Methods of Studying Psychology. Rusk Psychology
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1 Methods of Studying Psychology Rusk Psychology
2 What is the scientific method? 1. Observation 2. Defining a problem 3. Proposing a hypothesis 4. Gathering evidence 5. Writing results 6. Building a theory
3 What is the language of experimentation? hypothesis subjects independent variable dependent variable placebo experimental group control group
4 From Hypothesis to Results
5 A hypothesis is a statement of the results the experimenter expects. It is an explanation of an event or relationship. Expectation Example: There is an increase in admissions to mental hospitals during the occurrence of a full moon. Change No Change
6 Example 1- Experimental Design Factor X (Independent Variable) Affects Admissions rates increase (Dependent Variable) If Factor X (full moon) is present, then the admissions to mental hospitals should increase.
7 Experimenter Changes Independent Variable Affects Dependent Variable Action here is dependent on what is done with the independent variable.
8 Example 2- Experimental Design Hypothesis: More people will agree to a request made by a person in uniform than one made by a person without a uniform.
9 An experimental group, consists of people who receive the independent variable (people in uniform). Experimental Control The control group consists of people who do not receive the independent variable. Dependent Variable. Count the number of people who respond to the uniformed person and the number who respond to the person without a uniform. Results Results
10 Hypothesis Expectation Independent Variable Change No Change Groups Experimental Control Dependent Variable Results Results The conclusion is based on the results.
11 Hypothesis X amount of sleeping pills helps the healthy person with insomnia to sleep better. Independent Variable Sleeping pills Placebos Groups Experimental Group Control Group Dependent Variable # of people who had restful nights # of people who had restful nights The hypothesis proves to be incorrect. People taking the sleeping pill over a period of days had more insomnia than before. They had less restful sleep than the people in the control group. (Hartmann, 1984)
12 M ethods for Studying Behavior Laboratory Studies Field Studies Surveys Naturalistic Observations Interviews Case Studies Psychological Tests Longitudinal Studies Cross-Sectional Studies
13 Laboratory Study Advantages: researcher can be objective; method provides accurate information Disadvantages: artificial setting; does not reflect the real world Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
14 The Field Study Method Advantage: more realistic setting than in a laboratory Disadvantage: often difficult to control all variables Subject #1: a a Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
15 The Survey Method Defined as asking questions of a carefully selected group of people and tabulating their answers. Advantage: Information can be gathered about feelings, opinions, and behavior patterns. Disadvantages: Interpretation difficult; sample may not be representative. Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
16 The Naturalistic Observation Method Defined as observing behaviors in their natural settings. Disadvantages: Researcher cannot interact with the subject. Researcher may interpret subject s responses incorrectly. Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
17 The Interview Method Advantage: Researcher can obtain personal, detailed information. Disadvantages: Responses may not be completely honest. The researcher s biases can influence subject s behavior. Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
18 The Case Study Method Defined as a thorough, exhaustive study of a person. It includes personal, educational, family and work histories. Advantage: A wealth of background information about one person Disadvantages: Information cannot be generalized to others; also, researcher s biases can influence subject s behavior. Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
19 The Psychological Testing Method Advantages: tests provide accurate, objective information; little distortion. Disadvantage: limited in amount of information that can be obtained. Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
20 The Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Methods Age at the Time of Testing Cross-Sectional Studies: People of varying ages are studied at the same time Years Testing Is Conducted Click on the topic for more information. Laboratory Field Studies Survey Naturalistic Interviews Case Studies Psychological Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional
21 Basic Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Researchers Do no harm. Accurately describe risks to potential subjects. Ensure that participation is voluntary. Minimize any discomfort to participants. Maintain confidentiality. Do not unnecessarily invade privacy. Remove any misconceptions caused by deception(debrief). Provide results and interpretations to participants. Treat participants with dignity and respect. ψ"
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