6. Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates A) an Electra complex. B) learned helplessness. C) the spotlight ef

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1 Name: Date: 1. One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the stage of development. A) phallic B) anal C) genital D) latency E) oral 2. Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasuresensitive areas of the body known as A) psychosexual stages. B) the Big Five. C) erogenous zones. D) Oedipus complexes. E) fixations. 3. Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as A) unstable introverted. B) internal impulsive. C) manic depressive. D) external dependent. E) passive aggressive. 4. Freud believed that personality forms as children A) seek fulfillment in a hierarchy of physical and psychological needs. B) demonstrate personality factors on five main dimensions. C) pass through a series of psychosexual stages. D) experience the reciprocal forces of internal and external forces. E) conquer feelings of inferiority and anxiety. 5. Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between A) manifest content and latent content. B) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious. C) the actual self and the ideal self. D) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control. E) self-actualization and self-transcendence. Page 1

2 6. Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates A) an Electra complex. B) learned helplessness. C) the spotlight effect. D) self-serving bias. E) the Barnum effect. 7. Evan is so terrified of snakes that he can't go to the zoo for fear of seeing one. Evan can't remember the first time he was afraid of snakes. Evan's inability to recall when his fear began is best explained by which of the following Freudian concepts? A) free association B) projection C) repression D) fixation E) manifest content 8. According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is A) regression. B) reaction formation. C) projection. D) displacement. E) repression. 9. According to Freud's theory, the ego A) strives to satisfy our basic drives. B) operates on the pleasure principle. C) is the major source of guilt feelings. D) operates on a conscious level. E) is the unconscious aspect of the superego. 10. Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as A) the spotlight effect. B) unconditional positive regard. C) self-actualization. D) free association. E) self-esteem needs. Page 2

3 11. Julie reported that she had a dream in which she was chased by a large dog. According to Freud, Julie's account represents the content of her dream. A) latent B) repressed C) manifest D) empirically derived E) sublimated 12. Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are A) likely to experience low self-esteem. B) extremely introverted personalities. C) likely to be academically successful. D) not easily able to delay gratification of their personal desires. E) likely to experience depression. 13. Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through A) a genital stage before they enter a latency stage. B) a latency stage before they enter a phallic stage. C) a genital stage before they enter a phallic stage. D) a latency stage before they enter a genital stage. E) a phallic stage before they enter an oral stage. 14. Reaction formation refers to the process by which people A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others. B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development. D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action. E) banish anxiety-producing wishes from our conscious mind. 15. Kelsey is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a A) defense mechanism. B) self-serving bias. C) fixation. D) trait. E) self-concept. Page 3

4 16. According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to A) identify that person's most central traits by having him or her take a personality inventory. B) observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations. C) assess that person's general level of self-esteem. D) uncover that person's hidden motives, as revealed by projective tests. E) measure that person's unconscious conflicts and use of defense mechanisms. 17. Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected A) self-actualization. B) an Electra complex. C) the spotlight effect. D) unconditional positive regard. E) latent content. 18. Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates A) reciprocal determinism. B) free association. C) positive psychology. D) secure self-esteem. E) an external locus of control. 19. Which neo-freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority? A) Carl Jung B) Gordon Allport C) Karen Horney D) Abraham Maslow E) Alfred Adler 20. Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called tests. A) empirical B) projective C) multiphasic personality D) factor analytic E) aptitude Page 4

5 21. Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism? A) psychoanalytic B) social-cognitive C) trait D) humanistic E) functionalist 22. Trait theorists are more concerned with personality than with it. A) predicting; assessing B) describing; explaining C) changing; analyzing D) interpreting; observing E) enhancing; measuring 23. People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation. According to Walter Mischel, this should make us more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of A) self-efficacy. B) personality traits. C) reciprocal determinism. D) unconditional positive regard. E) self-actualization. 24. According to Freud's theory, the ego A) is the executive part of personality. B) develops before the id. C) operates on the pleasure principle. D) is the major source of guilt feelings. E) operates only on a conscious level. 25. Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by A) an external locus of control. B) the spotlight effect. C) the self-serving phenomenon. D) reaction formation. E) reciprocal determinism. Page 5

6 26. Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with A) self-serving bias. B) an external locus of control. C) the false consensus effect. D) unconditional positive regard. E) the spotlight effect. 27. Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of in personality development. A) defense mechanisms B) social interactions C) the collective unconscious D) genetic predispositions E) psychosexual stages 28. The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as A) the halo effect. B) the Barnum effect. C) projection. D) the self-reference phenomenon. E) unconditional positive regard. 29. Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques A) a humanistic perspective. B) terror-management theory. C) a social-cognitive perspective. D) psychoanalysis. E) reciprocal determinism. 30. For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of A) displacement. B) an Oedipus complex. C) reaction formation. D) regression. E) projection. Page 6

7 31. Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as A) regression. B) denial. C) displacement. D) projection. E) reaction formation. 32. One would NOT be likely to observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote A) collectivism. B) ethnic diversity. C) personal privacy. D) individual human rights. E) an internal locus of control. 33. Self-esteem refers to A) the sum total of all our thoughts about ourselves. B) our concept of what we would like to be. C) our feelings of high or low self-worth. D) our sense of control over our surroundings. E) the internal and idealized sense of self. 34. Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, You could better spend the time playing with the kids. Melissa's comment best illustrates A) regression. B) projection. C) rationalization. D) displacement. E) reaction formation. 35. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) erogenous zones. E) unconscious. Page 7

8 36. The process by which people learn a sense of personal control or personal helplessness has been most strongly emphasized by the A) psychoanalytic perspective. B) trait perspective. C) humanistic perspective. D) social-cognitive perspective. E) psychodynamic perspective. 37. Jordan feels guilty for hurting his younger brother. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Jordan's A) id. B) superego. C) ego. D) collective unconscious. E) fixation. 38. Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to A) reaction formation. B) regression. C) learned helplessness. D) an Electra complex. E) self-serving bias. 39. Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams? A) fixation B) factor analysis C) projective testing D) free association E) the Barnum effect 40. Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms A) resulted from the physical abuse they received from their parents during childhood. B) reflected an internal locus of control. C) illustrated a reciprocal determinism. D) made no neurological sense. E) were passed down genetically. Page 8

9 Answer Key 1. E 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. E 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. E 20. B 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. E 26. B 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. D Page 9