Activity-travel behavior survey at tourist attraction by BLE in comparison with GPS

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Carmel Baker
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1 Activity-travel behavior survey at tourist attraction by BLE in comparison with GPS Toshiyuki Yamamoto, Tomoaki Usui, Norimasa Nakamura and Takayuki Morikawa Nagoya University 1

2 Background Disaggregate activity-travel behavior data as important resource for tourism research Traditional questionnaire survey: inaccurate respondent s memory and burden to answer Manual tracking by investigator (e.g., Sasaki and Matsui, 1968) Mobile phone with GPS (e.g., Asakura and Hato, 2004) Needs for survey cost reduction while keeping accuracy Human resource for manual tracking Battery power and signal-lost inside buildings for GPS tracking 2

3 Potential of Bluetooth Several studies using Bluetooth technology (e.g., Malinovskiy et al, 2012) Lower energy consumption than GPS Capability inside buildings and urban canyons However, accuracy should be verified Travel time was investigated in the literature (e.g., Aliari and Haghani, 2012) How about other dimensions of activity-travel pattern? 3

com Type of observation GPS Lagrange: observation along mobile object

4 GPS versus BLE (Bluetooth low energy) Source: Global Positioning System (GPS) 2 nd edition Source: Type of observation GPS Lagrange: observation along mobile object BLE Euler: observation at the stationary points Location precision High Low Battery consumption High Low 4

5 Objective To verify accuracy of observed activity-travel patterns by BLE in comparison with GPS Activity-travel patterns within a park with several sections Tango Kingdom in Kyoto, Japan Several dimensions of activity-travel patterns Number of sections visited, duration of stay at each section, order of visits to each section, etc. 5

Tango Kingdom Located at Kyoto, Japan One of the largest roadside stations in western Japan Started operation at April, 2015 34 ha of the land filled

6 Tango Kingdom Located at Kyoto, Japan One of the largest roadside stations in western Japan Started operation at April, ha of the land filled with many sections Market area of fresh vegetables and seafood, restaurants featuring local ingredients, go-cart track, grass slide field, pony rides, etc. 6

7 Park map Go-cart track 7 Grass slide field

8 Survey Date: 2015/08/22(sat), 23(sun) Respondents: 280 groups of visitors Carrying both BLE device and GPS logger Questionnaire survey sheet: purpose of visit, frequency, etc. 8

9 Demographics of visitors (N=280) Group size Alone 2% Couple 32% Three+ 66% Number of visits Distance from home 100+ km 58% Up to 30 km 12% 30 to 100 km 30% Repeater 21% First timer 79% 9

10 BLE receivers Go-cart track Food court 500 m Grass slide field 12 BLE receivers 10

11 Group A GPS BLE BLE (receiving) 11

12 GPS trajectory of Group A 12

13 BLE observation of Group A Animal section Plaza Cow shed Clock tower Athletic section Food court Go-kart track Rotary Hotel Belvedere Small animal Grass slide field Very short stay seem false-positive because of receiving signal from long distance 13

14 Space-time path of Group A GPS BLE 14

15 Kernel density of Group A GPS (10 m) BLE (50 m) 15

16 Kernel density of all groups GPS (10 m) BLE (50 m) 16

17 Comparison of sample average Total duration at park 140 Number of sections visited 7 Total walking distance Minutes Sections 4 3 Km GPS BLE Effect of false-positive 17

18 Comparison of sample average Visiting rate for each section 100% 80% 60% Belvedere Clock tower Cow shed Hotel % 40% 20% 0% Animal section Go-cart track Stay duration at each section Grass slide field Food court Plaza Shopping zone Minutes GPS BLE Effect of false-positive 18

19 GPS locations when BLE at grass slide field receives signals At some geographic conditions, BLE signal reaches far longer than assumed 50 m distance 19

20 Staying duration at each section by distance from home GPS Animal Go-cart section Belvedere Clock track tower BLE Cow shed Grass slide field Food court Hotel Plaza Shopping zone 近距離 Up to (30km) 中距離 30 to (30~100km) 遠距離 100+ (100km 以上 ) 20

21 Conclusions BLE can collect the information of visitor s activitytravel behavior as accurately as GPS Number of sections visited Total duration at the attraction Visiting rate for each section for most sections Duration at each section for most sections At some conditions, BLE signal reaches far longer which results in false-positive and lower accuracy Total walking distance Need for error cleaning algorithms 21

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