Name Chapter 1c--Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods Description Instructions

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1 Name Chapter 1c--Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods Description Instructions Modify Question 1 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Income and crime within one's neighborhood have a negative correlation. We can say that increased crime causes income to decrease. increased income causes crime to decrease. as income increases, neighborhood crime decreases. as income increases, neighborhood crime increases. Question 2 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question If the correlations between one's self-concept and academic performance were positive, we could say that academic performance and self-concept are largely unrelated. academic performance is an important cause of one's self-concept. one's self-concept is an important cause of academic performance. a self-concept and academic performance are related, but no causal relationship has been established. Question 3 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Abdul is listening to a radio talk show and hears the announcer talk about "a high correlation between crime and poverty." The announcer concludes that since there was a high correlation, poverty must cause crime. Abdul is taking psychology and is skeptical of what he just heard. He knows that correlation does not indicate causation. to properly evaluate the statement, he needs to know the magnitude of the correlation. poverty and crime rates are difficult to measure. the research indicates that crime causes poverty and not vice versa. Question 4 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question One of the advantages of the correlational method is that greater control is possible over the phenomenon in question. cause-and-effect relationships can be confirmed. it allows prediction. it can only be used in the laboratory. Question 5 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question One of the disadvantages of the correlational method is that correlations may be weak. correlations may be negative or zero. it can only be used in laboratory settings. the relationships observed between variables may be caused by some unknown third factor. Question 6 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question If a researcher finds a negative correlation between the number of hours that students play computer games and grades. This means that computer game playing causes a decrease in grades. computer game playing causes an increase in grades. lower grades causes a student to be disinterested in studying and more interested in playing computer games. an experiment would have to be performed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between video game playing and grades. Question 7 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A psychiatrist does extensive interviewing and testing of a client with at least three distinct personalities. Her investigation is a case study. controlled experiment. single-blind study. psycho-history. Question 8 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question An in-depth focus on a single individual best describes the single-blind experiment. double-blind experiment. correlational method. case study. Question 9 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove

2 Question A case study is an in-depth study of all aspects of a single person. is used extensively by clinical psychologists. may sometimes be thought of as a "natural" clinical test. is characterized by all of these. Question 10 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Which of the following would most likely be investigated by use of a case study? the extent of marijuana usage in the general population the effects of caffeine on memory a rare psychological problem such as multiple personality the correlation between hours of sleep per night and the grade-point averages of college students Question 11 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Psychologists who are interested in mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety, are more likely to use when studying these problems and the therapies used to treat them. the clinical method the correlational method the survey method naturalistic observation Question 12 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Rare conditions, such as cases involving usual mental disorders, childhood geniuses, or rampage school shootings, are often studied using which method? survey clinical method single-blind experiment double-blind experiment Question 13 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question An educator who wants to explore all the different factors that might affect the motivation of a particular student would most likely use a controlled experiment. the clinical method the survey method. naturalistic observation. Question 14 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Gun shot wounds, brain tumors, accidental poisonings, and similar problems provide much information about the human brain. These would usually be studied using field experiments. meta-analyses. natural clinical tests. correlational studies. Question 15 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The clinical method would most likely be used to study the attitudes of the public concerning sex education being taught in the schools. the behaviors of adolescents in the mall. the effects of Vitamin E on cholesterol. the behaviors of amnesia patients. Question 16 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question According to the text, case studies lack formal control groups. produce results that generalize better than survey results. are the most scientific of the research methods. are generally superior to experiments. Question 17 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question An advantage of the clinical method is that it provides identification of clear cause-and-effect relationships. allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered. allows prediction. allows investigation of rare or unusual problems or events. Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove

3 Question 18 Question An analysis of your medical records would be similar to which research method? naturalistic observation survey experimental method clinical method Question 19 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In-depth studies of Phineas Gage, Michael Melnick, and each of the Genaine sisters are examples of correlational studies. field experiments. case studies. surveys. Question 20 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Case studies may sometimes be thought of as, which are accidents or other natural events that provide psychological data. field experiments meta-analyses natural clinical tests. naturalistic observations Question 21 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The study of unusual events is to as information from a large number of people is to. clinical method; naturalistic observation correlational method; survey method experimental method; naturalistic observation clinical method; survey method Question 22 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Questions about the opinions and behavior of large groups of people are often best answered using the clinical method. the correlational method. the survey method. naturalistic observation. Question 23 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The survey method involves an in-depth study of the opinions and attitudes of a selected individual. an overview of the attitudes and backgrounds of selected groups. direct observation and recording of a representative sample of behavior. careful questioning of a representative sample of people. Question 24 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions describes the clinical method. case study method. survey method. experimental design method. Question 25 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The Gallup Poll, which is a report that contains the responses of hundreds of people to questions such as how good a job the president is doing with foreign affairs, is an example of the naturalistic observation technique. survey method. field experiment. curvilinear relationship. Question 26 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The town of Indianola, Mississippi wants to know what the community thinks about building a high-tech movie theatre. Increased taxes will be used to pay for the new theatre. Therefore, elected officials are mailing out questionnaires to determine public opinion about the theatre and the use of increased taxes to pay for it. Which type of research method are they using? correlation experiment survey case studies

4 Question 27 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A representative sample is an essential element of the survey method. psychoanalytic method. natural experiment or case study. clinical method. Question 28 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A is a small group that accurately reflects a larger population by including the same proportion of men, women, young, old, professionals, blue-collar workers, Republicans, Democrats, whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Asians, and so on as found in the population as a whole. correlational group control group representative sample balance-bias sample Question 29 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A common method for selecting representative samples is to select them randomly from the larger population. strictly from volunteers. by threatening or coercing institutionalized populations. from confidential lists of mail order firms. Question 30 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question An entire group of animals or people belonging to a particular category is called a biased sample. representative sample. population. natural clinical trial. Question 31 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question By selecting a and polling them, we can draw conclusions about the larger group called the. natural clinical trial; sample sample; population population; sample sample; natural clinical trial Question 32 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. All of the students at the college would be the population. sample. control group. independent group. Question 33 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. These 100 students surveyed would constitute the population. sample. control group. independent group. Question 34 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The random selection of subjects by the researcher is used to produce a(n) balance-biased sample. representative sample. balance-biased population. representative population. Question 35 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A local television station conducts what they refer to as "surveys," in which they ask viewers to call in their opinions to various topics. These "surveys" are not considered a scientific poll because the television station does not allow subjects to their responses. is using a biased sample. limits the response to only 20 minutes.

5 does not separate the responses according to gender or race. Question 36 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A researcher wants to determine the opinion of the average U.S. citizen regarding gun control. He conducts his survey at a national fishing and hunting convention. His survey is based on a biased sample. only limited by the wording of the survey questions. representative of all registered voters. an accurate survey. Question 37 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Senior seminar in psychology is open only to psychology majors and all psychology majors must complete the seminar to graduate. A random sample of students in this seminar is representative of all college students in the U.S. students at the college where the seminar is offered. seniors at the college where the seminar is offered. senior psychology majors at the college where the seminar is offered. Question 38 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Internet surveys? Web-based research has been disadvantaged because of its high cost in time and money. Web-based research can reach very large groups of people. Biased samples can limit web-based research. Internet studies have provided interesting information about topics, such as anger, prejudice, religion, and other attitudes. Question 39 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Concerning Internet surveys, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? It is not easy to control who actually answers online questionnaires. Biased samples can limit web-based research. Internet studies have provided interesting information about topics, such as anger, prejudice, religion, and other attitudes. All of these statements are true. Question 40 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Researchers conducting web-based research have trouble controlling who actual answer their on-line questionnaires, which places limits on their research due to researcher bias. research participant bias. biased samples. the Barnum effect. Question 41 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In conducting a survey on computer use, the fact that many people do not want to admit that they don't know how to use a computer is called a(n) observer bias. researcher bias. non-representative sample. courtesy bias. Question 42 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question One of the limitations of the survey method is observer bias. that it sets up an artificial situation. that replies may reflect social desirability. that results cannot be generalized. Question 43 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question The tendency of persons being surveyed to give polite or socially desirable answers is known as the Barnum effect. courtesy bias. experimenter bias. self-fulfilling prophecy. Question 44 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Regarding courtesy biases in survey studies, answers to questions concerning tend to be less than truthful. sex, drinking, or drug use income

6 church attendance all of these Question 45 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Doctors recommend that both men and women take an aspirin every day to prevent heart attacks. However, the sample in the research study only contained men. The problem with doctors making this aspirin recommendation reflects a bias. gender courtesy cultural sexual orientation Question 46 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Gender bias in research includes which of the following? the tendency for females to be under-represented as research subjects female topics being ignored by many investigators women being under-represented among the researchers themselves all of these Question 47 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question You are planning to recruit volunteers from among the students at a local university. If you accept both male and female volunteers, you should be aware that unequal numbers of men and women may volunteer for some kinds of research. combining the results from men and women may hide important male-female differences. both of these situations may affect your results. neither of these situations will have a significant effect on your results. Question 48 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Which of the following would be considered high quality evidence when drawing conclusions? anecdotal evidence opinions of authorities scientific observation all of these Question 49 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Incredible but false stories posted on the Internet, such as the health department in Oregon looking for someone fluent in the fictional language of Klingon, illustrates the need for readers to always be skeptical. be wary of overly complex explanations. remember that truth is often stranger than fiction. that numerous postings of information on the Internet are required to establish proof. Question 50 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question When newspaper or magazine articles claim the effectiveness of some product or service, it is wise to realize that the authenticity of the report has been thoroughly checked by the media. be wary of overly complex explanations. remember that truth is often stranger than fiction. consider the source of the information. Question 51 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Students who completed a study skills course raised their grade point averages. Can we conclude that the course caused their improvement? Yes, because the scientific data was collected. Yes, because a negative correlation exists between these students' grade point averages before and after taking the course. Yes, because the course resulted in a self-fulfilling prophecy. No, because there was no control group. Question 52 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A theater reports increased beverage sales during showings of The Great African Desert. We cannot conclude that the film affected beverage consumption because the placebo effect was not considered. only a correlation can establish causation. no correlation was computed. there was no control group. Question 53 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove

7 Question A psychologist visiting a classroom concludes that one of the children is depressed because the child is quiet and unresponsive. Actually, the child has the flu. The psychologist has made what error? failure to distinguish correlation from causation failure to distinguish inference from observation failure to use experimental controls failure to obtain a representative sample Question 54 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A person who is observed crying may not be sad. This suggests that it is important to distinguish between individual cases and generalizations. correlation and causation. control groups and experimental groups. observation and inference. Question 55 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question An advertisement promising to "unlock your hidden potential in just two hours!" should be suspect because it is an over-simplification. it is based on single cases and testimonials. the experience is not repeatable. correlation does not mean causation. Question 56 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question If a television ad tells you that a "psychic hotline" can predict your entire future for you, beware of over-simplification. examine whether the claim is motivated by monetary gain. be skeptical and remember the source. remember all of these. Question 57 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question You caution a friend about eating so many foods that are high in fat content. Your friend replies that his grandfather ate all the bacon and cheese he wanted and he lived to be 93. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend's error in reasoning? the Barnum effect the use of individual cases the self-fulfilling prophecy the fallacy of negative instances Question 58 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question As consumption of ice cream increases during the year, so does the number of aggravated assaults. A politician advocates that ice cream be banned so that the crime rate will go down. Besides needing to be voted out of office, this politician needs to understand the dangers of a single example. the difference between observation and inference. the difference between correlation and causation. that the Barnum effect occurs only in ten-year cycles. Question 59 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question A researcher determines that the crime rate in a large city is related to the phases of the moon. She concludes that the gravitational pull of the moon influences human behavior. She has committed what error? the dangers of a single example. the difference between observation and inference. the difference between correlation and causation. that the Barnum effect occurs only in ten-year cycles. Question 60 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the independent variable would be the THC in the marijuana. memory scores. differences in male and female marijuana usage. addictive potential of the THC. Question 61 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the THC in the marijuana would be the variable. independent dependent extraneous control

8 Question 62 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the scores on the memory test would be the variable. independent dependent extraneous control Question 63 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the dependent variable would be the THC in the marijuana. memory scores. differences in male and female marijuana usage. addictive potential of the THC. Question 64 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the number of hours the subjects slept during the week of the experiment would be the independent variable. the dependent variable. an extraneous variable. a control variable. Question 65 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants who ate food containing the THC were the independent group. dependent group. experimental group. control group. Question 66 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants who ate food containing the THC were the independent group. dependent group. experimental group. control group. Question 67 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants who ate food that did NOT contain THC were the independent group. dependent group. experimental group. control group. Question 68 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants in the experimental group ate food containing THC. ate food that did not contain any THC. were not given any memory tests. exhibited no memory impairment on the tests. Question 69 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants in the control group ate food containing THC. ate food that did not contain any THC. were not given any memory tests. exhibited significant memory impairments that were used for comparison with those in the experimental group. Question 70 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question In a research study, the experimental group ate food that contained THC, while the control group ate food that did not contain THC. Both groups were asked to study a list of words and then were asked a week later to recall the words. The results of this experiment indicated that the experimental group remembered less words.

9 the control group remembered less words. there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the number of words remembered. the participants were not randomly assigned to the two groups. Question 71 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Psychology is best defined as the study of the human mind and nervous system. Question 72 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Remembering your social security number would be considered an overt behavior. Question 73 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Information gained through direct observation is called empirical evidence. Question 74 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Some research questions cannot be answered because of ethical or practical limitations. Question 75 / 0 points Modify Remove Question When a personnel director uses tests and interviews to select the best candidate for the job, this selection process is illustrating the psychological goal of prediction. Question 76 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Critical thinking is the ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, synthesize, and reflect on information. Question 77 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Phrenology involved the reading of the lines on one s palm to reveal personality and predict the future. Question 78 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Astrology has repeatedly been shown to have no scientific validity. Question 79 / 0 points Modify Remove Question In the method section of a research report, a psychologist provides background information on his or her study by reviewing prior studies on the same or related topics to the current one being investigated. Question 80 / 0 points Modify Remove Question The whole is greater than the sum of its parts was the motto of the behaviorists. Question 81 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Psychoanalysis emphasizes free-will, self-actualization, and the self-image.

10 Question 82 / 0 points Modify Remove Question The first American psychology textbook was written by Abraham Maslow. Question 83 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Christina Ladd-Franklin was the first female president of the APA in Question 84 / 0 points Modify Remove Question The cognitive view of psychology explains behavior in terms of information processing. Question 85 / 0 points Modify Remove Question The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs is known as ethnocentrism. Question 86 / 0 points Modify Remove Question A comparative psychologist would study how the human species progressed from eating with their fingers to using utensils. Question 87 / 0 points Modify Remove Question A psychologist interested in improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony during trials would most likely be a forensic psychologist. Question 88 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Basic research is best defined as research done to find solutions to immediate and specific problems. Question 89 / 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment to find out if taking Vitamin C decreases the number of colds one has during the winter, the number of colds would be the independent variable. Question 90 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Random assignment of subjects to groups in an experiment is used to reduce the effects of extraneous variables, such as personality and motivation. Question 91 / 0 points Modify Remove Question According to the ethical guidelines for psychological researchers, deception can NEVER be used during experimentation with human subjects. Question 92 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Responding to a substance like a sugar pill as if it were a drug is called a psychosomatic effect. Question 93 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Naturalistic observation, correlational studies, the clinical method, and the survey method are all considered nonexperimental methods.

11 Question 94 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Concealing the observer or using hidden cameras can be used to minimize the anthropomorphic bias. Question 95 / 0 points Modify Remove Question A correlation coefficient of -.87 indicates a very weak relationship between the two events. Question 96 / 0 points Modify Remove Question In a positive correlation, decreases in one measure are matched by decreases in the other measure. Question 97 / 0 points Modify Remove Question Correlational studies can be used to prove causation between two events. Question 98 / 0 points Modify Remove Question The clinical method is based on information gathered through surveys. Question 99 / 0 points Modify Remove Question By selecting a sample and polling them, we can draw conclusions about the larger group called the population. Question 100 / 0 points Modify Remove Question After seeing a friend of yours being uncharacteristically quiet, you decide that your friend must be depressed. You later find out that your friend is not depressed but sleepy from staying up all night working on a term paper. You made this error because you failed to distinguish between observation and inference. Question 101 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The word psychology comes from the roots psyche, which means, and logos, which means knowledge or study. mind Question 102 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question In psychology, any behavior which is NOT observable by others is called behavior. covert Question 103 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question A systematic process for answering scientific questions is called a(n) method. research Question 104 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question If a psychologist is using chimpanzees in order to study attachment patterns in all primates, including humans, the psychologist is using a(n) model. animal Question 105 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The four goals of psychology are to describe, predict, understand, and. control

12 Question 106 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question is the ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize. Critical thinking Question 107 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The German anatomy teacher, Franz Gall, popularized the pseudo-psychology known as. phrenology Question 108 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The more general a description a fortune teller makes, the more believable this prediction. This fact has been called the effect. Barnum Question 109 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question An educated guess about what is controlling some behavior is called a(n). hypothesis Question 110 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question In the section of a research report, one can find the specific procedures used to gather data during a study. method Question 111 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Wilhelm Wundt observed stimuli of various kinds and then used a process called to probe his reactions to the stimuli. introspection Question 112 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question William James was the founder of the school of thought known as. Functionalism Question 113 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Sigmund Freud s approach to psychotherapy is known as. psychoanalysis Question 114 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow advocated school of thought in psychology. humanistic Question 115 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question was the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in Margaret Washburn Washburn Question 116 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question A psychologist who is can best be described as drawing from many psychological approaches. eclectic Question 117 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question psychologists attempt to explain our current behavior by looking back at human history to learn how natural selection and genetics affect us. Evolutionary Question 118 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of various groups are called. social norms Question 119 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question If a friend wishes to study the psychological changes associated with the aging process throughout the life span, she should consider a career in psychology. developmental Question 120 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove

13 Question psychologists are primarily interested in how individuals remember, reason, and solve problems. Cognitive Question 121 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy. Psychiatrists Question 122 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question In an experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation on eye-hand coordination, the participants scores on the eye-hand coordination test would be the variable. dependent Question 123 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The group serves as a point of reference for a comparison of results in an experiment. control Question 124 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question In a research study, when the subjects do not know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group, but the experimenters do know, the study is called a(n) experiment. single-blind single blind Question 125 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Naturalistic observation, correlational studies, the clinical method, and the survey method are considered methods of research. non-experimental non experimental Question 126 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question The cowboy who praises his horse for its loyalty and devotion to its master is committing the error. anthropomorphic Question 127 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question An observation that the hotter the air temperature in a classroom, the less attention students pay to the professor s lecture would be an example of a(n) correlation. negative Question 128 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question A rare condition, such as a childhood genius or a rampage school shooting would best be studied using a(n) study. case Question 129 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question Each of the students in your American government class will be stopping people in the mall to ask them a series of ten questions regarding their voting preference in the upcoming election. Your government class is using the method. survey Question 130 Fill in the Blank 0 points Modify Remove Question A researcher found a relationship between the crime rate in a large city and the phases of the moon and incorrectly concluded that the gravitational pull of the moon caused this crime behavior. This researcher s error is due to his failure to distinguish between and cause. correlation Question 131 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question The dean of the college for your particular major has asked you why general psychology should be included in your curriculum. Explain why you need to study psychology for your major and for life, in general. (Hint: You may wish to look through the topics covered in the different chapters in the textbook.) s will vary, but may include that psychology helps one understand oneself and others with information from particular topics being discussed as it applies to the student s specific major. For example, a nursing student might list the importance of biopsychology, the study of abnormal psychology, and developmental psychology as being very helpful, while a business major might list aspects of social psychology. Question 132 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question Large numbers of astrology books and computer programs to chart one s correct astrological sign are sold to the public each year. Define pseudopsychology, and explain why astrology is a pseudopsychology, why it remains so popular, and why so many people still believe.

14 will include that pseudopsychology is any false and unscientific system of beliefs that is offered as an explanation of behavior. Astrology is a pseudopsychology because it has repeatedly been shown to have no scientific validity. For example, the zodiac has shifted in the sky by one full constellation since astrology was first set up. However, most astrologers simply ignore this shift. Astrologers have failed to explain why the moment of birth should be more important than conception. There is no connection between the compatibility of couples astrological signs and their marriage and divorce rates. Studies have found no connection between astrological signs and leadership, career choices, or personality traits. A study of more than 3,000 predictions by famous astrologers found that only a small percentage were fulfilled. If astrologers are asked to match people with their horoscopes, they do no better than would be expected by chance. Reasons that people still believe include uncritical acceptance, that is, the tendency to believe the flattering descriptions of oneself often given by astrologers, the fallacy of positive instances, which involves the tendency to remember information that fits one s expectations, while forgetting discrepancies, and the Barnum Effect, which involves the tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms. Question 133 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question Reactions against structuralism came from the behaviorist school of thought and the Gestalt school of thought. What were their differing reasons for rejecting structuralism and how would the behavioral and Gestalt schools of thought analyze human behavior? will include that the behaviorist John B. Watson objected strongly to the study of the mind or conscious experience. He believed that the technique of introspection used by the structuralists was unscientific because there was no way to settle disagreements between observers. Watson chose to only study over behavior, which could be done objectively and measured precisely. The Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer believed it was a mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces, or elements as structuralists did. Like a melody, many experiences cannot be broken into smaller units as stated in the Gestalt psychology slogan, The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Thus, the answer must include that both schools of thought rejected structuralism, but for different reasons. The behaviorists were not opposed to breaking aspects of behavior into smaller units, which they themselves did by breaking behavior into stimuli and responses. They just did not believe the analysis of covert behavior could be done objectively or scientifically, so only overt behavior was studied by the behaviorists. The Gestalt psychologists study covert behavior, like the structuralists, but rejected their idea of breaking the covert behavior into parts because they felt part of the mental event would be lost, since the whole event, like a melody, is more than the sum of its parts, or single notes. Question 134 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question Explain why humanistic psychology rejected the claims of the psychodynamic theories and behaviorism. will include that humanistic psychology emphasizes the individual s free choice rather than the determinism of the psychodynamic and behavioral theories. The psychodynamic theorists see one s behavior as being determined by unconscious forces, while the behaviorists see behavior being controlled by stimuli and responses or responsereinforcements. The humanists also stress psychological needs and subjective factors rather than the objective, more scientific view of the behaviorists. Question 135 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question Explain the similarities and differences in the training and practice of psychiatrists, counseling psychologists, and clinical psychologists. will include that clinical and counseling psychologists usually have a masters or doctorate in psychology, while psychiatrists have a medical degree. All are trained in treating emotional and psychological problems with counseling psychologists, in the past, tending to treat milder adjustment disorders, while clinical psychologists and psychiatrists treated the more severe disorders that required hospitalization. This difference has faded in recent years. Psychiatrists presently are the only ones that can prescribe medication in all 50 states. Psychologists in New Mexico and Louisiana can now legally prescribe drugs for their clients. Question 136 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question You are a research assistant helping a psychologist to examine the effects of vitamin E on memory. Discuss each of the following as it relates to this experiment: a. the independent, dependent, and possible extraneous variables b. how the extraneous variables will be controlled c. how the experimental and control groups will be set up d. whether a single-blind or double-blind experiment will be utilized e. how the results will be measured will include that the independent variable would be the vitamin E, while the dependent variable would be the memory scores. Possible extraneous variables would include the personality, intelligence, and motivation of the subjects, which could be controlled by randomly assigning subjects to the experimental and control groups. Other variables, such as time of day and testing materials could be controlled by having the same environmental conditions and materials used with both groups. The experimental group would receive the vitamin E, while the control group would have to be given a placebo, since just taking a pill could affect the outcome. So, both groups will be given a pill. Most drug studies like this one are conducted in a doubleblind, in which neither the subjects nor the experimenter with direct contact to the subjects knows which group is given vitamin E and which receives the placebo. the double-blind would prevent the experimenter with direct contact with the subjects from unconsciously giving a hint, which group was given the active substance. For the results to be measured, both groups will have to be given a memory pretest to assess their memory before the experiment begins, since they would not come in with zero memory. So, a pretest memory span test would be given to both groups, then Drug A (vitamin E) will be given to the experimental group and Drug B (the placebo) will be given to the control group with a post-test memory span test being given at the end of the experiment. The difference between the two group, if any, would be measured with statistics being used to determine if the difference was statistically significant. Question 137 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question You want to find out if people actually throw their trash after they eat inside a fast-food restaurant. Describe the nonexperimental research method that would be the BEST to use in this situation, how you would conduct this study, and list an advantage and a disadvantage of this method. will include that the naturalistic observation method would be the best to use in order to observe people s behavior as it unfolds in this natural setting. In order to minimize the observer effect, in which subjects may change their behavior when they know they are being watched, the observer could pretend to be a customer eating in the restaurant and unobtrusively record the behavior of the subjects or a hidden camera could be placed near all the trash bins. An advantage of the naturalistic observation method is that it does allow human and animal behaviors to be accurately observed and recorded within their natural environments rather than conducting the study in a lab where the results might not accurately generalize to real-life settings. A disadvantage of this method is that there is little or no control, and this method cannot establish the cause of the behavior observed. Question 138 Essay 0 points Modify Remove

15 Question As a child grows in height from infancy to preschool, his or her vocabulary also increases. This is a positive correlation. Explain why this correlation does NOT show causation. will include that both the growth in height and the number of words a child knows are related to age. Children grow taller as they age from infancy to preschool. Also as children age, they are exposed to many experiences that enrich and increase their number of vocabulary words. Correlation only shows a relationship, and the relationship could be due to a third factor, such as age, that each of the other factors are related to. Question 139 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question Explain how the clinical method could be used to study a particular human behavior, and describe an advantage and a disadvantage of this research method. will include that the clinical method, or case study method, involves an in-depth study of an individual. For example, a therapist would conduct an in-depth study of each of his or her clients. Case studies may also be the best source of information and the only way to investigate rare or unusual problems, such as multiple personalities, amnesia cases, or childhood geniuses. Disadvantages include that little or no control within the study is possible, that a single case may be misleading or unrepresentative of other cases, and that no cause and effect relationship can be established using this method. Question 140 Essay 0 points Modify Remove Question The manager of a grocery store shows you and your friend a tabloid headline Flu Shots Have Been Proven to Cause the Flu. The manager says, Those folks are right because every time I have ever taken a flu shot, I ve gotten the flu. Your friend says, Well, that settles it. I m not taking a flu shot. As a critical thinker, what would you tell your friend? will include some of seven suggestions for being a critical reader of information presented in the popular press, such as being skeptical, considering the source of the information (tabloid), determining if there was a control group in the experiment, distinguishing between correlation and causation, distinguishing between observation and inference, the problem of oversimplification, and not taking a single person case as proof.