology because he was interested in
More informationRATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (REBT)
RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (REBT) Psychologist Albert Ellis, Ph.D. first articulated the principles of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) in 1955. Albert Ellis was born in 1913 in Pittsburgh,
More informationA Bleak Armageddon in a Kingdom of Hope
A Bleak Armageddon in a Kingdom of Hope A counsellor s journey through personal development to counselling practice Amanda Parfitt MSc. Reg. MBACP (accred). Counsellor/Psychotherapist/Clinical Supervisor
More informationTheoretical Perspectives. Humanistic Existential Approaches. Humanistic- Existential Approaches 3/7/2010. Chapter 4 Humanistic Existential
Theoretical Perspectives Chapter 4 Humanistic Existential Humanistic Existential Approaches Person Centered Humanistic Existential Gestalt Humanistic- Existential Approaches Person Centered Humanistic
More informationPYSC 333 Psychology of Personality
PYSC 333 Psychology of Personality Session 5 Humanistic Theory of Personality- Part 2 Lecturer:, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: mamankwah-poku@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationUnit Title: Counselling: Towards Reflective Practice
Unit Credit Value: 12 Unit Level: Three Unit Guided Learning Hours: 60 Ofqual Unit Reference Number: A/506/3052 Unit Review Date: 31/07/2019 Unit Sector: 1.3 Health and Social Care Unit Summary This unit
More informationTheory Integration Paper. Sydney Schneckloth. University of Iowa. December 14, 2016
Running header: Theory Integration Paper Theory Integration Paper Sydney Schneckloth University of Iowa December 14, 2016 Theory Integration Paper 1 Abstract No single theory can help all kids. Each theory
More informationJesus said to him, I am the way and the truth and the life John 14:6
BULLETIN ARTICLE: October 29/30, 2016 Father James Chelich I Jesus said to him, I am the way and the truth and the life John 14:6 Every Christian, in every time and place, in every society and under all
More informationPsychology - Linear A level Summer Homework task The study of behaviour and mental processes
Psychology: Psychology - Linear A level Summer Homework task The study of behaviour and mental processes The main purpose of this activity is to give you a basic grounding in the differing ways in which
More informationCounseling and Psychotherapy Theory. Week 7. Humanistic Approach
Counseling and Psychotherapy Theory Week 7. Humanistic Approach Contents 1 2 3 Major Concepts and Propositions 1 Overview 2 Person-centered Approach 3 Existentialist Approach 4 Gestalt Approach Change
More informationIndividual Behaviour OPTIONAL TOPIC. Psychopathology/ Atypical Behaviour REVISION NOTES
Higher/Nat 5 Psychology Individual Behaviour OPTIONAL TOPIC Psychopathology/ Atypical Behaviour REVISION NOTES Edward Sutherland 2015 1 WHAT COULD I BE ASKED ABOUT? Definition: Psychopathology studies
More informationWhat Does Illumination Mean
What Does Illumination Mean Counselling psychology came at a time when government agencies were voicing their agitation at the rising tide of profound family distress and economic destitution. The hardships
More informationCARKHUFF AND TRUAX SCALE RATING SCALES CONGRUENCE
CARKHUFF AND TRUAX SCALE RATING SCALES CONGRUENCE Level 1.0 A considerable discrepancy exists between the counsellor s overt responses and his/her actual feelings. Alternatively, congruent responses are
More informationIntroduction to Psychological Counselling
Introduction to Psychological Counselling Counselling Theory Session Week 2 Abba Hailegebriel Girma The Ethiopian Orthodox Theological College Houston, Texas, USA Aim and Learning Outcomes Week 2 Aim Session
More informationCarkhuff: His Scale for Assessing Facilitative Interpersonal Counselling
Carkhuff: His Scale for Assessing Facilitative Interpersonal Counselling Prepared by: Fran Eckstein, Linda Greene, Betty Sue Hinson, & Don Naiman II. Facilitative Conditions Carkhuff examined seven major
More informationStep 2 Challenging negative thoughts "Weeding"
Managing Automatic Negative Thoughts (ANTs) Step 1 Identifying negative thoughts "ANTs" Step 2 Challenging negative thoughts "Weeding" Step 3 Planting positive thoughts 'Potting" Step1 Identifying Your
More informationRunning head: FREEDOM, CHOICE & RESPONSIBILITY 1
Running head: FREEDOM, CHOICE & RESPONSIBILITY 1 Freedom, Choice and Responsibility Megan Palmer University of Cincinnati FREEDOM, CHOICE & RESPONSIBILITY 2 Freedom, Choice and Responsibility Going into
More informationCarl Rogers and Humanistic Psychology. Historical Background and Key Figure
Carl Rogers and Humanistic Psychology Historical Background and Key Figure In the 1950 s, humanistic psychology, the core of the human potential movement emerged as a third force or alternative to Freudian
More informationPsychological Disorders Psych 335. Outline/Overview. Psychodynamic model. Chapter 3 Contemporary Frameworks. Biological Model
Psychological Disorders Psych 335 Chapter 3 Contemporary Frameworks Outline/Overview Biological Model Covered in context of Ch 2 in class, won t say much in class now Psychological Models (causes & txs)
More informationLIVE YOUR BEST LIFE: HELP GUIDE # 21 Helping students be Effective Learners Program LIVE YOUR BEST LIFE
LIVE YOUR BEST LIFE To achieve your best academically you need to make the most of all feedback from any tests or examinations. You should read each point and highlight the key phrases in that point. Discuss
More informationIan Rory Owen. Psychotherapy and Phenomenology: On Freud, Husserl and Heidegger. Lincoln, NE: iuniverse, Inc., 2006.
Ian Rory Owen. Psychotherapy and Phenomenology: On Freud, Husserl and Heidegger. Lincoln, NE: iuniverse, Inc., 2006. This new book is the first interdisciplinary study of Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl
More informationTreatment of Psychological Disorders
Treatment of Psychological Disorders TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Treating psych disorders poses one of the biggest problems for psychologists. Important to have a realistic perspective: Can treat
More informationThe Humanistic Perspective
The Humanistic Perspective In the 1960 s people became sick of Freud s negativity and trait psychology s objectivity. Healthy rather than Sick Individual as greater than the sum of test scores Humanistic
More informationLook to see if they can focus on compassionate attention, compassionate thinking and compassionate behaviour. This is how the person brings their
Compassionate Letter Writing Therapist Notes The idea behind compassionate mind letter writing is to help people engage with their problems with a focus on understanding and warmth. We want to try to bring
More informationThe Panic Attack: syndrome and symbol (A Psychosynthesis approach)
The 2 nd International Conference on Psychophysiology of Panic Attacks 'Diversity of Theories & Treatments - How Far Have We Come?' London, UK, 1-4 October 2004 Organized by PsyEdu.com, University of Westminster
More informationChapter 11. Personality
Chapter 11 Personality Personality a pattern of distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are relatively stable in people over time and across circumstances and that characterize the way that
More informationSix Levels of Emotional Maturity
Emotional Maturity Is Your Choice for Your Happiness 6 LEVELS OF EMOTIONAL MATURITY The six levels of emotional maturity are presented from lowest to highest. However, the interdependence of the levels
More informationWorkbook 3 Being assertive Dr. Chris Williams
Workbook 3 Being assertive Dr. Chris Williams From: Overcoming Depression: A Five Areas Approach. Chris Williams, Arnold Publishers (2002) 2 Section 1: Introduction. In this workbook you will: Find out
More informationThe American Psychoanalytic Association. (Excerpt from their site) Overview. Who can benefit from Psychoanalysis? What is Psychoanalysis?
The American Psychoanalytic Association (Excerpt from their site) Overview Who can benefit from Psychoanalysis? What is Psychoanalysis? Who is a Psychoanalyst? Who can benefit from psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis
More informationAchieving Change by Helping Relationships
Achieving Change by Helping Relationships C o a c h i n g, C o u n s e l l i n g a n d T h e r a p y i n C o m p a r i s o n 3 0 N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 7 HELPING RELATIONSHIPS COACHING COUNSELLING THERAPY
More informationHelping Your Asperger s Adult-Child to Eliminate Thinking Errors
Helping Your Asperger s Adult-Child to Eliminate Thinking Errors Many people with Asperger s (AS) and High-Functioning Autism (HFA) experience thinking errors, largely due to a phenomenon called mind-blindness.
More informationLap 4 Essential Question:
Psychology Mr. Huber bhuber@iwacademy.org Lap 4: Personality Theories Lap 4 Essential Question: Can you accurately characterize your personality? How will your personality impact your future? Late Assignments
More informationHandouts for Training on the Neurobiology of Trauma
Handouts for Training on the Neurobiology of Trauma Jim Hopper, Ph.D. April 2016 Handout 1: How to Use the Neurobiology of Trauma Responses and Resources Note: In order to effectively use these answers,
More informationLos Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne
00_Ballantine_Dykes_Prelims.indd 1 3/16/2017 5:28:29 PM Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community. SAGE publishes
More informationTogether beyond trauma
Together beyond trauma - notes - We say someone has suffered a trauma if it has been through a shock, through a traumatic event that shakes the person's psychic system. For example, the person suffers
More informationUnit title: Counselling: Contemporary Behavioural and Cognitive Theory
Higher National Unit specification General information for centres Unit code: F1EF 35 Unit purpose: This Unit is designed to provide candidates with an opportunity to consider the therapeutic relationship
More informationPsychotherapeutic Counselling and Intersubjective Psychotherapy College (PCIPC)
Psychotherapeutic Counselling and Intersubjective Psychotherapy College (PCIPC) Adult Psychotherapeutic Counselling Standards of Education and Training 2017 1. PRINCIPLES TO BE ENSHRINED IN ALL RELEVANT
More informationSelf Realization Definitions:
SEC 4 Page 1 of 5 8. MODELS FOR LIFE PLANNING 8.1 A MODEL OF EDUCATION FOR SELF-REALIZATION: Self Realization Approach: The Self Realization (SR) Approach is an intrapersonal value-expectancy theory that
More informationHumanistic Psychotherapy Training. MSc in Humanistic Psychotherapy validated by Middlesex University
Humanistic Psychotherapy Training MSc in Humanistic Psychotherapy validated by Middlesex University Starting September/October 2018 Introduction This programme will provide you with a strong knowledge
More informationCounselling Theory for Practice: an Introduction (SCQF level 6)
National Unit specification General information Unit code: HE1A 46 Superclass: PM Publication date: May 2016 Source: Scottish Qualifications Authority Version: 01 Unit purpose This Unit has been designed
More informationYoung Person and Family Rated Recovery
Young Person and Family Rated Recovery Using client directed and outcome informed practice to achieve a recovery orientated clinical service model Headspace Youth Early Psychosis Program Rachel Barbara-May
More informationMyers Psychology for AP, 2e
Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationExistential Counselling Unit 7 Irvin Yalom Part 2. Prepared by M. H. Watson March 23, 2011 Revised and Narrated by Lillith Williams March 17, 2014.
Existential Counselling Unit 7 Irvin Yalom Part 2 Prepared by M. H. Watson March 23, 2011 Revised and Narrated by Lillith Williams March 17, 2014. Existential Therapy Requires good knowledge of existential
More informationEating Disorder Support Services
Eating Disorder Support Services Counselling Information Sheet Every year in the UK and globally, millions of people struggle with eating disorders. Furthermore, many of these sufferers and their families
More informationChapter 17 Therapy and Change
Chapter 17 Therapy and Change Section 1 What is Psychotherapy? Psychotherapy is a general term for the several approaches used by mental health professionals to treat psychological disorders. Objectives
More informationHearing Voices a Common Human Experience. NFAO NW Regional Meeting 24 th November 2009 Peter Bullimore Hearing Voices Network Asylum Associates
Full day working with voices workshop Hearing Voices a Common Human Experience NFAO NW Regional Meeting 24 th November 2009 Peter Bullimore Hearing Voices Network Asylum Associates 450 people who heard
More informationIngredients of Difficult Conversations
Ingredients of Difficult Conversations Differing Perceptions In most difficult conversations, there are different perceptions of the same reality. I think I'm right and the person with whom I disagree
More informationBackground. Ver. 7.2 CPCAB 2018
Ver. 7.2 The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location. Background The first version of the CPCAB
More informationFAQ: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Disorders and Treatment
Question 1: What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders? Answer 1: To better classify mental disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has been the key
More informationWe admitted that we were powerless over alcohol that our lives had become unmanageable. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (2001, p. 59)
Step One 22 istockphoto.com/qingwa We admitted that we were powerless over alcohol that our lives had become unmanageable. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (2001, p. 59) Before beginning this exercise, please
More informationThe following is a brief summary of the main points of the book.
In their book The Resilience Factor (Broadway Books 2002), Reivich and Shatte describe the characteristics, assumptions and thinking patterns of resilient people and show how you can develop these characteristics
More informationChapter 3 Self-Esteem and Mental Health
Self-Esteem and Mental Health How frequently do you engage in the following behaviors? SCORING: 1 = never 2 = occasionally 3 = most of the time 4 = all of the time 1. I praise myself when I do a good job.
More informationPatient First. Aneurin Bevan University Health Board. Personal Responsibility. Values and Behaviours Framework. Passion for Improvement
Patient First Personal Responsibility Aneurin Bevan University Health Board Passion for Improvement Values and Behaviours Framework Pride in What We Do Staff Information leaflet Why do we need a values
More informationMy Creativity 1. Do I tend to do things in the accepted way or am I more creative? HDIFAT? 2. HDIF when my creative juices are flowing?
Dialogue Questions Choose the questions that most appropriately fit for your situation or relationship. Some questions can be adapted or modified depending on whether you are journaling as an individual
More informationChapter 2 Quiz Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Human Relations
Chapter 2 Quiz Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Human Relations Name True or False: 1. Self-esteem is the way you conceive of or see yourself. 2. Self-image is the self that you assume others see when they
More informationRuth Ilson ruthilson.co.uk. Dilemmas of difference 1
These excerpts from my master s dissertation includes the abstract (which summarises the research topic and the findings), and the conclusions and recommendations. I have also shown a short case study
More informationTTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report
TTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Mason Roberts District Manager YMCA 8-1-2008 Copyright 2003-2008. Performance
More informationCOUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY. COSCA s DESCRIPTION
COSCA (Counselling & Psychotherapy in Scotland) 16 Melville Terrace Stirling FK8 2NE t 01786 475 140 f: 01786 446 207 e: info@cosca.org.uk w: www.cosca.org.uk COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY COSCA s DESCRIPTION
More informationCopyright American Psychological Association. Introduction
1 Introduction Almost all humans have the goals of staying alive and being happy. Too many people are unaware that it is not outer events or circumstances that will create happiness; rather, it is our
More informationCOUNSELING FOUNDATIONS INSTRUCTOR DR. JOAN VERMILLION
COUNSELING FOUNDATIONS INSTRUCTOR DR. JOAN VERMILLION LEARNING OBJECTIVE #1 Apply principles of sensation and perception, motivation theory, & learning theory to the development of emotions, thoughts,
More informationTHEORIES OF PERSONALITY II Psychodynamic Assessment 1/1/2014 SESSION 6 PSYCHODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY II Psychodynamic Assessment 1/1/2014 SESSION 6 PSYCHODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY II SESSION 6: Psychodynamic Assessment Psychodynamic Assessment Assessing the specific
More informationPerson-Centered Therapy and Personal Growth
Journal of Social and Development Sciences Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 322-330, Sep 2012 (ISSN 2221-1152) Person-Centered Therapy and Personal Growth Boontarika Narknisorn Kasetsart University, Thailand bnarknisorn@gmail.com
More informationPsychotherapy. A Cognitive Approach. Mark J. Berber, MD
Mark J. Berber, MD Dr. Mark Berber has written an excellent brief approach to psychotherapy. If you use Dr. Berber s booklet you can appreciably help yourself with your thinking and feeling problems...and
More informationThe Attribute Index - Leadership
26-Jan-2007 0.88 / 0.74 The Attribute Index - Leadership Innermetrix, Inc. Innermetrix Talent Profile of Innermetrix, Inc. http://www.innermetrix.cc/ The Attribute Index - Leadership Patterns Patterns
More informationKnowledge of the basic assumptions and principles of PCE counselling
Knowledge of the basic assumptions and principles of PCE counselling Knowledge of the philosophy and principles that inform the therapeutic approach An ability to draw on knowledge that the person-centred
More informationPeer Support. Introduction. What is Peer Support?
Peer Support Introduction We are all social beings by nature connectedness and community are necessary if not vital to our wellbeing. The very existence of positive social relationships can be a source
More informationClassic Perspectives on Personality
Classic Perspectives on Personality Module 34 What is personality? A person s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic Theories 1856-1939 Motivations
More informationWhy Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation
Why Is It That Men Can t Say What They Mean, Or Do What They Say? - An In Depth Explanation It s that moment where you feel as though a man sounds downright hypocritical, dishonest, inconsiderate, deceptive,
More informationMotivational Interviewing
Motivational Interviewing By: Tonia Stott, PhD What is Motivational Interviewing? A client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
More informationProblem Situation Form for Parents
Problem Situation Form for Parents Please complete a form for each situation you notice causes your child social anxiety. 1. WHAT WAS THE SITUATION? Please describe what happened. Provide enough information
More informationPA S T A N D P R E S E N T
TREATMENT PERSPECTIVES PA S T A N D P R E S E N T THE MIDDLE AGES Some methods for dealing with people who were mentally ill were based on the idea that they were possessed by evil spirits these needed
More informationWhat is Personality?
What is Personality? Free will or determinism? Masters of our own fate or biological, unconscious, external factors Nature or nurture? Heredity or environment Past, present, or future? Is it determined
More informationWe admitted that we were powerless over alcohol that our lives had become unmanageable.
Step One We admitted that we were powerless over alcohol that our lives had become unmanageable. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (2001, p. 59) Before beginning this exercise, please read Step One in Twelve Steps
More informationCounselling: Contemporary Cognitive and Behavioural Theory (SCQF level 8)
Higher National Unit Specification General information Unit code: HT6X 35 Superclass: PS Publication date: July 2017 Source: Scottish Qualifications Authority Version: 01 Unit purpose This unit is designed
More informationRelationship Questionnaire
Relationship Questionnaire The 7 Dimensions of Exceptional Relationships Developed by Gal Szekely, MFT The Couples Center.org Copyright Gal Szekely, 2015. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to
More informationHow to Help Your Patients Overcome Anxiety with Mindfulness
How to Help Your Patients Overcome Anxiety with Mindfulness Video 5 - Transcript - pg. 1 How to Help Your Patients Overcome Anxiety with Mindfulness How to Work with the Roots of Anxiety with Ron Siegel,
More informationSerge or I don t want to know what might change my life. Dana Castro, PhD Ecole de Psychologues Praticiens Paris
Serge or I don t want to know what might change my life Dana Castro, PhD Ecole de Psychologues Praticiens Paris DSM IV AXIS II avoidant personality disorder Serge s Questions 1 - Why do I always come to
More informationThe Psychotherapy File
The Psychotherapy File An Aid to Understanding Ourselves Better Published April 2000 V.04.00 Association for Cognitive Analytic Therapy 3rd Floor, South Wing, Division of Academic Psychiatry enquiries@acat.org.uk
More informationCounseling and Psychotherapy Theory. Week 4. Psychodynamic Approach II : Object Relations/Attachment Theory
Counseling and Psychotherapy Theory Week 4. Psychodynamic Approach II : Object Relations/Attachment Theory Contents 1 Major Concepts and Propositions 1 2 3 4 Relationship Needs Objects and Object Relations
More information