Index. Authoritarian educational goals, 199, 203 relationship of fair-share behavior with, Authority ranking, see

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1 Index Page numbers with t and f represent table and figures, respectively. A Absenteeism, 148 Acclimatization effect on behavior, 209, 217 Acculturation, 181 Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior of juveniles, Adolescents, groups of, Agency theory, 144, 147, individual behavior in, 144 Agreeableness, 79t, 84 Altruism, 9, 158, 160 Altruistic behavior, 85 Altruistic motivations, 161, 170, 213, 218 for doing voluntary work, Altruistic values, 214 Antisocial behavior, 93 94, 102, 198 development related to family characteristics, 96 factors influencing, in adolescence, studies of relationship with prosocial behavior, Anxious attachment index, 119 Approaches to prosocial and solidary behavior, 4 8 Assimilation, see Immigrants in adjusting to new society, strategies adopted by Authoritarian educational goals, 199, 203 relationship of fair-share behavior with, Authority ranking, see Categorization of social relationships Authority relationships, see Status relationships B Biases, 71 Big Five model of personality, 78 80, 231 Bi-strategic strategies, Breach of trust, 111 Bush-Mosteller stochastic learning model, 52 C Career differentiation, effect of, 146 Case illustration of volunteer management styles recruitment, retention, training, Casual extradyadic sex, 113 Categorization of social relationships authority ranking, 10 communal sharing, 10 equality matching, 10 market pricing, 10 Chicken game, 52 Civic virtues,

2 244 Index Climatic demand(s), 209, 220 theory, 208 Climatic resources, influence of income, Close relationships, 115 Coercive strategies, Cognitive abilities, 95 impairment, 94 Cognitive mechanisms approach, 50 avoidance, 50 Cognitive processes, 3, 6 factors influencing, 26 Cognitive-motivational process, 40 Collective identity, 180 performance, 127 Commitment, 118 Comparison level for alternatives, 116 Competing approaches, Computational model of learning, Condoms, use of, 119 Conflict, 213 Conscientiousness, 79t, 80 83, 88 Considerateness, 9 10 Control systems, see Governance structures, formal Cooperation, 9 Cooperative reciprocity, 47, 57 Cooperativeness, 236, 240 Criminal behavior, analysis of, 231 Cross country differences in fairshare, see Fair-share behavior Cross cultural differences, 175, 228 Islamic culture, 131 western culture, 131 Cultural femininity, 207, 213 latin American countries, 213 north European countries, 213 Cultural individualism-collectivism, role of, 218 Culture, function of, 183 D Degree of autonomy, 167 Degree of prosociality, 69 Degree of solidarity, 11 Demographic characteristics, effects of, 130 Demographic dissimilarity, 133 Dependency, 116 Dictator games, 227 Disciplinary efforts, basic forms of induction, , 204 love withdrawal, 196 power assertion, 196 Dispositional factors, 119 Diversity and solidarity, Divorce, major cause of, 112 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dual identity, 179 E Egalitarian commitment, 214, 220 Ego, see Freud s psychoanalysis Egoistic motivations, 161, 170 Embeddedness of employees, forms of institutional embeddedness, 15, 143, 145, 152 network embeddedness, 15, 143, , 152 temporal embeddedness, 15, 143, 147, , 152 Emotional stability, 119 Emotional unfaithfulness, 114 Empathy-altruism hypothesis, Employees social relationships, 142, 144, 148 English speaking countries, fair-share behavior in, see Fair-share behavior Error management theory (EMT), 68 Ethnic diversity, , 186 Ethnic identity, 176, 183 importance of, 176 Evolutionary models, 48 Evolutionary theory, beyond kin and reciprocal altruism, kin altruism, reciprocal altruism, Extended contact effect, 180 External flexibility, 151 External sanctions, implications of, 191

3 Index 245 Extradyadic involvement, degree of, 115 Extradyadic sex, , reproductive benefits of, 113 Extradyadic willingness, 118, 121 Extramarital relationships, 238 Extramarital sexual relationships, cross cultural differences, 112 potential benefits from, 113 Extrinsic motivation, 16 Extroversion, 78, 79t, 81 F Fairness, 9, 118; see also Prosocial behavior, kinds of Fair-share behavior, 192 criminality, cross country differences, , 203 economic growth rates, educational styles, English speaking countries, 201 interpersonal trust, in Scandinavian countries, 201 measurement, potential predictors, 203 Family characteristics, related to development of prosocial and antisocial behavior, 96 Feedback, 127 Feminine cultures, 183 Fidelity, 14 Firm-specific human capital, Framing and learning, 49 Framing predictions, 53 55, 58 Framing processes, 6, 31, 36, 40, 51, affect of backgound goals, Framing theory, 49 50, 53 54, 58, 77 Framing-based solidarity theory, 208 Free-ride in group efforts, 126, 129 Freud s psychoanalysis, Functional approach to volunteer motivation, 159 career motivations, 159 enhancement motivations, 159 protective motivations, 159 social motivations, 159 Functionalistic theory of sociology, G Gain frame, see Master frames Gain goals, 37 Gain-seeking behavior, 208, 212 Game theory, Game-theoretical approaches, 238 Gini-index, 203 Global competition, 141 Globalizing, 175 Goal framing, 3 theory, 13 Governance structures, 145 characteristics, 145 formal, 145 informal, see Informal governance structures Group culture, influence of, 182 Group diversity, 235 impact of, 178 Group identification, importance of, H Habituation, destabilizing effects on learning dynamics, 57 Hedonic frame, see Master frames Hedonic goal, Helping behavior, 131, 147 Histrionic personality disorder, 119 HIV infection, risk of, 119; see also Unsafe sex Hoffman s theory of norm internalization, 198 Homeostatic demands, 208, 212 Homeostatic goods, Homooeconomicus, assumptions in, 226 Honesty, 194; see also Fair-share behavior Horizontal organizational structures, 141 Hyperactivity and inattention, 94

4 246 Index I Id, see Freud s psychoanalysis Immigrants in adjusting to new society, strategies adopted by assimilation, 179 integration, 179 marginalization, 179 separation, 179 Improvement, kinds of, 34 Income level on solidary behavior, influence of, see Solidary behavior Indicators of an authoritarian/ patriarchal culture democracy, 199 female empowerment, 200 religious tradition, 200 Individual team members, behavior of, 130 Individualism/collectivism, dimensions of, 182 Individuals, behavior of collectivistic cultures, 182 individualistic cultures, 182 Infidelity, , 115, 238 Influence of background goals, Informal governance structures, influence of, in work performance, 147 prestige, 147 pride, 147 self-esteem, 147 Informal relations, 149 Institutional embededness, see Embededness of employees, forms of Integration, see Immigrants in adjusting to new society, strategies adopted by Intelligence level, influence of, Intercultural traits cultural empathy, 181 emotional stability, 181 flexibility, 181 open-mindedness, 181 social initiative, 181 Interdependence, types of around work inputs, 126 around work outcomes, , 132, 149, , 236 Internalization, 35 Interpersonal differences, 125 relationship, 133 trust, see Fair-share behavior Intrinsic motivation, 146, theory, Invisibility, see Rules for solidarity J Jealousy, cause of of men, 114 of women, 114 Joint effects of interdependence, 131 Joint production of outcomes, K Kinds of prosocial behavior, 27; see also Solidary behavior, kinds of Kin-selection, 234 L L intérêt bien entendu, 159 Learning model and the framing approach, differences in, Learning theory, 50, 58 differences with analytical game theory, 50 Lindenberg s framing theory, 67, 105, 130, 135, 142, , 149, 152, 191, 198, 207, 226, 228, , 233, 237, 241 applications of, 144 individual behavior in, 144 Lindenberg s model, 120 M Machiavellianism, 82 Management behavior on employees, 142 Management simulation study,

5 Index 247 Marginalization, see Immigrants in adjusting to new society, strategies adopted by Margolis s model, 7 Marital relationship, , mental image of, 116 specific rules of, Marriage primacy, see Rules for solidarity Masculinity/femininity, Master frames gain frame, 34 35, 37, 39 40, 82, 144, 191, 198, 208, , 233 hedonic frame, 34, 37, 40 41, 81, 144, 191, 226 normative frame, 35, 37, 40, 80, 144, 191, 198, 208, , 228, 231, 233, 237, 239 Material self-interest, 195 Mate-switching hypothesis, 113 Mechanistic solidarity, 182 Melioration, 51 Membership management, see Volunteer management styles, theory of Membership techniques, 165 negative aspects of, 165 Mental model of intimate relationship, 14 of relationship, of social relationship, 11 relation to behavior, 29 model, subcategory, Microelectronic revolution, 141 Misanthropy heuristic, 70 Mission statements of scouting leaders, case examples, , 163 Monitoring systems, see Governance structures, formal Motivation, three types of enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation, 162, 169, 228 extrinsic motivation, 162, 164, 169 obligation-based intrinsic motivation, 162, 164, 169, 228 Multiple motivations, importance of, 161 Mutual prejudice, effect of, 179 Mutual relationship-specific investments, 150 N Narcissism, 119 Narcissistic personality, 82 Negative emotionality, 94 Negative emotional response, 112 Negative reciprocity, Negative relational signal, 115 Neoclassical economics, assumptions from, 144 Network embeddedness, see Embeddedness of employees, forms of Neurotic-introverts, 82 Neuroticism, 79t, 81 Noncontrolling strategies, Norm of reciprocity, 237 Normative frame, see Master frames Norms guiding a relationship, 116 Numeraire, 31 O Openness to experience, 79t Opportunistic relationship, 11, 27, 115 Organic solidarity, 10 Organizational behavior, 126, 142, 150 commitment, level of, 151 performance, 142 reward system, 158 rules, 142 solidarity, , 151 volunteers, 157 Organized volunteerism, 157 Outcome interdependence, see Interdependence, types of Overriding goals, 34 P Pair bonding, 113 Paranoid cognitions, 70 Parenting, 96

6 248 Index Partner s extramarital behavior, 115 Peer pressure, influence of, 167 Perceived dissimilarity, 131 Personal project approach, Personality and cognitive frames, 80 83, and mental models of social relationships, characteristics, 77 78, 119 dimensions, 78 psychology, Personality factors related to prosocial and antisocial behavior, 94 sex differences, Philanthropy heuristic, 70 Positive reciprocity, Potential predictors of fair-share behavior economic inequality, 203 economic prosperity, 203 level of urbanization, 203 Power, dimensions of, 182, 184 Priori ordering of the frames, 36 Prisoner s dilemma (PD), 52 Program management, ; see also Volunteer management styles, theory of advantages of, case illustration of, disadvantages of, 164 Propinquity, 50 Proselfs, 86 Prosocial behavior, 41, 93 95, 191, 197, 204, , 228, , 234, and core motivations, 40 and sacrifices, 39 development related to family characteristics, 96 in gain frame, 39, 41 in hedonic frame, kinds of, 118 studies of relationship with antisocial behavior, Prosocial identity, 160 strategies, Prosocials, 86 Prototypes, Psychobiological models, 81 Punishment, 50 Q Qualified monogamists, 113 R Rational choice theory, 47 Rationality, 7 Reciprocal solidarity, 45 Reciprocators, 87 negative, positive, Reciprocity, 45 46, 49, 56, 58 Recruitment of volunteers, see Case illustration of volunteer management styles Reinforcement learning mechanism, 52f, 53, 56 Reinforcement learning theory, 13, 237 Relational identity orientation, 180 Relational signaling, 49 Relationship-specific investments, 150 Remuneration policies, see Governance structures, formal Reproductive cost to female, 114 to male, 114 Respect, 214 Restricted intensity, see Rules for solidarity Rewards, 50, 114, , 145, 147, 149, 161, 226, 237 collective, 128 individual, 128 performance-related payment, Rules for solidarity, 117 S Scandinavian countries, fair-share behavior in, see Fair-share behavior Self esteem, 180, 183; see also Informal governance structures Self-categorization theory, 130 Separation, see Immigrants in adjusting to new society, strategies adopted by

7 Index 249 Sexual infidelity, 114 Shortterm mating, see Casual extradyadic sex Situation, role of, 120 Social capital importance of, 195 theory, 194 Social categorization, 177 theory, 176 Social exchange theory, Social groups, 175 Social identity, 130 theory, 175, 185 Social incentives, 144 Social networks of employees, influence of, 143 Social psychology, Social reference groups, 177 Social relationships of employees, see Employees social relationships Social value orientations, Socialization, process of, 228 Solidarity and trustworthiness, Solidarity relationships strong, 27; see also Strong solidarity weak, 27; see also Weak solidarity Solidarity, 46, 111, , 131 downsizing, 125 increased information load, 125 interdependence, perception of others, reengineering, 125 Solidary behavior, , 146, , 152, , 178, 180, 191, 207, 212, , 228, , 235, 240 cross-country differences in, 192 effect of climate, 208, 230 effects of private and public wealth, 208 influence of wealth, , 218, 230 Solidary behavior, kinds of altruism, 9 considerateness, 9 10 cooperation, 9 fairness, 9 trustworthiness, 9 Solidary benefit behavior, 157 Spontaneous helping, cross national differences in, 215 Stag Hunt, 53 Stages in a relationship, Status relationships, 11, 27 Stochastic collusion, Strong solidarity, 10 11, ; see also Spontaneous helping Superego, see Freud s psychoanalysis Susceptibility to infidelity, see Personality, characteristics T Task interdependence, 127, 129, 131, 135, , influence of, 127 Team commitment, , 131 Temporal embededness, see Embededness of employees, forms of Theories of self-categorization, 7 Theories of the sustainability of volunteer motivation, Theory of goal-framing basic mechanism, interaction between background and foreground goals, Thorndike s law of effect, 46, 50 Threat, Tit for tat, 48, 236 Tolerance, 214, 220 Trustworthiness, 9, 118, 240; see also Prosocial behavior, kinds of Typical strategies, 100 U Ultimatum games, 227 Uncertainty avoidance, 182 Uniqueness bias, 61 cultural explanation, motivational explanation, Unsafe sex, 119 V Value motivation, 159 Values for variables and scales used with western industrialized countries, 205

8 250 Index Violent jealousy of males, 116 Visibility, see Rules for solidarity Volunteer management styles, theory of, case illustration of, membership management, , 170, 228 program management, , 170, 228 Volunteer motivation, 158, 161, 169, 229 Volunteer retention activities within GSUSA, 168 W Weak solidarity, 11, 237; see also Altruistic values Work team performance, , 134, 141 Workgroup diversity, , 129, 131, 235

Motivation CHAPTER FIFTEEN INTRODUCTION DETAILED LECTURE OUTLINE

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