An introduction to Cognitive Sciences. Pierre De Loor
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1 An introduction to Cognitive Sciences Pierre De Loor
2 What are cognitives sciences? Human knowledge, How does it work? Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 2
3 What are cognitive sciences? Philosophy Psychology Neurosciences Computer Sciences Anthropology Linguistic Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 3
4 Some classical (unresolvable?) questions What difference beetwen human and animals? Is it necessary to speak a langage for thinking? Can we understand the functionning of the brain? If yes, how? And so what? Can we understand our own functionning (circularity of cognitive science)? How is organised the memory? How can we learn? How can we recognize a shape or a music? What is the role of the body in cognition? Is the environment more important than the brain? What is consciousness, is it in the brain? Does colors exist objectively? What is the link beetween objective and subjective view?? Is the culture a fundation of human cognition? Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 4
5 This course Is an introduction, One part about SC and Cognitive Psychology The next part discutes more general advances in cognitive sciences (in philosophy, psychologie, neurosciences, biology and computer sciences) Evaluation : Practical work & Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 5
6 Before cognitive sciences Biology Symbol Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 6
7 Before cognitive sciences Behaviorism in opposition to Philosophy Introspection can t be objective and can t explain «the human» Representations are representations, the mind is a black box and we cannot affirm representations in it We can just observe the link beetween stimulus and behavior : behaviorism Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 7
8 Before cognitive sciences Behaviorists : Watson 1908, Thorndike 1911, Pavlov 1927, Skinner 1938 Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 8
9 Return of representations Tolman ~1930 : Representation of the maze is inevitable Reward is not necessary : latent learning Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 9
10 Cognitive psychology Observing the behavior of human to explain Experimentations / Analysis Models (simulation/prediction) Epistemological postulat : Environment -> Information -> Processing -> Behavior This epistemological postulat is discuted by philosophy and critiquized by recent fields of cognitives sciences Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 10
11 Main fields in cognitive psychology Precursor : Nativism (Chomsky ~1968) All human own a generic langage. It is the only way to explain that we can speak different langages. By the studies of different langage, and their link with the environment, Psychologists can explain this generic langage By the studies of the evolution from baby to adult we can find how this generic langage is progressively transformed Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 11
12 Main fields in cognitive psychology Piagitian field : constructivism Action for understanding Assimilation - Equilibration - Accomodation Abstraction Piaget Studies of the «stages» of cognitive capabilities of childrens Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 12
13 Main fields in cognitive psychology Examples of Piagets phases studies 0-2 years sensorimotor phase -> scheme. 6 mounth : If i can t touch the object it cannot exist 2-7 years preoperatory phase Quantity preservation Numbers Concrete operation (7-11 years) Formal operation (11 years and +) Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 13
14 Main fields in cognitive psychologie Ecological field Role of environnment Social (Vygotski ~ 1934) thinking evolve in parallel with know-how Social interactions allow the internalisation of thinking Physic Gestalttheorie : shape theorie : there is a link beetween us and the shape of things. We are able to detect «interessting» shapes Affordances : Environnement help us to resolve problem. No complex reasoning is necessary because object «indicates» what to do. Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 14
15 Main fields in cognitive psychologie Example : Gestalttheorie We can detect the shape from the ground but here there are 2 possible shapes/grounds. Square is a «good mental shape» and we can detect him even if it is not present. Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 15
16 Main fields in cognitive psychologie Example : affordance (Gibson) Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 16
17 The work of a researcher in cognitive science Nature science don t imagines or create, it discovers Epistemic Debate Theorie Hypothesis Observable validation Model Experimentation Debat in the community Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 17
18 3 kind of observables Neuronal activity Immediat behavior Activity Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 18
19 Neuronal activity EEG / MEG : electrical activity (+ dynamic) Example : After 400 ms there is a different activity if The subject recognize something fmri : oxygen (+ localisation) Example : Difference of brain area activation According to congruence image / sound The brain do something but what exactly? Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 19
20 Some examples in neurosciences From Mario Liotti & Anthony Herdman, Simon Fraser University et Down Syndrome Research Foundation Owen, A. M., Coleman, M. R., Boly, M., Davis, M. H., Laureys, S., Jolles, D., & Pickard, J. D. (2007). Response to Comments on Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State. Science, 315(5816), Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 20
21 Problem of neurosciences Granularity, dynamic, observables??? neurons Local exchanges but also global phenomena (oscillations) Role of the endocrinial system Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 21
22 A question for the next part of this course Is it serious to think that neuroscience could explain : - «What it is like to see, to undersdand, to love, to suffer...» - First person experience, - Phenomenal consciousness Phylosophy (phenomenology) and enaction will help to answer Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 22
23 Immediat observable Answer Fast : possibility to test a lot of people But it is not always easy to «classify» an answer Time response Easy But some perturbations are possibles : order of exercices, tiredness, concentration Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 23
24 Example of problem of obervation of Immediat behavior [Zibetti 2000] Hypothesis : Actions are perceived relative to a goal Observables : the answer of people who don t see the goal of an action on a video : A man who go toward a bakery and push the door. 4 examples of responses, I saw a man who buy bred I saw a man who enter a bakery I saw a man who goes toward a bakery A man entered in a shop, he wanted something Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 24
25 Example of problem of obervation of Immediat behavior [Zibetti 2000] Is a «unvisible» goal attributed by the observer? I saw a man who buy bred I saw a man who enter a bakery I saw a man who goes toward a bakery A man entered in a shop, he wanted something How many are true or false relative to the hypothesis? Classically, more than one «judges» are sollicited and compared [Cohen, 1960] Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 25
26 Activity observation For problem solving, generally the psychologist compare a state graph with the activity It is also possible to raffine the observation, for example with eye tracking Verbalisation Very rich : a lot of explanation But subjective bias Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 26
27 Cognitive psychologist is a statistician It is important to evaluate the possibility of bias (order of exercice, natural variability, link beetwen variables ) It is important to evalutate the «robustess» of the result. Example of factors to evaluate S : Subject (each subject is different) O : order (if some exercices, the order of this exercices) D : duration (in limited time) E : number of trials Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 27
28 result Cognitive psychologist is a statistician E : nb trial D : duration Interaction beetwen E and D in case 5 and 6 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 No influence of D or E influence of E influence of D e1 d1 influence of D and E e2 d2 e1 influence of D and E But interaction D*E e2 e1 No influence of D and E But interaction D*E Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 28 e2
29 Cognitive psychologist is a statistician ANOVA : Analysis of Variance Nul hypothesis Test Fiducilar Analysis Some software to help the psychologist during it s experimentation : Statview Super ANOVA Var 3 R Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 29
30 Choice of a test Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 30
31 Practical work Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 31
32 Next step... Next week Pierre De Loor - Introduction to cognitive sciences 32
An introduction to Cognitive Sciences. session 2. Pierre De Loor
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