Phylogenetics, systematics and conservation. Darwin s revolution
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1 Phylogenetics, systematics and conservation Matthew D. Herron Darwin s revolution probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed. C. Darwin, 1859 The Origin of Species 1
2 Darwin s revolution One figure in the Origin a phylogenetic tree God s plan vs. ancestordescendant relationships Darwin s dream "The time will come, I believe, though I shall not live to see it, when we shall have fairly true genealogical trees of each great kingdom of nature." C. Darwin, 1857 letter to T.H. Huxley 2
3 Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification Comparison Biogeography Conservation How to read Trees Mono/para/polyphyly Clade Sister taxa How to reconstruct 3
4 Placental mammals Edentata (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) Philodota (pangolins) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Rodentia (rodents) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Primates Scandentia (tree shrews) Chiroptera (bats) Dermoptera (colugos or flying lemurs) Insectivora (shrews, moles, hedghogs) Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals, mustellids) Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) Tubulidentata (aardvark) Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Sirenia (manatees, dugongs, sea cows) Proboscidea (elephants) Modified from Tree of Life ( Placental mammals Edentata (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) Philodota (pangolins) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Rodentia (rodents) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Primates Scandentia (tree shrews) Chiroptera (bats) Dermoptera (colugos or flying lemurs) Insectivora (shrews, moles, hedghogs) Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals, mustellids) Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) Tubulidentata (aardvark) Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Sirenia (manatees, dugongs, sea cows) Proboscidea (elephants) Modified from Tree of Life ( 4
5 Perissodactyla Hyracoidea Sirenia Proboscidea Perissodactyla Sirenia Proboscidea Hyracoidea 5
6 Perissodactyla Proboscidea Sirenia Hyracoidea Trees Can be reconstructed from several types of data: Morphological Skull Teeth Soft tissues Molecular DNA Protein (amino acid sequence) 6
7 Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification King Phillip Came Over For Good Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup 7
8 Hierarchical classification King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Natural classification Monophyly Spermophilus mexicanus Spermophilus mexicanus Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Spermophilus franklinii Cynomys ludovicianus Cynomys mexicanus Cynomys parvidens Cynomys gunnisoni Cynomys leucurus Spermophilus mohavensis Spermophilus tereticaudus Spermophilus spilosoma Spermophilus perotensis Spermophilus spilosoma 8
9 Paraphyly Spermophilus mexicanus Spermophilus mexicanus Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Spermophilus franklinii Cynomys ludovicianus Cynomys mexicanus Cynomys parvidens Cynomys gunnisoni Cynomys leucurus Spermophilus mohavensis Spermophilus tereticaudus Spermophilus spilosoma Spermophilus perotensis Spermophilus spilosoma Paraphyly Spermophilus Ammospermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Cynomys Spermophilus Spermophilus Spermophilus Marmota 9
10 A: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii B: Gonium pectorale C: Eudorina elegans D: Pleodorina californica E: Volvox carteri F: Volvox rousseletii 5% Polyphyly Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1) Gonium pectorale (16) Platydorina caudata (32) Volvox globator (16,000) Volvox barberi (32,000) Volvox rousselettii (32,000) Volvulina steinii (16) Volvulina compacta (16) Volvulina pringsheimii (16) Pandorina morum A (16) Pandorina colemaniae (16) Pandorina morum B (16) Pandorina morum C (16) Volvulina boldii (16) Yamagishiella unicocca (32) Eudorina elegans A (32) Eudorina minodii (32) Eudorina elegans B (32) Eudorina unicocca (32) Volvox gigas (2000) Eudorina elegans C (32) Pleodorina indica (64) Pleodorina illinoisensis A (32) Eudorina elegans D (32) Pleodorina illinoisensis B (32) Eudorina cylindrica (16) Pleodorina californica (128) Pleodorina japonica (128) Volvox aureus (2000) Volvox africanus (8000) Volvox dissipatrix (16,000) Volvox tertius (0) Volvox obversus (2000) Volvox carteri f. nagariensis (4000) Volvox carteri f. kawasakiensis (2000) Volvox carteri f.weismannia (2000) Volvocaceae 10
11 Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification Comparison Reconstruction of ancestral characters >0 5% Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1) Gonium pectorale (16) Platydorina caudata (32) Volvox globator (16,000) Volvox barberi (32,000) Volvox rousselettii (32,000) Volvulina steinii (16) Volvulina compacta (16) Volvulina pringsheimii (16) Pandorina morum A (16) Pandorina colemaniae (16) Pandorina morum B (16) Pandorina morum C (16) Volvulina boldii (16) Yamagishiella unicocca (32) Eudorina elegans A (32) Eudorina minodii (32) Eudorina elegans B (32) Eudorina unicocca (32) Volvox gigas (2000) Eudorina elegans C (32) Pleodorina indica (64) Pleodorina illinoisensis A (32) Eudorina elegans D (32) Pleodorina illinoisensis B (32) Eudorina cylindrica (16) Pleodorina californica (128) Pleodorina japonica (128) Volvox aureus (2000) Volvox africanus (8000) Volvox dissipatrix (16,000) Volvox tertius (0) Volvox obversus (2000) Volvox carteri f. nagariensis (4000) Volvox carteri f. kawasakiensis (2000) Volvox carteri f.weismannia (2000) Volvocaceae 11
12 Undifferentiated Partially differentiated Differentiated Unknown 5% Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1) Gonium pectorale (16) Platydorina caudata (32) Volvox globator (16,000) Volvox barberi (32,000) Volvox rousselettii (32,000) Volvulina steinii (16) Volvulina compacta (16) Volvulina pringsheimii (16) Pandorina morum A (16) Pandorina colemaniae (16) Pandorina morum B (16) Pandorina morum C (16) Volvulina boldii (16) Yamagishiella unicocca (32) Eudorina elegans A (32) Eudorina minodii (32) Eudorina elegans B (32) Eudorina unicocca (32) Volvox gigas (2000) Eudorina elegans C (32) Pleodorina indica (64) Pleodorina illinoisensis A (32) Eudorina elegans D (32) Pleodorina illinoisensis B (32) Eudorina cylindrica (16) Pleodorina californica (128) Pleodorina japonica (128) Volvox aureus (2000) Volvox africanus (8000) Volvox dissipatrix (16,000) Volvox tertius (0) Volvox obversus (2000) Volvox carteri f. nagariensis (4000) Volvox carteri f. kawasakiensis (2000) Volvox carteri f.weismannia (2000) Volvocaceae Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification Comparison Biogeography History and patterns of species distributions 12
13 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus X. erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps X. inauris Xerine phylogeny background X. rutilus X. erythropus X. inauris Xerus relationships based on skull and dental morphology X. princeps 13
14 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Xerus erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps 99 Results: Phylogram based on mitochondrial DNA sequences X. inauris BPP BS 5 changes Spermophilopsis leptodactylus X. erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps X. inauris 14
15 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus X. erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps X. inauris Biogeographic conclusions Single invasion of Africa from Eurasia Supports arid corridor hypothesis 15
16 Phylogenetics Inference of genealogical relationships among species and higher taxa Importance: Classification Comparison Biogeography Conservation Alpha taxonomy Genetic diversity Conservation questions Alpha taxonomy Importance of species designations as units of protection Species diversity vs. genetic diversity Within species Among higher taxa 16
17 Are Xerus inauris & X. princeps distinct species? Xerus inauris Xerus princeps Are Xerus inauris & X. princeps distinct species? Behavioral differences X. princeps is essentially asocial X. inauris is highly social Both male and female social groups 17
18 Conservation of Xerus princeps Endemic to the Western Escarpment of Namibia Not listed, but uncommon Western Escarpment is high in endemism of plants and birds Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Xerus erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps 99 X. inauris BPP BS 5 changes 18
19 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Xerus erythropus Xerus rutilus X. princeps Genetic structure of X. inauris & X. princeps II II I III X. inauris III II Conservation conclusions Xerus inauris and X. princeps are distinct species Protection of the Western Escarpment is important for protecting X. princeps X. inauris may include cryptic species, one of which may be endemic to the Western Escarpment 19
20 The fifth reason phylogenetics is important The fifth reason phylogenetics is important For its own sake: fulfilling Darwin s dream of understanding the relationships among species and the history of life on Earth
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