History of Psychology

Transcription

1 History of Psychology

2 Brief History SCIENCE of psychology started in the late 1800 s CONCEPT has been around a lot longer. There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the stone age.

3 Brief History Ancient Greece Where does human knowledge come from? Can this question be answered scientifically?

4 Brief History Phrenology The study of skull morphology. The first attempt to study human behavior scientifically.

5 Phrenology

6 Phrenology: Background ~Franz Joseph Gall~ (19 th Century) Skull areas related to character traits Different areas of the brain relate to a certain behavioral function

7 Phrenology Analysis Analysis is Subjective! You have to make a judgment call.

8 Location upper back of the skull (crown) Measurement to 30 Degrees Degrees Degrees and above Faculty # 1: Self-Esteem Stands for self-love and dignity.

9 Location back of the skull under self-esteem Measurement Very Concave Flat Faculty # 2: Affection Describes true friendship and selfless love.

10 Location Bump on the middle forehead Measurement Obvious Bump Medium Bump Little or no Bump Faculty # 3: Causality Ability to think abstractly, logically, and asks the questions of "How" and "Why?

11 Location Located on the top of the skull just before self-esteem Measurement Flat Top Round Top Faculty # 4: Firmness Stands for determination and persistence.

12 Character (Personality) Meaning Faculty # 1: Self-Esteem Meaning 0 to 30 degrees Poor self-confidence and lack of pride 31 to 60 degrees Self-reliant, indicates a sense of personal responsibility and dignity, and a proper sense of pride. 61 degrees & above Egotistical, prejudice, self-centered, and arrogant.

13 Character (Personality) Meaning Faculty # 2: Affection Meaning Very Concave You are a very kind person and have a need to receive and give affection Flat Your are a very ruthless person and generally only care about yourself

14 Character (Personality) Meaning Faculty # 3: Causality Meaning Large Bump Thinkers, scientists, philosophers Medium Bump Creative thinker but not a rational thinker No Bump Thinker, but lacks practical/common sense

15 Character (Personality) Meaning Faculty # 4: Firmness Meaning Flat Top Stubborn and inflexible Round Top Can t make decisions easily, very indecisive

16 Issues with Phrenology Phrenologists had different numbers of organs related to behavior. Phrenology is invalid as a measure of behavior. No correlation b/w brain regions & shape of the skull. Case studies, such as Phineas Gage, show behavior can be changed by environmental variables. Explain what happened to Gage and how it changed the way psychology explains behavior.

17

18 Wilhelm Wundt & Structuralism Considered the Father of Psychology Developed 1 st controlled studies in the field What happens when we experience sensations, images, and feelings? Introspection concept of looking inward and describing the conscious experience.

19 Edward Titchener Carried Wundt s ideas to U.S. structuralism Tried to analyze the structure of mental life into basic elements or building blocks

20 Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means whole in German Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. The whole is more than just a sum of its parts

21

22

23

24 William James & Functionalism Founder of American Psychology, Created the 1 st psych Text Functionalism: Focus on the purpose of consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behavior Observation of the relationship between the stimulus and response aka how humans adapt to environment.

25 Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis Developed 1 st theory of personality Identified the process of personality development in humans. Psychoanalysis Based on Unconscious Conflicts- repressed contents in the unconscious shape human development and behavior Developed techniques to treat mental illness

26 Psychoanalytic Conscious memories Thoughts Emotions Unconscious Painful memories Immoral urges Fears Selfish needs Sigmund Freud Violent impulses Traumatic experiences Unacceptable sexual desires Irrational wishes Unresolved conflicts

27 John Watson & Behaviorism Founder of Behaviorism Focus: Behavior according to environment External Stimuli & Observable Behavior Behavior is shaped by the learning process Reward/Punishments Modeling & observation

28 Key Words Match Up Fill in terms from the word bank next to the appropriate psychological perspective. Word Bank: Rewards Encoding Gender Free Will Unconscious Mental Processes Childhood Retrieval Brain Drugs Ethnicity Potential Hormones DNA Modeling Repression Punishments Self-esteem Psychoanalytic Behavioral Cognitive Biological Humanistic Sociocultural

29 Key Words Match Up Fill in terms from the word bank next to the appropriate psychological perspective. Word Bank: Rewards Encoding Gender Free Will Unconscious Mental Processes Childhood Retrieval Brain Drugs Ethnicity Potential Hormones DNA Modeling Repression Punishments Self-esteem Psychoanalytic Unconscious, Childhood, Repression Behavioral Rewards, Punishments, Modeling Cognitive Encoding, Retrieval, Mental Processes Biological Brain, Drugs, Hormones, DNA Humanistic Free Will, Potential, Self-esteem Sociocultural Gender, Ethnicity

30 Modern Psychology PERSPECTIVE/APPROACHES

31 Perspectives in Psychology Also called theories or approaches Why are they important in Psychology? They are all different ways of looking at the same problem OR all different ways of explaining WHY PEOPLE DO THE THINGS THEY DO

32

33 Modern Psychology Empirical Uses sound, scientific research to back up claims. Phrenology lacks empirical research Uses multiple approaches or theories 6 approaches/theories exist today in modern psychology.

34 Psychological Theories Biopsychological Theory Explains behavior in neurological/biological terms. Brain chemicals/hormones-imbalances/changes Genetics (DNA/Heredity) Socio-Cultural Theory Explains behavior in terms of rules & expectations of Social Groups (Family/Peers/Media, Etc) Culture (Traditions & Practices) Humanistic Theory Explains behavior in terms of a human need to grow and seek fulfillment Tied to self-esteem/self-worth & ability to strive for potential Humans have free will & unique perceptions of the world

35 Psychological Theories Behavioral Theory Explains behavior in terms of what people learn in their environment. Shaped by rewards & punishments. Observation & modeling behaviors Cognitive Theory Explains behavior in terms of mental processing including Memory Processing speed & attention Interpretation & analysis Psychoanalytic Theory Explains behavior in terms of unconscious mental processing. Humans are unaware of the contents Repressed memories/events Instincts/drives/desires

36 Quick Review How is modern psychology different than phrenology?

37 Psychological Theories Hand Mneumonic

38 Case Study: Depression What do you know about depression? What are some symptoms of depression? What things might cause depression? STEP ONE: Read entire article STEP TWO: Go back to beginning and UNDERLINE all causes STEP THREE: Categorize causes on the chart

39 Depression Case Study APPLYING THE APPROACHES

40 Biological (Biopsychological) The Approach Biological/neurological terms Brain chemicals/hormones Genetics (DNA/Heredity) Causes from Case Study Genetic causes (twins, etc.) Physiological changes (childbirth, viral infection, hormonal imbalance) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) **Many treatments justify/suggest biological theory

41 Behavioral The Approach What people learn in their environment Rewards & punishments Observation & modeling behavior Causes from Case Study Depression learned from parent's behavior Depressive behavior to cope with certain problems Risk increase with both parents acting depressed

42 Cognitive The Approach Mental processing Recalling memories Paying attention Interpretation & analysis Causes from Case Study Personality styles Depression caused by low opinions of yourself Overly dependent Perfectionist Hiding feelings

43 Humanistic The Approach How humans see the world around them Need self-esteem & self-worth Free will Ability to change with support of others in order to reach fullest potential Causes from Case Study Conditions in immediate environment (trauma, death, divorce, etc.) Questioning self-worth

44 Psychoanalytical The Approach Unconscious mental processing Repressed memories/events Instincts/drives/desires Causes from Case Study Repressed childhood trauma (child abuse, loss of parent, etc.)

45 Sociocultural The Approach Rules & expectations of others Social groups, family, peers, etc. Cultural traditions & practices Causes from Case Study Chronic family problems (abusive relationships, etc.) Feeling trapped emotionally, financially Social isolation b/c of family/friend circumstances

46 Quick Review Biopsychological Socio-Cultural Humanistic Behavioral Cognitive Psychoanalytic I believe the way people interpret and analyze information is a major cause of behavior. Behavior is a shaped by a person s perception of the world, and I believe all humans have the ability to change when supported by others. If you ask me, unconscious desires and repressed memories are responsible for current behavior. I believe behavior is a direct result of living up to rules and expectations of the social groups one belongs to. I believe a person s behavior is formed as a result of what they learn in their environment through rewards and punishments. I would consider genetics and brain chemistry a major determinant in human behavior.

47 When I m stressed I 3 THINGS/WAYS THAT HELP YOU RELAX, CALM DOWN, AND DE-STRESS (INCLUDE PICTURES)

48 Wilhelm Wundt & Structuralism Considered Father of Psychology Developed 1st controlled studies in the field. Introspection Concept of looking inward and describing the conscious experience.

49 William James & Functionalism Founder of American Psychology Created the first psychological text. Functionalism Inspired by C. Darwin. Identified how consciousness helps humans adapt to the environment.

50 Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis Developed 1 st Personality Theory Identified the process of personality development in humans. Based on the unconscious Repressed contents in the unconscious shape human development and behavior.

51 John Watson & Behaviorism External Stimuli & Observable Behavior Behavior is shaped by the learning process Reward/punishments Modeling & observation