Neuroscience For Coaches Module 3 Biases. Synaptic Potential Ltd 2015 Behavioural Biases

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1 1 Enjoy learning about many of the different biases and seeking out examples in the real world in systems, processes and people. Look for ways bias is cushioned against, opportunities to do that better and ways those you work with can raise their awareness (remembering this is quite challenging!) Bias What It Is Examples I've Seen Behavioural Biases Ambiguity effect Anchoring or focalism Attentional bias Availability heuristic Backfire effect Bandwagon effect Belief bias Cheerleader effect Choice-supportive bias Clustering illusion Conservatism (Bayesian) Contrast effect

2 2 Curse of knowledge Decoy effect Denomination effect Disposition effect Dunning-Kruger effect Empathy gap Endowment effect Experimenter's or expectation bias Focusing effect Framing effect Functional fixedness Gambler's fallacy Hard easy effect Hyperbolic discounting Identifiable victim effect IKEA effect

3 3 Illusion of control Illusory correlation Impact bias Information bias Loss aversion Mere exposure effect Money illusion Moral credential effect Negativity effect Negativity bias Neglect of probability Normalcy bias Not invented here Observer-expectancy effect Omission bias Optimism bias

4 4 Ostrich effect Outcome bias Overconfidence effect Pessimism bias Planning fallacy Post-purchase rationalization Pro-innovation bias Pseudocertainty effect Reactance Reactive devaluation Restraint bias Rhyme as reason effect Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Selective perception Social comparison bias Social desirability bias

5 5 Status quo bias Stereotyping Subadditivity effect Subjective validation Survivorship bias Time-saving bias Unit bias Well travelled road effect Zero-risk bias Zero-sum heuristic Attributional Biases Actor observer bias Defensive attribution hypothesis Egocentric bias False consensus effect Forer effect (aka Barnum effect)

6 6 Group attribution error Halo effect Illusion of asymmetric insight Illusion of external agency Illusion of transparency Illusory superiority Ingroup bias Just-world hypothesis Moral luck Outgroup homogeneity bias Projection bias Self-serving bias Shared information bias System justification Trait ascription bias Ultimate attribution error

7 7 Worse-than-average effect Memory Biases Bizarreness effect Choice-supportive bias Change bias Childhood amnesia Conservatism or Regressive bias Context effect Cross-race effect Egocentric bias Fading affect bias False memory Generation effect (Selfgeneration effect) Google effect Humor effect Illusion of truth effect

8 8 Illusory correlation Leveling and Sharpening Levels-of-processing effect List-length effect Misinformation effect Modality effect Mood-congruent memory bias Next-in-line effect Part-list cueing effect Peak end rule Persistence Picture superiority effect Positivity effect Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect Processing difficulty effect Reminiscence bump

9 9 Rosy retrospection Self-relevance effect Source confusion Spacing effect Spotlight effect Suggestibility Telescoping effect Testing effect Tip of the tongue phenomenon Travis Syndrome Verbatim effect Von Restorff effect Zeigarnik effect