Dr. Mustafa Jarrar. Chapter 2 Intelligent Agents. Sina Institute, University of Birzeit

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1 Lecture Notes, Advanced Artificial Intelligence (SCOM7341) Sina Institute, University of Birzeit 2 nd Semester, 2012 Advanced Artificial Intelligence (SCOM7341) Chapter 2 Intelligent Agents Dr. Mustafa Jarrar Sina Institute, University of Birzeit mjarrar@birzeit.edu Jarrar

2 Outline Agents and environments Rationality PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) Environment types Agent types Jarrar

3 Agents An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators Human agent: eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors; hands. legs, mouth, and other body parts for actuators Robotic agent: cameras and infrared range finders for sensors. various motors for actuators Jarrar

4 Agents and environments The agent function maps from percept histories to actions: [f: P* A] The agent program runs on the physical architecture to produce f agent = architecture + program Jarrar

5 Vacuum-cleaner world Percepts: location and contents, e.g., [A,Dirty] Actions: Left, Right, Suck, DoNothing Jarrar

6 A vacuum-cleaner Agent Tabulation of an agent function of the vacuum-cleaner Jarrar

7 Rational Agents An agent should strive to "do the right thing", based on what it can perceive and the actions it can perform. The right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful. Performance measure: An objective criterion for success of an agent's behavior. E.g., performance measure of a vacuum-cleaner agent could be amount of dirt cleaned up, amount of time taken, amount of electricity consumed, amount of noise generated, etc. Jarrar

8 Rational Agents Rational Agent: For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has. Jarrar

9 Rational Agents Rationality is distinct from omniscience (all-knowing with infinite knowledge) Agents can perform actions in order to modify future percepts so as to obtain useful information (information gathering, exploration) An agent is autonomous if its behavior is determined by its own experience (with ability to learn and adapt) Jarrar

10 PEAS When designing a rational/intelligent agent, we keep in mind PEAS PEAS: Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver: Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors Jarrar

11 PEAS Agent: automated taxi driver Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits Environment: Roads, other traffic, people and objects in/around the street Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine sensors, keyboard Jarrar

12 PEAS Agent: Medical diagnosis system Performance measure: Healthy patient, minimize costs, lawsuits Environment: Patient, hospital, staff Actuators: Screen display (questions, tests, diagnoses, treatments, referrals) Sensors: Keyboard (entry of symptoms, findings, patient's answers) Jarrar

13 PEAS Agent: Part-picking robot Performance measure: Percentage of parts in correct bins Environment: Conveyor belt with parts, bins Actuators: Jointed arm and hand Sensors: Camera, joint angle sensors Jarrar

14 PEAS Agent: Interactive English tutor Performance measure: Maximize student's score on test Environment: Set of students Actuators: Screen display (exercises, suggestions, corrections) Sensors: Keyboard Jarrar

15 Environment Types Fully observable (vs. partially observable): An agent's sensors can measure all relevant aspects of the environment at each point in time. Deterministic (vs. stochastic): The next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state and the action executed by the agent. Vacuum is deterministic? Taxi driver is stochastic? (If the environment is deterministic except for the actions of other agents, then the environment is strategic). Episodic (vs. sequential): The agent's experience is divided into atomic "episodes" (each episode consists of the agent perceiving and then performing a single action), and the choice of action in each episode depends only on the episode itself. Chess and taxi driver are sequential because the current action affect the next action. Jarrar

16 Environment Types Static (vs. dynamic): The environment is unchanged while an agent is deliberating. (The environment is semidynamic if the environment itself does not change with the passage of time but the agent's performance score does). Taxi driver is dynamic, chess is static, chess with clock I semidynamic. Discrete (vs. continuous): A limited number of distinct, clearly defined percepts and actions. Chess has a finite number of distinct states, thus it is discrete; however the Taxi-driving is not. Single agent (vs. multiagent): An agent operating by itself in an environment. Crossword is Single, while Chess is a two-player environment. Jarrar

17 Environment Types Chess with Chess without Taxi driving a clock a clock Fully observable Yes Yes No Deterministic Strategic Strategic No Episodic No No No Static Semi Yes No Discrete Yes Yes No Single agent No No No The environment type largely determines the agent design The real world is (of course) partially observable, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, multi-agent Jarrar

18 Agent Functions & Programs An agent is completely specified by the agent function mapping percept sequences to actions One agent function (or a small equivalence class) is rational Aim: find a way to implement the rational agent function concisely Jarrar

19 Agent Types Four basic types in order of increasing generality: Simple reflex agents Model-based reflex agents Goal-based agents Utility-based agents Jarrar

20 Simple Reflex Agents The agent selects an action(s) based on the current precept, ignoring the rest of the precept history. Jarrar

21 Model-based Reflex Agents The agent decides its action(s) based on a predefined set of condition-action rules. A telephone operator/answering machine. Jarrar

22 Goal-based Agents The agent decides its action(s) based on a known goal. For example, a GPS system finding a path to certain destination. Jarrar

23 Utility-based Agents The agent decides its action(s) based on utilities/preferences. a GPS system finding a shortest/fastest/safer path to certain destination. Jarrar

24 Learning Agents The agent adapts its action(s) based on feedback (not only sensors). Jarrar

25 Discussion Panel Summarize the new knowledge you have really learned about agents? Do you really agree that it is possible to realize such agents, or it is only another name for programs? What is the difference between an agent and a program? When an agent is not a program? When the program is not an agent. Jarrar

Intelligent Agents. Outline. Agents. Agents and environments

Intelligent Agents. Outline. Agents. Agents and environments Outline Intelligent Agents Chapter 2 Source: AI: A Modern Approach, 2 nd Ed Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig Agents and environments Rationality (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) Environment